Overview of roaring twenties

1. LIFE &LIFE &
CULTURE INCULTURE IN
AMERICA INAMERICA IN
THE 1920STHE 1920S
THETHE
ROARINGROARING
TWENTIESTWENTIES

2. America at theAmerica at the
Start of the DecadeStart of the Decade
 Victorious inVictorious in
World War IWorld War I
 Treaty ofTreaty of
VersaillesVersailles
defeateddefeated
 Period ofPeriod of
isolationismisolationism
 RepublicanRepublican
ascendancyascendancy Returning WWI soldiers parading in Minneapolis

3. The Election of 1920The Election of 1920
 GOP nominated Ohio Sen.GOP nominated Ohio Sen.
Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding
 ““Normalcy”Normalcy”
 Democrats ran Ohio Gov.Democrats ran Ohio Gov.
James M. CoxJames M. Cox
 Coolidge as GOP VPCoolidge as GOP VP
candidatecandidate
 FDR as Democratic VPFDR as Democratic VP
candidatecandidate
 Republican landslideRepublican landslide
Warren G. Harding

4. WarrenWarren
G.G.
HardingHarding

5. Pres. Warren G. Harding-Pres. Warren G. Harding-
19201920
Vice-President: Calvin CoolidgeVice-President: Calvin Coolidge
Gone were the days of Wilson andGone were the days of Wilson and
Idealism!Idealism!
Harding promised:Harding promised:
Lower TaxesLower Taxes
Higher TariffsHigher Tariffs
Restrictions on immigrationRestrictions on immigration
Aid to farmersAid to farmers
“A return to
NORMALCY”

6. Harding appointed someHarding appointed some
very qualified people tovery qualified people to
his administration.his administration.
However, he alsoHowever, he also
appointed several lessappointed several less
qualifiedqualified
people from his home statepeople from his home state
of Ohio whoof Ohio who
eventually engaged in as host ofeventually engaged in as host of
corrupt activities for personal gain.corrupt activities for personal gain.
“OHIO GANG”

7. The Teapot Dome Scandal
• In the early part of the 20th
century large oil reserves
were discovered in Elk Hills, California and Teapot
Dome, Wyoming.
Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center on the Teapot Dome
Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 near Midwest, Wyoming.

8. • In 1912 President William Taft
decided that the government owned
the land and its’ oil reserves should
be set aside for the use of the
United States Navy.
• On 4th June, 1920, Congress passed a bill that stated that the
Secretary of the Navy would have the power "to conserve,
develop, use and operate the same in his discretion, directly or
by contract, lease, or otherwise, and to use, store, exchange, or
sell the oil and gas products thereof, and those from all royalty
oil from lands in the naval reserves, for the benefit of the
United States."

9. • In March of 1921, President Warren Harding appointed
Albert Fall as Secretary of the Interior.
Pres. Warren Harding Secretary of the
Interior Albert Fall

10. Secretary of the
Interior Albert Fall
Harry
Sinclair
(Mammoth
Oil Corp.)
Edward L.
Doheny (Pan-
American
Petroleum)
Yo, Albert buddy!
How about letting
Edward and I drill for
oil in Elk Hills and
Teapot Dome!
But that’s
Naval
property! You
can’t drill
there!
Maybe $100,000
would help you
change your mind!
Why didn’t
you say so,
Ed? You’ve
got a deal!

11. • Later that year Fall decided that two of his friends,
Harry F. Sinclair (Mammoth Oil Corporation) and Edward L.
Doheny (Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company),
should be allowed to lease part of these Naval Reserves. There
was NO evidence that Harding was involved in any way.
• In 1923, Harding
died of a heart attack.
Vice-President Calvin
Coolidge took over.

12. • In 1927, Fall was found guilty of accepting a $100,000 bribe
from Doheny. He was forced to resign from office and spent
one year in jail. Fall was the first cabinet member to
be convicted of a crime while in office.
• The land was naval property, and should not have been
leased to private oil companies.

14. Pres. Calvin CoolidgePres. Calvin Coolidge
Harding’s death in 1923Harding’s death in 1923
brought Coolidge to thebrought Coolidge to the
presidency.presidency.
In 1924, Americans voted toIn 1924, Americans voted to
Coolidge’s businessCoolidge’s business
policy was laissezpolicy was laissez
faire :faire :
Between 1921and 1929Between 1921and 1929
the output of industrythe output of industry
nearly Doublednearly Doubled
“Keep cool with
Coolidge”

15. ““Silent Cal”Silent Cal”
The business of America
is….
BUSINESS!!!!

16.  The new president,The new president,
Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge , fit, fit
thethe pro-businesspro-business spiritspirit
of the 1920s very wellof the 1920s very well
 His famous quoteHis famous quote ::
“The chief business of“The chief business of
the American peoplethe American people
is business . . .theis business . . .the
man who builds aman who builds a
factory builds afactory builds a
temple – the man whotemple – the man who
works there worshipsworks there worships
there”there”
President Calvin Coolidge
1924-1928

17. Americans on the MoveAmericans on the Move
 Urbanization stillUrbanization still
accelerating.accelerating.
 More AmericansMore Americans
lived in citieslived in cities
than in ruralthan in rural
areasareas
 1920:1920:
 New York 5New York 5
millionmillion
 Chicago 3 millionChicago 3 million

18. URBAN VS. RURALURBAN VS. RURAL
 Farms started to struggle post-Farms started to struggle post-
WWI.WWI.
 6 million moved to urban areas6 million moved to urban areas
 Urban life was considered aUrban life was considered a
world of anonymous crowds,world of anonymous crowds,
strangers, moneymakers, andstrangers, moneymakers, and
pleasure seekers.pleasure seekers.
 Rural life was considered to beRural life was considered to be
safe, with close personal ties,safe, with close personal ties,
hard work and morals.hard work and morals.
 Suburban boom: trolleys,Suburban boom: trolleys,
street cars etc.street cars etc.
Cities were impersonal
Farms were innocent

