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INTRODUÇÃO
HISTÓRICO DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE FUNGOS PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE CELULASES
SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL  GENERAL  DORIOT  (USA) FICOU ESPANTADO COM A QUANTIDADE DE MATERIAL BÉLICO E DE UNIFORMES QUE ERAM CORROÍDOS NAS ILHAS DO PACÍFICO
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FORAM ISOLADOS MAIS DE  14.000 FUNGOS  E O  TRICHODERMA  FOI ISOLADO NA NOVA GUINÉ
 
General Doriot Prof. Willian Weston (Havard) Lawrence White (Micologista) -Identificação Ralf Siu -Bioquímica Obter glicose De algodão (1946) ENERGIA
COMEÇOU O QUE PODERÍAMOS CHAMAR DA  SAGA DO  Trichoderma viride
O PROJETO DUROU 31 ANOS (1945 a 1976) FORAM PUBLICADOS MAIS DE 100 ARTIGOS CIENTÍFICOS E TRÊS SIMPÓSIOS FORAM REALIZADOS
Elwyn T. Reese: .... Thirty-one years is a long time! The initial reason was that  we were living In the right era. Basic research was highly popular  and money was readily available. Still most projects lose appeal to administrators after four or five years. Managers prefer to have  something “new” to talk about.
Symposium : “Enzymatic conversion of cellulosic  materials: Technology and applications”  “ under the auspecies of Advisory  Board on Military Personnel Suplies; and U.S. Army Natick  Research and Development  Command”
Buscaram entre os milhares de microrganismos isolados Os melhores celulolíticos
CELOTE- TRAOSE
1975 – PRESIDENTE ERNESTO GEISEL  ATRAVÉS DO  DECRETO EXECUTIVO (76595) CRIA O PRÓ-ALCOOL
OBJETIVO : CRIAR INCENTIVOS PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL A PARTIR DA CANA DE AÇUCAR, VISANDO DIMINUIR A DEPENDENCIA DE IMPORTAÇÃO DE PETROLEO
HOUVE DOIS ESTÁGIOS DE IMPLANTAÇÃO DO PRÓ-ALCOOL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2) Segundo estágio (1979) com a produção de carros movidos com álcool (pico em 1985)
 
There are, after all, nearly a billion passenger cars throughout the world.
HÁ UMA INDICAÇÃO QUE O MERCADO INTERNO DO ETANOL É BEM CONSOLIDADO E TODO O ALCOOL PRODUZIDO TEM SEU COMÉRCIO GARANTIDO
LEIS,  REGULAMENTOS E A OPNIÃO PÚBLICA NA MAIORIA DOS  PAÍSES FORÇAM PARA QUE HAJA UMA TROCA  DE 10% DA ENERGIA CONSUMIDA PROVENIENTE  DE PETROLEO PARA ENERGIA RENOVÁVEL
 
(Ulman, M.A. et al., 2010)
 
 
 
celobiose Glucose
xylose
LIGNINA
 
 
DOIS TIPOS DE METODOLOGIA PODEM SER USADAS PARA DESCONSTRUIR MATERIAIS  LIGNOCELULÓSICOS ÁCIDO EXPLOSÃO A VAPOR
ÁCIDO 127ºC  30 min Clorídrico ou sulfúrico EXPLOSÃO A VAPOR Alta temperatura e Pressão (8min) Rápida descompressão
Os dois tratamento envolvem o desarranjos das Fibras dos polímeros e até a ruptura
Ácido só em escala laboratorial Explosão a vapor – Algumas usinas Fazem o tratamento para enriquecer  Rações de frango e de gado
 
