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Introduction to
Robotics
Sookram Sobhan, Polytechnic University
ssobha01@photon.poly.edu
Outline
• What is it?
• What can it do?
• History
• Key components
• Applications
• Future
• Robotics @ MPCRL
What is a Robot: I
Manipulator
What is a Robot: II
Wheeled RobotLegged Robot
What is a Robot: III
Unmanned Aerial VehicleAutonomous Underwater Vehicle
What Can Robots Do: I
Decontaminating Robot
Cleaning the main circulating pump
housing in the nuclear power plant
Jobs that are dangerous
for humans
What Can Robots Do: II
Repetitive jobs that are
boring, stressful, or labor-
intensive for humans
Welding Robot
What Can Robots Do: III
The SCRUBMATE Robot
Menial tasks that human
don’t want to do
Robot Defined
• Word robot was coined by a
Czech novelist Karel Capek in a
1920 play titled Rossum’s
Universal Robots (RUR)
• Robota in Czech is a word for
worker or servant
Definition of robot:
–Any machine made by by one our members: Robot Institute
of America 
–A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator
designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices
through variable programmed motions for the performance of
a variety of tasks: Robot Institute of America, 1979
Karel Capek
Laws of Robotics
• Asimov proposed three “Laws
of Robotics”
• Law 1: A robot may not injure
a human being or through
inaction, allow a human being
to come to harm
• Law 2: A robot must obey
orders given to it by human
beings, except where such
orders would conflict with a
higher order law
• Law 3: A robot must protect its
own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict
with a higher order law
• The first industrial
robot: UNIMATE
• 1954: The first programmable
robot is designed by George
Devol, who coins the term
Universal Automation. He later
shortens this to Unimation, which
becomes the name of the first
robot company (1962).
UNIMATE originally automated the
manufacture of TV picture tubes
History of Robotics: I
PUMA 560 Manipulator
History of Robotics: II
1978: The Puma (Programmable
Universal Machine for
Assembly) robot is developed
by Unimation with a General
Motors design support
1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid growth. Many
institutions introduce programs and courses in robotics. Robotics
courses are spread across mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, and computer science departments.
Adept's SCARA robots Barrett Technology ManipulatorCognex In-Sight Robot
History of Robotics: III
2003: NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers will launch toward
Mars in search of answers about the history of water on Mars
1995-present: Emerging
applications in small
robotics and mobile
robots drive a second
growth of start-up
companies and research
History of Robotics: IV
•Typical knowledgebase for the design and operation of robotics
systems
–Dynamic system modeling and analysis
–Feedback control
–Sensors and signal conditioning
–Actuators and power electronics
–Hardware/computer interfacing
–Computer programming
Knowledgebase for Robotics
Disciplines: mathematics, physics, biology,
mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
computer engineering, and computer science
Key Components
Base
Manipulator
linkage
Controller
Sensors Actuators
User interface
Power conversion
unit
Robot Base: Fixed v/s Mobile
Mobile bases are typically
platforms with wheels or tracks
attached. Instead of wheels or
tracks, some robots employ
legs in order to move about.
Robotic manipulators used in
manufacturing are examples of
fixed robots. They can not
move their base away from the
work being done.
Robot Mechanism: Mechanical Elements
Inclined plane wedge
Slider-Crank
Cam and Follower
Gear, rack, pinion, etc.
Chain and sprocket
Lever
Linkage
Sensors: I
•Human senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell
provide us vital information to function and survive
•Robot sensors: measure robot configuration/condition
and its environment and send such information to robot
controller as electronic signals (e.g., arm position,
presence of toxic gas)
•Robots often need information that is beyond 5 human
senses (e.g., ability to: see in the dark, detect tiny
amounts of invisible radiation, measure movement that is
too small or fast for the human eye to see)
Accelerometer
Using Piezoelectric Effect
Flexiforce
In-Sight Vision SensorsPart-Picking: Robot can handle
work pieces that are randomly piled
by using 3-D vision sensor. Since
alignment operation, a special parts
feeder, and an alignment pallete
are not required, an automatic
system can be constructed at low
cost.
Vision Sensor: e.g., to pick bins,
perform inspection, etc.
Sensors: II
Parts fitting and insertion:
Robots can do precise fitting and
insertion of machine parts by using
force sensor. A robot can insert parts
that have the phases after matching
their phases in addition to simply
inserting them. It can automate high-
skill jobs.
