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Investment for nutrition: Promoting quality, safe, and nutritious diets
1. Investment for Nutrition:
Promoting Quality, Safe and Nutritious Diets
UNSCN-IFPRI Policy Seminar,February 8, 2018
Preeti Ahuja, Practice Manager
Food and Agriculture Global Practice
TheWorld Bank Group
1
3. Bilateral and Multilateral spending on
nutrition as a share ofTotal ODA has
decreased in recent years
THE NUTRITION FINANCING GAP
$70 billionneeded over the next decade to meet
World Health Assembly Nutrition
Targets
Nutrition-specific spend as a percentage
of ODA:
Less than1%
Donor spending on diet related NCDs is
0.01%
of ODA across all sectors
3
Source: Financing Needs to Meet the Global Nutrition Targets:
Stunting, Anemia, Breastfeeding and Wasting. World Bank2017.
Source: Global Nutrition Report 2017: Nourishing the SDGs. Bristol, UK:
Development Initiatives
4. NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS FACE A GAP IN FUNDING FOR
NUTRITION-SPECIFIC MIYCN TARGETS
4
Source: Global Nutrition Report 2017: Nourishing the SDGs. Bristol, UK:
Development Initiatives
5. How do we better leverage
existing knowledge,
infrastructure and
investments to close the
nutrition financing gap?
5
7. INVESTMENT IN NUTRITION-SENSITIVE PROGRAMMING IS
RISING, BUT MORE CAN BE DONE TO STRENGTHEN COVERAGE
Nutrition-Specific:
Nutrition specific interventions
address immediate and some
intermediate causes of
malnutrition (e.g., feeding
practices)
Nutrition-Sensitive:
Interventions that can address
some of the underlying and
basic causes of malnutrition by
incorporating nutrition goals
and actions from a wide range
of sectors.They can also serve
as delivery platforms for
nutrition-specific interventions
7
Source: Global Nutrition Report 2017: Nourishing the SDGs. Bristol, UK:
Development Initiatives
8. • The World Bank’s MoU with Senior Management tracks share of “AGR
Projects with explicit focus on nutrition”
• The Bank’s Agriculture Action Plan (AAP) for Fiscal Years 2013-2015
included a commitment to “increase number of projects with
agriculture components with an explicit focus on nutrition” across all
global practices.
FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 Trend
from
baseline
I. MOU Agriculture GP indicator: Share
of Ag GP projects with explicit focus on
nutrition
N/A N/A N/A 53.5% (15 out
of 28 projects)
69% (11 out of
16 projects)
59% ↑
II. AAP commitment: Share of the number
of projects with agriculture components
with an explicit focus on nutrition
12% 10% 19% 27 % (19 out
of 70 projects)
21 % (12 out of
56 projects)
(not
available
yet)
↑
THE WORLD BANK IN NUTRITION -SENSITIVE AGRICULTURE
8
10. ECONOMIC BURDEN OF
FOOD LOSS AND WASTE
1.3 Bln
MT
of food lost or wasted
=
$ 1 trillion
in costs to the global economy
15%
lost income for farmers
10
30%
of cereals lost
11. NUTRITIONAL “LOW HANGING FRUIT”
FOOD LOSS AND WASTE
1.3 Bln
MT
of food lost or wasted
=
400 - 500
calories lost per person per day
11
45%
of fruits and vegetables lost
According to a SAVE FOOD Kenya case study, annual fruit, dairy and meat/fish losses could
have provided
2.18 million
VAD children with enoughVitamin A to meet their needs.
14. AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT TRENDS
➢ Overall, public investments
in AGR in HICs> L/MICs
➢ ~$675 bln in AGR
Subsidies globally
➢ Public investments foster
calorie dense cereals/
commodities: wheat,
rice, maize, sugar,
palm oil.
➢ Private Incentives and Price
Signals reinforce choices:
➢ 45% of private sector
funded research was
directed towards maize
➢ Processed foods =80%
of global food sales 14
Wheat, maize, rice,
soybean cultivated on
50% of global agricultural
area
15. IS THERE A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN SUBSIDES AND DIETARY
OUTCOMES?
• Export subsidies and domestic consumption aids (€500m yearly) are granted to 1/3 of all butter produced in the EU in
order to dispose of butter mountains.
• Export subsidies for milk products undermine the milk sector in many developing countries such as the Dominican
Republic, Kenya, India, and Jamaica.
• Does overproduction of food in rich countries and use of trade distorting measures undermine the agricultural sectors’
performance in developing countries, hindering the eradication of malnutrition?
S U R P L U S M I L K I N E U - > S T O R A B L E S K I M M E D M I L K P O W D E R A N D B U T T E R - > I C E C R E A M A N D C A K E S
- > S O L D W I T H S U B S I D I E S T O T H E F O O D I N D U S T R Y
Source: Liselotte Schäfer Elinder, 2005
15
16. IS THERE A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AND DIETARY OUTCOMES?
16Source: Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition.