 
The cellulose thus obtained by this process  contains  α -cellulose (93%), ß-cellulose (4.1%), hemicellulose (2.22%) and traces of lignin (0.18%). Hydrolysis of cellulose derived from steam exploded bagasse by Penicillium cellulases: Comparison with commercial cellulase Rajkumar Singh a, A.J. Varma b, R. Seeta Laxman a,*, Mala Rao a,*Bioresource Technology 100 (2009) 6679–6681
vapor d’água a 14 kg/cm2, por 8 min  Nardini Agroindiustrial Ltda
EXISTE UM CONSENSO QUE SÓ A PRODUÇÃO DE CELULASES EFICIENTES NÃO SERÁ SUFICIENTE PARA A DECOMPOSIÇÃO  DE MATERIAIS LIGNOCELULÓSICOS
 
Filtração dos oligossacarídeos para evitar  A inibição pelos produtos
Melhoria das linhagens por tratamentos mutagênicos Para a produção de enzimas tolerantes aos seus  produtos
PESQUISADORES PROCURAM MICRORGANISMOS QUE PRODUZAM ENZIMAS TOLERANTES AOS SEUS  PRODUTOS
celobiose Glucose NORMALMENTE TODAS ESSAS  ENZIMAS SÃO  INIBIDAS PELOS PRODUTOS
Fungos termófilos São fungos que crescem acima de 40ºC mas não crescem a temperatura inferiores a 20ºC
Fungos termófilos: Enzimas termoresistentes e que são ideais para  Processos industriais
Humicola  grisea Isolado da decompostagem
 
 
celobiose Glucose NORMALMENTE TODAS ESSAS  ENZIMAS SÃO  INIBIDAS PELOS PRODUTOS
S. thermophilum
ß-glucosidase de H. grisea
Humicola insolens
EFEITO DA GLICOSE NA ENDOCELULASE DE S. thermophilum
EFEITO DA CELOBIOSE NA ENDOCELULASE DE S. thermophilum
Obtaining the mutant Ultraviolet light Spore solution of Trichoderma reesei  QM 9414 12,5 cm Mandels medium (1976) with 1% CMC 27ºC for 48 hours 5’ 10’ 15’ 20’ Fast growth PDA medium
Growth on solid medium  (PDA medium) 27°C for 4 days T. reesei  QM 9414 T. reesei  RP-98
Cellulasic activities of crude filtrates after growth in liquid medium with Avicel as carbon source 8 days of cultivation 27ºC  110 rpm    3-fold    9,5-fold    8-fold
celobiose Glucose NORMALMENTE TODAS ESSAS  ENZIMAS SÃO  INIBIDAS PELOS PRODUTOS
Efeito da glicose (●) e celobiose (o) na atividade celulásica do filtrado de  Trichoderma reesei  RP 98
S. thermophilum 0 1 2 3 4 5 25 50 75 100 Símbolos: Aberto - Glicose Fechado - Celobiose Atividade relativa (%) Efetor (%)
T. reseei  RP-98: 10 U FPase / g substrate (T) S. thermophilum : 10 U  extracellular   β-glucosidase / g substrate (SE)   S. thermophilum : 10 U  mycelial  β-glucosidase  / g substrate (SM)    20%    30% Synergism between crude filtrates of  Trichoderma reesei  RP-98  and  Scytalidium thermophilum 6 hours of reaction 50ºC  pH 5,0  5 ml Substrate: filter paper
   20%    2.5-FOLD Synergism between crude filtrates of  Trichoderma reesei  RP-98  and  Scytalidium thermophilum 6 hours of reaction 50ºC  pH 5,0  5 ml Substrate: filter paper 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Glucose (mg) Time (hours) ENDO+ ß-GLUC* ENDO + ß-GLUC  ENDO (CONTROLE)
 