Force Sensor: e.g., parts
fitting and insertion,
force feedback in robotic
surgery
Sensors: III
Infrared Ranging Sensor
KOALA ROBOT
•6 ultrasonic sonar transducers to explore wide, open areas
•Obstacle detection over a wide range from 15cm to 3m
•16 built-in infrared proximity sensors (range 5-20cm)
•Infrared sensors act as a “virtual bumper” and allow for
negotiating tight spaces
Sensors: IV
Example
Tilt Sensor
Planar Bipedal Robot
Tilt sensors: e.g., to balance a robot
Sensors: V
Example
Actuators: I
• Common robotic actuators utilize combinations of
different electro-mechanical devices
– Synchronous motor
– Stepper motor
– AC servo motor
– Brushless DC servo motor
– Brushed DC servo motor
http://www.ab.com/motion/servo/fseries.html
Hydraulic Motor Stepper Motor
Pneumatic Motor Servo Motor
Actuators: II
Pneumatic Cylinder
DC Motor
Controller
 Provide necessary intelligence to control the
manipulator/mobile robot
 Process the sensory information and compute the
control commands for the actuators to carry out
specified tasks
Controller Hardware: I
Storage devices: e.g., memory to store the
control program and the state of the robot system
obtained from the sensors
Computational engine that computes the control
commands
BASIC Stamp 2 ModuleRoboBoard Robotics Controller
Controller Hardware: II
Analog to Digital Converter Operational Amplifiers
Interface units: Hardware to interface digital
controller with the external world (sensors and actuators)
Controller Hardware: III
LM358 LM358
LM1458 dual operational amplifier
•Agriculture
•Automobile
•Construction
•Entertainment
•Health care: hospitals, patient-care, surgery , research, etc.
•Laboratories: science, engineering , etc.
•Law enforcement: surveillance, patrol, etc.
•Manufacturing
•Military: demining, surveillance, attack, etc.
•Mining, excavation, and exploration
•Transportation: air, ground, rail, space, etc.
•Utilities: gas, water, and electric
•Warehouses
Industries Using Robots
What Can Robots Do?
Industrial Robots
Material Handling Manipulator
Assembly Manipulator
Spot Welding Manipulator
•Material handling
•Material transfer
•Machine loading and/or
unloading
•Spot welding
•Continuous arc welding
•Spray coating
•Assembly
•Inspection
Robots in Space
NASA Space Station
Robots in Hazardous Environments
TROV in Antarctica
operating under water
HAZBOT operating in
atmospheres containing
combustible gases
Medical Robots
Robotic assistant for
micro surgery
Robots at Home
Sony AidoSony SDR-3X Entertainment Robot
Future of Robots: I
Cog Kismet
Artificial Intelligence
Future of Robots: II
Garbage Collection CartRobot Work Crews
Autonomy
Future of Robots: III
HONDA Humanoid Robot
Humanoids
Robotics @ MPCRL—I
Smart Irrigation System
Remote Robot Arm Manipulation
Remote Emergency
Notification System
Smart Cane
Local Navigation System Safe N Sound Driver
RoboDry
Type-X
Robotics @ MPCRL—II
Introduction robotics
Introduction robotics
Introduction robotics
Introduction robotics
Introduction robotics
Audio Enabled Hexapod
Four Legged Hexapod
Metal Mine Surveyor
RoboVac
Robotics @ MPCRL—III
Introduction robotics
Introduction robotics
Introduction robotics
Introduction robotics
To Explore Further
Visit:
http://mechatronics.poly.edu

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Introduction robotics

  • 1. Introduction to Robotics Sookram Sobhan, Polytechnic University ssobha01@photon.poly.edu
  • 2. Outline • What is it? • What can it do? • History • Key components • Applications • Future • Robotics @ MPCRL
  • 3. What is a Robot: I Manipulator
  • 4. What is a Robot: II Wheeled RobotLegged Robot
  • 5. What is a Robot: III Unmanned Aerial VehicleAutonomous Underwater Vehicle
  • 6. What Can Robots Do: I Decontaminating Robot Cleaning the main circulating pump housing in the nuclear power plant Jobs that are dangerous for humans
  • 7. What Can Robots Do: II Repetitive jobs that are boring, stressful, or labor- intensive for humans Welding Robot
  • 8. What Can Robots Do: III The SCRUBMATE Robot Menial tasks that human don’t want to do
  • 9. Robot Defined • Word robot was coined by a Czech novelist Karel Capek in a 1920 play titled Rossum’s Universal Robots (RUR) • Robota in Czech is a word for worker or servant Definition of robot: –Any machine made by by one our members: Robot Institute of America  –A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks: Robot Institute of America, 1979 Karel Capek
  • 10. Laws of Robotics • Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” • Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm • Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law • Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law
  • 11. • The first industrial robot: UNIMATE • 1954: The first programmable robot is designed by George Devol, who coins the term Universal Automation. He later shortens this to Unimation, which becomes the name of the first robot company (1962). UNIMATE originally automated the manufacture of TV picture tubes History of Robotics: I
  • 12. PUMA 560 Manipulator History of Robotics: II 1978: The Puma (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly) robot is developed by Unimation with a General Motors design support
  • 13. 1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid growth. Many institutions introduce programs and courses in robotics. Robotics courses are spread across mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science departments. Adept's SCARA robots Barrett Technology ManipulatorCognex In-Sight Robot History of Robotics: III
  • 14. 2003: NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers will launch toward Mars in search of answers about the history of water on Mars 1995-present: Emerging applications in small robotics and mobile robots drive a second growth of start-up companies and research History of Robotics: IV
  • 15. •Typical knowledgebase for the design and operation of robotics systems –Dynamic system modeling and analysis –Feedback control –Sensors and signal conditioning –Actuators and power electronics –Hardware/computer interfacing –Computer programming Knowledgebase for Robotics Disciplines: mathematics, physics, biology, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer engineering, and computer science
  • 17. Robot Base: Fixed v/s Mobile Mobile bases are typically platforms with wheels or tracks attached. Instead of wheels or tracks, some robots employ legs in order to move about. Robotic manipulators used in manufacturing are examples of fixed robots. They can not move their base away from the work being done.