2016. Food systems and diets: Facing the challenges of the 21st
century. London, UK.
18. FOOD AND BEVERAGE IS AN ~ $ 8 TRILLION
INDUSTRY….
…AND IS GROWING
18
Source: James Teft et al. (2017)
19. PUBLIC & PRIVATE POLICY
ENGAGEMENT IS CRITICAL
Mexico
• Soda tax reduces
consumption by
up to 12% for
poorest
households
Ecuador
• Reforming
labelling of
processed foods
and taxation of
high calorie foods
Singapore
• 7 drinks
manufacturers
agree to limit
sugar by 12% by
2020.
• Potential to
reduce sugar
consumption by
300,000kg per
year.
19
20. IV. ENGAGE AND PARTNER WITH THE PUBLIC &
PRIVATE SECTOR
20
III. REORIENT PUBLIC INVESTMENTS (E.G.,
SUBSIDIES, R&D) + PRIVATE INCENTIVES
(PRICING) TO PROMOTE SUPPLY OF
NUTRITIOUS FOODS
II. STEM POST-HARVEST LOSS AND WASTE OF
NUTRITIOUS FOODS
I. IDENTIFY & SCALE-UP IMPACTFUL, COST-
EFFECTIVE NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS
Four Solutions to Close the Gap
21. THE WORLD BANK’S APPROACH
21
• Embraced nutrition as a multi-sectoral agenda. Since the launch of the Scaling Up Nutrition
(SUN) movement at the Bank’s Spring Meetings in 2010, we have started to work across
sectors (Agriculture, Health, Water, Education) at the Bank to address nutrition.
• More direct financing for maternal and early childhood nutrition. A WB financial
commitment of US$ 93.02 million as of 2015 against a commitment to triple direct financing
for maternal and early childhood nutrition programs in developing countries in 2013-2014 to
US$ 600 million (USD $230 million in 2011-12), and against the approximately US$ 7
billion/year globally that would cost to scale up high-impact nutrition interventions (WB
Investment Framework for Nutrition).
• The Bank screens both Agriculture Practice and Bank-wide projects with primarily
agricultural objectives for opportunities to enhance nutrition outcomes. By identifying
activities with an explicit nutrition focus both within the ag and other global practices, the
Bank systematically comments on the preparation documents of every project in the pipeline
for opportunities to include nutrition-sensitive interventions. 100% of the agriculture pipeline
has been screened for nutrition-sensitivity since November 2014 and the screening has
been institutionalized within the WBG.1
• Increasing the share of the number of projects with an explicit focus on nutrition. The Bank
has continued to ramp up efforts to support a food system that can provide, inter alia, safe
food and adequate nutrition, and to increase the share of agricultural projects with an explicit
focus on nutrition.
22. FOOD FOR THOUGHT
How might
we*…
* Development Partners
Create scalable strategies for
delivering high-impact interventions?
Make existing investments more
nutrition-sensitive?
Enhance the technical efficiency of
nutrition spending?
Strengthen M&E mechanisms by
including individual, age and gender
disaggregated data about diet quality
and the underlying causes for
malnutrition?
Build a repository for data and
evidence on the link between
agriculture food quality and nutrition?22
24. THE WORLD BANK’S APPROACH
Within the agriculture sector, the Bank is actively promoting the role of
agriculture and food systems in addressing malnutrition. The Bank’s work is
aligned around four strategic pillars: (a) ensuring a more climate-smart agriculture;
(b) improving nutritional outcomes; (c) strengthening value chains and improving
market access; and (d) promoting rural livelihoods and agriculture employment
(Townsend, 2015).
25
25. WORLD BANK NUTRITION
SCREENING CRITERIA
26
Description Examples
Projects
with explicit mention of the
nutrition sensitive aspects of
agricultural production and
marketing in agricultural
projects (this includes
undernutrition and
overweight and obesity).
• Explicit reference to the quality and nutritional value of agricultural
produce and production
• Biofortification (growing of, research on, introduction of biofortified crops)
• Food fortification (as part of food processing, such as enriched flour
milling)
• Improved marketing opportunities for nutritious food, including home
grown school-feeding
• Nutrition education and knowledge activities (or behavioral change
communication, BCC), such as nutrition messages included in extension
training (e.g. home economics type training such as food preservation), and
importance of dietary diversity, improved food preparation/preservation,
and introduction of improved recipes.
• Dietary diversity and consumption
• Labor saving technologies (for women)
• Increased year round availability of high nutrient content food, such as
fruits, vegetables,legumes, fish, milk, poultry, meat
• Increased year round availability of staples (emphasis should be on the
temporal aspect: "year round availability")