Progress kinectis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse Endo Endo + ß-Gluc bruta Endo + ß-Gluc pura Endo H. grisea
Sacarificação do bagaço explodido na presença da celulase  de  Trichoderma reesei   e do filtrado do  Chaetomium termophilum .  Tricho Tricho + Chaeto
Sacarificação do bagaço comum moído na presença da celulase  de  Trichoderma reesei   e do filtrado do  Chaetomium termophilum .  Tricho + Chaeto  Tricho
- Bagaço tratado facilita a ação das  Enzimas - Coquetel enzimático é mais eficiente
S0 SE TO TE S+T O S+T E ATIVIDADE SOBRE O PAPEL DE FILTRO
POSSÍVEIS FONTES DE BIOMASSA: Bagaço de Cana – 10 8  Toneladas/ ano Cavaco de madeira – 10 7  ton / ano Lenha – 10 8  ton/ ano Palha de arroz – 10 7  ton/ ano
O BAGAÇO FOI O QUE RECEBEU  MAIOR ATENÇÃO
 
ESSA PREFERÊNCIA PODE SER EXPLICADA  PELO FATO DO BAGAÇO JÁ ESTAR DENTRO DO LOCAL DE PRODUÇÃO DO ETANOL
Technological Demands for Higher Generation Process for Ethanol Production Carlos Eduardo Vaz Rossell [email_address] Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE) BIOEN Workshop on Processes for Ethanol Production September 10th2009-São Paulo, Brazil Custos :  R$ 143,82/tonelada EM 2015 - Custo do etanol : R$ 1,53/litro EM 2025 – Custo do etanol : R$ 0,72/litro
O DEPARTAMENTO DE ENERGIA  DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS LANÇOU UM PROJETO QUE FOI INTITULADO DE : “  BREAKING THE BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO CELLULOSIC ETHANOL”
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Miscanthus giganteus
S0 SE TO TE S+T O S+T E ATIVIDADE SOBRE O PAPEL DE FILTRO
Estima-se que no lixo 35 a 40% é papel
Uma possibilidade atraente é reutilizar  o papel para a produção de álcool, evitando a necessidade de desconstruir o material lignocelulósico
Elmer Gaden Jr. (Universidade de Vermont) – 1976 Sugeriu que era mais promissor fazer etanol de  papel usado do que resíduos da agricultura
S0 SE TO TE S+T O S+T E ATIVIDADE SOBRE O PAPEL DE FILTRO
DO PONTO DE VISTA PRÁTICO JÁ TEMOS  TESTES QUE COMPROVAM QUE ENZIMAS PROVENIENTES DO  Scytalidim  E  Trichoderma PODEM SER ÚTEIS NA INDUSTRIA DE PAPEL ABSORVENTE.
Colaboradores:  Fabiana Zanoelo Jean Carlos Rodrigues Flavio Henrique Moreira de Souza Cesar V Nascimento José Carlos dos Santos Salgado  Douglas Masui Rubens Monti Leandra Venturi Rosane Marina Peralta Marina Kadowaki Rosa P. Furriel Maria de Lourdes Polizeli Héctor Francisco Terenzi Mauricio de oliveira Ricardo Alarcon
Bibliografia: Bioetanol de cana-de-açúcar : Energia para o desenvolvimento sustentável (2008).  Coordenação do BNDES: www.bioetanoldecana,org , 1ª. Edição, Rio de Janeiro. Gaden, E.L., Mnadels, M. H., Reese, E.T. and Sapno, L.A. (1976). Enzymatic  conversion of cellulose materials: technology and  applications. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium Nº 6, National Academy of Science and  John Willey & Sons, USA. Houghton J., Weatherwax, S., Ferrel, J. (2006). Breaking the biological barriers to  Cellosic ethanol. U.S. Department of energy. www.doegenomestolife.org/biofuels/.
F  I  M  Quem pergunta é bobo por cinco minutos. Quem não  pergunta é bobo para sempre. Confúcio
 
 
 