  • 18. Robot Mechanism: Mechanical Elements Inclined plane wedge Slider-Crank Cam and Follower Gear, rack, pinion, etc. Chain and sprocket Lever Linkage
  • 19. Sensors: I •Human senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell provide us vital information to function and survive •Robot sensors: measure robot configuration/condition and its environment and send such information to robot controller as electronic signals (e.g., arm position, presence of toxic gas) •Robots often need information that is beyond 5 human senses (e.g., ability to: see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation, measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see) Accelerometer Using Piezoelectric Effect Flexiforce
  • 20. In-Sight Vision SensorsPart-Picking: Robot can handle work pieces that are randomly piled by using 3-D vision sensor. Since alignment operation, a special parts feeder, and an alignment pallete are not required, an automatic system can be constructed at low cost. Vision Sensor: e.g., to pick bins, perform inspection, etc. Sensors: II
  • 21. Parts fitting and insertion: Robots can do precise fitting and insertion of machine parts by using force sensor. A robot can insert parts that have the phases after matching their phases in addition to simply inserting them. It can automate high- skill jobs. Force Sensor: e.g., parts fitting and insertion, force feedback in robotic surgery Sensors: III
  • 22. Infrared Ranging Sensor KOALA ROBOT •6 ultrasonic sonar transducers to explore wide, open areas •Obstacle detection over a wide range from 15cm to 3m •16 built-in infrared proximity sensors (range 5-20cm) •Infrared sensors act as a “virtual bumper” and allow for negotiating tight spaces Sensors: IV Example
  • 23. Tilt Sensor Planar Bipedal Robot Tilt sensors: e.g., to balance a robot Sensors: V Example
  • 24. Actuators: I • Common robotic actuators utilize combinations of different electro-mechanical devices – Synchronous motor – Stepper motor – AC servo motor – Brushless DC servo motor – Brushed DC servo motor http://www.ab.com/motion/servo/fseries.html
  • 25. Hydraulic Motor Stepper Motor Pneumatic Motor Servo Motor Actuators: II Pneumatic Cylinder DC Motor
  • 26. Controller  Provide necessary intelligence to control the manipulator/mobile robot  Process the sensory information and compute the control commands for the actuators to carry out specified tasks
  • 27. Controller Hardware: I Storage devices: e.g., memory to store the control program and the state of the robot system obtained from the sensors
  • 28. Computational engine that computes the control commands BASIC Stamp 2 ModuleRoboBoard Robotics Controller Controller Hardware: II
  • 29. Analog to Digital Converter Operational Amplifiers Interface units: Hardware to interface digital controller with the external world (sensors and actuators) Controller Hardware: III LM358 LM358 LM1458 dual operational amplifier
  • 30. •Agriculture •Automobile •Construction •Entertainment •Health care: hospitals, patient-care, surgery , research, etc. •Laboratories: science, engineering , etc. •Law enforcement: surveillance, patrol, etc. •Manufacturing •Military: demining, surveillance, attack, etc. •Mining, excavation, and exploration •Transportation: air, ground, rail, space, etc. •Utilities: gas, water, and electric •Warehouses Industries Using Robots
  • 31. What Can Robots Do? Industrial Robots Material Handling Manipulator Assembly Manipulator Spot Welding Manipulator •Material handling •Material transfer •Machine loading and/or unloading •Spot welding •Continuous arc welding •Spray coating •Assembly •Inspection
  • 32. Robots in Space NASA Space Station
  • 33. Robots in Hazardous Environments TROV in Antarctica operating under water HAZBOT operating in atmospheres containing combustible gases
  • 34. Medical Robots Robotic assistant for micro surgery
  • 35. Robots at Home Sony AidoSony SDR-3X Entertainment Robot
  • 36. Future of Robots: I Cog Kismet Artificial Intelligence
  • 37. Future of Robots: II Garbage Collection CartRobot Work Crews Autonomy
  • 38. Future of Robots: III HONDA Humanoid Robot Humanoids
  • 39. Robotics @ MPCRL—I Smart Irrigation System Remote Robot Arm Manipulation Remote Emergency Notification System Smart Cane
  • 40. Local Navigation System Safe N Sound Driver RoboDry Type-X Robotics @ MPCRL—II
  • 46. Audio Enabled Hexapod Four Legged Hexapod Metal Mine Surveyor RoboVac Robotics @ MPCRL—III