 
In modern commercial plants, ethanol is produced from sugar cane, corn, beets and sorghum, and on an experimental scale, from a number of other fruits, tubers, woody vegetation, etc. Fermentation yields alcohol at a concentration of 10% to 14%, after which fractional distillation becomes necessary.
First-generation Ethanol There are two primary reasons why sugar cane alcohol is much better than any other biofuel: a) Productivity That is, the quantity of biomass produced per unit area is significantly larger for sugar cane than for any other plant –  regardless of whether or not it is cultivated for energy biomass. In addition, the quantity of biofuel produced per unit of area,
b) Energy balance (or life cycle) In other words, the ratio of energy delivered to the total energy used to produce it is much larger for sugar cane alcohol than for any other biofuel.
Second-generation Ethanol Fermentation is the process by which microorganisms (yeast) convert sugar or starch into ethanol. A considerable portion of a plant, however, is neither sugar nor starch but fiber – indigestible by traditional yeasts. For sugar cane, twothirds of its mass is non-fermentable biomass fiber, and many plants contain almost no sugar or starch.
What this meansis that two-thirds of sugar cane’s biomass is left out of the conversion to ethanol. Over the past two or three decades, specialists have sought to develop a number of “hydrolysis” technologies, to make it possible to convert fiber (lignin and cellulose) into ethanol.
Likewise in principle it should be possible to convert any other type of crop or vegetable trash. The United States are working on a project to replace 30% of their gasoline consumption with ethanol made by hydrolysis of rejected forest products and plant matter, currently disposed of as trash.
These new technologies, however, are not at all likely to be available for commercial use in fewer than 10 years. Furthermore, although they may put some other crops on a more competitive footing, they certainly will not suffice to attain yields comparable to sugar cane, which will also benefit from these innovations.
In addition, Brazil has 300 million hectares of acreage suitable for sugar cane cultivation – area not occupied by forests, farm crops or protected habitats. This is equal to 100 times the area currently used for alcohol crops (3 million hectares).
Part of this area was once, or is now, occupied by extensive grazing ranges. Brazil is therefore in a position to provide mankind with clean and renewable fuel with which to replace fossil fuels, and thereby make a decisive contribution to the fight against global warming. An added advantage would be the nation’s own economic development
Sustainability All program choices were made for sustainability. Technologies like cogeneration, total use of bagasse and stillage, and shipping the product out through pipelines are all energy-saving technologies.
Although reducing global greenhouse gas emissions is indeed central to the use of biofuels, it is nevertheless imperative that on the upstream, or production, end, environmental impacts be kept as small as possible. To that end, the NIPE study attempted an evaluation of environmental impacts upon replacement of 10% of the world’s gasoline consumption by 2025.
Main source of biomass in Brasil are sugar cane bagasse (108ton/year), wood chip (107ton/year),  firewood (108ton/year) and rice straw (107ton/year). In Brasil sugar cane bagasse has received more attention than the others since it is generated inside the ethanol plants, where it is used for steam and electric energy production.
O INTERESSE É USAR O EXCEDENTE DO  BAGAÇO PARA FAZER ALCOOL DE SEGUNDA GERAÇÃO
É CONHECIDO QUE O BAGAÇO E OUTRAS FONTES LIGNOCELULÓSICAS SÃO RESILIENTES AO ATAQUE ENZIMÁTICO
 
 
 
 
 
Recently, there is an increasing interest in using the excess of sugar cane bagasse to produce second generation ethanol. It is now known that crude bagasse is resilient to enzymatic treatment and two pre-treatments are employed: acid and steam explosion.
. The first involves the heating (127ºC-30 min) of bagasse in presence of diluted acid (sulphuric or chloridric). This procedure results in rupture of polymeric fibbers and is used only in laboratory scale.
The second consists in heating the bagasse at high pressure and temperature for a short period of time (about 8 min) followed by an abrupt expansion. Only few sugar/ethanol plants use this last procedure in order to produce animal food (hen and cow).
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Historical Use of Fungi for Cellulase Production

  • 1.  
  • 3. HISTÓRICO DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE FUNGOS PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE CELULASES
  • 4. SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL GENERAL DORIOT (USA) FICOU ESPANTADO COM A QUANTIDADE DE MATERIAL BÉLICO E DE UNIFORMES QUE ERAM CORROÍDOS NAS ILHAS DO PACÍFICO
  • 5.
  • 6. FORAM ISOLADOS MAIS DE 14.000 FUNGOS E O TRICHODERMA FOI ISOLADO NA NOVA GUINÉ
  • 7.  
  • 8. General Doriot Prof. Willian Weston (Havard) Lawrence White (Micologista) -Identificação Ralf Siu -Bioquímica Obter glicose De algodão (1946) ENERGIA
  • 9. COMEÇOU O QUE PODERÍAMOS CHAMAR DA SAGA DO Trichoderma viride
  • 10. O PROJETO DUROU 31 ANOS (1945 a 1976) FORAM PUBLICADOS MAIS DE 100 ARTIGOS CIENTÍFICOS E TRÊS SIMPÓSIOS FORAM REALIZADOS
  • 11. Elwyn T. Reese: .... Thirty-one years is a long time! The initial reason was that we were living In the right era. Basic research was highly popular and money was readily available. Still most projects lose appeal to administrators after four or five years. Managers prefer to have something “new” to talk about.
  • 12. Symposium : “Enzymatic conversion of cellulosic materials: Technology and applications” “ under the auspecies of Advisory Board on Military Personnel Suplies; and U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Command”
  • 13. Buscaram entre os milhares de microrganismos isolados Os melhores celulolíticos
  • 15. 1975 – PRESIDENTE ERNESTO GEISEL ATRAVÉS DO DECRETO EXECUTIVO (76595) CRIA O PRÓ-ALCOOL
  • 16. OBJETIVO : CRIAR INCENTIVOS PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL A PARTIR DA CANA DE AÇUCAR, VISANDO DIMINUIR A DEPENDENCIA DE IMPORTAÇÃO DE PETROLEO
  • 17.
  • 18.  
  • 19. There are, after all, nearly a billion passenger cars throughout the world.
  • 20. HÁ UMA INDICAÇÃO QUE O MERCADO INTERNO DO ETANOL É BEM CONSOLIDADO E TODO O ALCOOL PRODUZIDO TEM SEU COMÉRCIO GARANTIDO
  • 21. LEIS, REGULAMENTOS E A OPNIÃO PÚBLICA NA MAIORIA DOS PAÍSES FORÇAM PARA QUE HAJA UMA TROCA DE 10% DA ENERGIA CONSUMIDA PROVENIENTE DE PETROLEO PARA ENERGIA RENOVÁVEL
  • 22.  
  • 23. (Ulman, M.A. et al., 2010)
  • 24.  
  • 25.  
  • 26.  
  • 30.  
  • 31.  
  • 32. DOIS TIPOS DE METODOLOGIA PODEM SER USADAS PARA DESCONSTRUIR MATERIAIS LIGNOCELULÓSICOS ÁCIDO EXPLOSÃO A VAPOR
  • 33. ÁCIDO 127ºC 30 min Clorídrico ou sulfúrico EXPLOSÃO A VAPOR Alta temperatura e Pressão (8min) Rápida descompressão
  • 34. Os dois tratamento envolvem o desarranjos das Fibras dos polímeros e até a ruptura
  • 35. Ácido só em escala laboratorial Explosão a vapor – Algumas usinas Fazem o tratamento para enriquecer Rações de frango e de gado
  • 36.  
  • 37.  
  • 38. The cellulose thus obtained by this process contains α -cellulose (93%), ß-cellulose (4.1%), hemicellulose (2.22%) and traces of lignin (0.18%). Hydrolysis of cellulose derived from steam exploded bagasse by Penicillium cellulases: Comparison with commercial cellulase Rajkumar Singh a, A.J. Varma b, R. Seeta Laxman a,*, Mala Rao a,*Bioresource Technology 100 (2009) 6679–6681
  • 39. vapor d’água a 14 kg/cm2, por 8 min Nardini Agroindiustrial Ltda
  • 40. EXISTE UM CONSENSO QUE SÓ A PRODUÇÃO DE CELULASES EFICIENTES NÃO SERÁ SUFICIENTE PARA A DECOMPOSIÇÃO DE MATERIAIS LIGNOCELULÓSICOS
  • 41.  
  • 42. Filtração dos oligossacarídeos para evitar A inibição pelos produtos
  • 43. Melhoria das linhagens por tratamentos mutagênicos Para a produção de enzimas tolerantes aos seus produtos
  • 44. PESQUISADORES PROCURAM MICRORGANISMOS QUE PRODUZAM ENZIMAS TOLERANTES AOS SEUS PRODUTOS
  • 45. celobiose Glucose NORMALMENTE TODAS ESSAS ENZIMAS SÃO INIBIDAS PELOS PRODUTOS
  • 46. Fungos termófilos São fungos que crescem acima de 40ºC mas não crescem a temperatura inferiores a 20ºC
  • 47. Fungos termófilos: Enzimas termoresistentes e que são ideais para Processos industriais
  • 48. Humicola grisea Isolado da decompostagem
  • 49.  
  • 50.  
  • 51. celobiose Glucose NORMALMENTE TODAS ESSAS ENZIMAS SÃO INIBIDAS PELOS PRODUTOS
  • 55. EFEITO DA GLICOSE NA ENDOCELULASE DE S. thermophilum
  • 56. EFEITO DA CELOBIOSE NA ENDOCELULASE DE S. thermophilum
  • 57. Obtaining the mutant Ultraviolet light Spore solution of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 12,5 cm Mandels medium (1976) with 1% CMC 27ºC for 48 hours 5’ 10’ 15’ 20’ Fast growth PDA medium
  • 58. Growth on solid medium (PDA medium) 27°C for 4 days T. reesei QM 9414 T. reesei RP-98
  • 59. Cellulasic activities of crude filtrates after growth in liquid medium with Avicel as carbon source 8 days of cultivation 27ºC 110 rpm  3-fold  9,5-fold  8-fold
  • 60. celobiose Glucose NORMALMENTE TODAS ESSAS ENZIMAS SÃO INIBIDAS PELOS PRODUTOS
  • 61. Efeito da glicose (●) e celobiose (o) na atividade celulásica do filtrado de Trichoderma reesei RP 98
  • 62. S. thermophilum 0 1 2 3 4 5 25 50 75 100 Símbolos: Aberto - Glicose Fechado - Celobiose Atividade relativa (%) Efetor (%)
  • 63. T. reseei RP-98: 10 U FPase / g substrate (T) S. thermophilum : 10 U extracellular β-glucosidase / g substrate (SE) S. thermophilum : 10 U mycelial β-glucosidase / g substrate (SM)  20%  30% Synergism between crude filtrates of Trichoderma reesei RP-98 and Scytalidium thermophilum 6 hours of reaction 50ºC pH 5,0 5 ml Substrate: filter paper
  • 64. 20%  2.5-FOLD Synergism between crude filtrates of Trichoderma reesei RP-98 and Scytalidium thermophilum 6 hours of reaction 50ºC pH 5,0 5 ml Substrate: filter paper 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Glucose (mg) Time (hours) ENDO+ ß-GLUC* ENDO + ß-GLUC ENDO (CONTROLE)
  • 65.  
  • 66. Progress kinectis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse Endo Endo + ß-Gluc bruta Endo + ß-Gluc pura Endo H. grisea
  • 67. Sacarificação do bagaço explodido na presença da celulase de Trichoderma reesei e do filtrado do Chaetomium termophilum . Tricho Tricho + Chaeto
  • 68. Sacarificação do bagaço comum moído na presença da celulase de Trichoderma reesei e do filtrado do Chaetomium termophilum . Tricho + Chaeto Tricho
  • 69. - Bagaço tratado facilita a ação das Enzimas - Coquetel enzimático é mais eficiente
  • 70. S0 SE TO TE S+T O S+T E ATIVIDADE SOBRE O PAPEL DE FILTRO
  • 71. POSSÍVEIS FONTES DE BIOMASSA: Bagaço de Cana – 10 8 Toneladas/ ano Cavaco de madeira – 10 7 ton / ano Lenha – 10 8 ton/ ano Palha de arroz – 10 7 ton/ ano
  • 72. O BAGAÇO FOI O QUE RECEBEU MAIOR ATENÇÃO
  • 73.  
  • 74. ESSA PREFERÊNCIA PODE SER EXPLICADA PELO FATO DO BAGAÇO JÁ ESTAR DENTRO DO LOCAL DE PRODUÇÃO DO ETANOL
  • 75. Technological Demands for Higher Generation Process for Ethanol Production Carlos Eduardo Vaz Rossell [email_address] Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE) BIOEN Workshop on Processes for Ethanol Production September 10th2009-São Paulo, Brazil Custos : R$ 143,82/tonelada EM 2015 - Custo do etanol : R$ 1,53/litro EM 2025 – Custo do etanol : R$ 0,72/litro
  • 76. O DEPARTAMENTO DE ENERGIA DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS LANÇOU UM PROJETO QUE FOI INTITULADO DE : “ BREAKING THE BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO CELLULOSIC ETHANOL”
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 80. S0 SE TO TE S+T O S+T E ATIVIDADE SOBRE O PAPEL DE FILTRO
  • 81. Estima-se que no lixo 35 a 40% é papel
  • 82. Uma possibilidade atraente é reutilizar o papel para a produção de álcool, evitando a necessidade de desconstruir o material lignocelulósico
  • 83. Elmer Gaden Jr. (Universidade de Vermont) – 1976 Sugeriu que era mais promissor fazer etanol de papel usado do que resíduos da agricultura
  • 84. S0 SE TO TE S+T O S+T E ATIVIDADE SOBRE O PAPEL DE FILTRO
  • 85. DO PONTO DE VISTA PRÁTICO JÁ TEMOS TESTES QUE COMPROVAM QUE ENZIMAS PROVENIENTES DO Scytalidim E Trichoderma PODEM SER ÚTEIS NA INDUSTRIA DE PAPEL ABSORVENTE.
  • 86. Colaboradores: Fabiana Zanoelo Jean Carlos Rodrigues Flavio Henrique Moreira de Souza Cesar V Nascimento José Carlos dos Santos Salgado Douglas Masui Rubens Monti Leandra Venturi Rosane Marina Peralta Marina Kadowaki Rosa P. Furriel Maria de Lourdes Polizeli Héctor Francisco Terenzi Mauricio de oliveira Ricardo Alarcon
  • 87. Bibliografia: Bioetanol de cana-de-açúcar : Energia para o desenvolvimento sustentável (2008). Coordenação do BNDES: www.bioetanoldecana,org , 1ª. Edição, Rio de Janeiro. Gaden, E.L., Mnadels, M. H., Reese, E.T. and Sapno, L.A. (1976). Enzymatic conversion of cellulose materials: technology and applications. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium Nº 6, National Academy of Science and John Willey & Sons, USA. Houghton J., Weatherwax, S., Ferrel, J. (2006). Breaking the biological barriers to Cellosic ethanol. U.S. Department of energy. www.doegenomestolife.org/biofuels/.
  • 88. F I M Quem pergunta é bobo por cinco minutos. Quem não pergunta é bobo para sempre. Confúcio
  • 89.  
  • 90.  
  • 91.  
  • 92.  
  • 93. In modern commercial plants, ethanol is produced from sugar cane, corn, beets and sorghum, and on an experimental scale, from a number of other fruits, tubers, woody vegetation, etc. Fermentation yields alcohol at a concentration of 10% to 14%, after which fractional distillation becomes necessary.
  • 94. First-generation Ethanol There are two primary reasons why sugar cane alcohol is much better than any other biofuel: a) Productivity That is, the quantity of biomass produced per unit area is significantly larger for sugar cane than for any other plant – regardless of whether or not it is cultivated for energy biomass. In addition, the quantity of biofuel produced per unit of area,
  • 95. b) Energy balance (or life cycle) In other words, the ratio of energy delivered to the total energy used to produce it is much larger for sugar cane alcohol than for any other biofuel.
  • 96. Second-generation Ethanol Fermentation is the process by which microorganisms (yeast) convert sugar or starch into ethanol. A considerable portion of a plant, however, is neither sugar nor starch but fiber – indigestible by traditional yeasts. For sugar cane, twothirds of its mass is non-fermentable biomass fiber, and many plants contain almost no sugar or starch.
  • 97. What this meansis that two-thirds of sugar cane’s biomass is left out of the conversion to ethanol. Over the past two or three decades, specialists have sought to develop a number of “hydrolysis” technologies, to make it possible to convert fiber (lignin and cellulose) into ethanol.
  • 98. Likewise in principle it should be possible to convert any other type of crop or vegetable trash. The United States are working on a project to replace 30% of their gasoline consumption with ethanol made by hydrolysis of rejected forest products and plant matter, currently disposed of as trash.
  • 99. These new technologies, however, are not at all likely to be available for commercial use in fewer than 10 years. Furthermore, although they may put some other crops on a more competitive footing, they certainly will not suffice to attain yields comparable to sugar cane, which will also benefit from these innovations.
  • 100. In addition, Brazil has 300 million hectares of acreage suitable for sugar cane cultivation – area not occupied by forests, farm crops or protected habitats. This is equal to 100 times the area currently used for alcohol crops (3 million hectares).
  • 101. Part of this area was once, or is now, occupied by extensive grazing ranges. Brazil is therefore in a position to provide mankind with clean and renewable fuel with which to replace fossil fuels, and thereby make a decisive contribution to the fight against global warming. An added advantage would be the nation’s own economic development
  • 102. Sustainability All program choices were made for sustainability. Technologies like cogeneration, total use of bagasse and stillage, and shipping the product out through pipelines are all energy-saving technologies.
  • 103. Although reducing global greenhouse gas emissions is indeed central to the use of biofuels, it is nevertheless imperative that on the upstream, or production, end, environmental impacts be kept as small as possible. To that end, the NIPE study attempted an evaluation of environmental impacts upon replacement of 10% of the world’s gasoline consumption by 2025.
  • 104. Main source of biomass in Brasil are sugar cane bagasse (108ton/year), wood chip (107ton/year), firewood (108ton/year) and rice straw (107ton/year). In Brasil sugar cane bagasse has received more attention than the others since it is generated inside the ethanol plants, where it is used for steam and electric energy production.
  • 105. O INTERESSE É USAR O EXCEDENTE DO BAGAÇO PARA FAZER ALCOOL DE SEGUNDA GERAÇÃO
  • 106. É CONHECIDO QUE O BAGAÇO E OUTRAS FONTES LIGNOCELULÓSICAS SÃO RESILIENTES AO ATAQUE ENZIMÁTICO
  • 107.  
  • 108.  
  • 109.  
  • 110.  
  • 111.  
  • 112. Recently, there is an increasing interest in using the excess of sugar cane bagasse to produce second generation ethanol. It is now known that crude bagasse is resilient to enzymatic treatment and two pre-treatments are employed: acid and steam explosion.
  • 113. . The first involves the heating (127ºC-30 min) of bagasse in presence of diluted acid (sulphuric or chloridric). This procedure results in rupture of polymeric fibbers and is used only in laboratory scale.
  • 114. The second consists in heating the bagasse at high pressure and temperature for a short period of time (about 8 min) followed by an abrupt expansion. Only few sugar/ethanol plants use this last procedure in order to produce animal food (hen and cow).
  • 115.  
  • 116.  
  • 117.  
  • 118.  
  • 119.  
  • 120.  
  • 121.  
  • 122.  
  • 123.  
  • 124.  
  • 125.