19. Demographical ChangesDemographical Changes
 Demographics:Demographics:
statistics that describestatistics that describe
a population.a population.
Real Time Demographics
 Migration NorthMigration North
 African AmericansAfrican Americans
moving north at rapidmoving north at rapid
pace.pace.
 Why?Why?
 Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws
 New job opportunitiesNew job opportunities
in northin north
 1860 – 93% in south1860 – 93% in south
 1930 – 80% in south1930 – 80% in south
 Struggles:Struggles:
 Faced hatred fromFaced hatred from
whiteswhites
 Forced low wagesForced low wages

20. Other MigrationOther Migration
Post-WWI: European refugees toPost-WWI: European refugees to
AmericaAmerica
Limited immigration in 1920s fromLimited immigration in 1920s from
Europe and Asia.Europe and Asia.
Employers turned to Mexican andEmployers turned to Mexican and
Canadian immigrants to work.Canadian immigrants to work.
As a result: barrios createdAs a result: barrios created
Spanish speaking neighborhoods.Spanish speaking neighborhoods.

21. THE TWENTIES WOMANTHE TWENTIES WOMAN
 After the tumult ofAfter the tumult of
World War I, AmericansWorld War I, Americans
were looking for a littlewere looking for a little
fun in the 1920s.fun in the 1920s.
 Women wereWomen were
independent andindependent and
achieving greaterachieving greater
freedoms.freedoms.
 ie. right to vote, moreie. right to vote, more
employment, freedomemployment, freedom
of the autoof the auto
Chicago
1926

22. THE FLAPPERTHE FLAPPER
 Challenged theChallenged the
traditional ways.traditional ways.
 Revolution ofRevolution of
manners andmanners and
morals.morals.
 A Flapper was anA Flapper was an
emancipated youngemancipated young
woman whowoman who
embraced the newembraced the new
fashions and urbanfashions and urban
attitudes.attitudes.

23. NEW ROLES FORNEW ROLES FOR
WOMENWOMEN
Many women entered the workplace asMany women entered the workplace as
nurses, teachers, librarians, & secretaries.nurses, teachers, librarians, & secretaries.
Earned less than men and were preventedEarned less than men and were prevented
from obtaining certain jobs.from obtaining certain jobs.
Early 20th
Century teachers

24. THE CHANGINGTHE CHANGING
AMERICAN FAMILYAMERICAN FAMILY
 American birthratesAmerican birthrates
declineddeclined for severalfor several
decades before thedecades before the
1920s.1920s.
Trend continues inTrend continues in
1920s with1920s with
development of birthdevelopment of birth
control.control.
Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger
 Birth control activistBirth control activist
 Founder of AmericanFounder of American
Birth Control LeagueBirth Control League
 ie. Plannedie. Planned
ParenthoodParenthood
Margaret Sanger and other
founders of the American Birth
Control League - 1921

25. MODERNMODERN
FAMILYFAMILY
EMERGESEMERGES
 Marriage was basedMarriage was based
onon romantic loveromantic love..
 Women managedWomen managed
the household andthe household and
finances.finances.
 Children were notChildren were not
considered laborers/considered laborers/
wage earnerswage earners
anymore.anymore.
 Seen as developingSeen as developing
children whochildren who
needed nurturingneeded nurturing
and educationand education

26. PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION

27. PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION
 One example ofOne example of
the clash betweenthe clash between
city & farm wascity & farm was
the passage of thethe passage of the
1818thth
Amendment inAmendment in
1920.1920.
 Launched eraLaunched era
known asknown as
ProhibitionProhibition
 Made it illegal toMade it illegal to
make, distribute,make, distribute,
sell, transport orsell, transport or
consume liquor.consume liquor.
Prohibition lasted from 1920
to 1933 when it was repealed
by the 21st
Amendment

28. SUPPORT FORSUPPORT FOR
PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION
 Reformers had longReformers had long
believed alcohol ledbelieved alcohol led
to crime, child &to crime, child &
wife abuse, andwife abuse, and
accidentsaccidents
 Supporters wereSupporters were
largely from thelargely from the
rural south and westrural south and west

29. Poster
supporting
prohibition

30. SPEAKEASIES ANDSPEAKEASIES AND
BOOTLEGGERSBOOTLEGGERS Many Americans did notMany Americans did not
believe drinking was abelieve drinking was a
sinsin
 Most immigrant groupsMost immigrant groups
were not willing to givewere not willing to give
up drinkingup drinking
 To obtain liquor, drinkersTo obtain liquor, drinkers
went underground towent underground to
hidden saloons known ashidden saloons known as
speakeasiesspeakeasies
 People also bought liquorPeople also bought liquor
fromfrom bootleggersbootleggers whowho
smuggled it in fromsmuggled it in from
Canada, Cuba and theCanada, Cuba and the
West IndiesWest Indies
 All of these activities becameAll of these activities became
closely affiliated with …closely affiliated with …
Speakeasies

31. ORGANIZEDORGANIZED
CRIMECRIME
 Prohibition contributed toProhibition contributed to
the growth of organizedthe growth of organized
crime in every major citycrime in every major city
 Al Capone –Al Capone –
 Chicago, IllinoisChicago, Illinois
 famous bootleggerfamous bootlegger
 ““Scarface”Scarface”
 60 million yr (bootleg alone)60 million yr (bootleg alone)
 Capone took control of theCapone took control of the
Chicago liquor businessChicago liquor business
by killing off hisby killing off his
competitioncompetition
 Talent for avoiding jailTalent for avoiding jail
 1931 sent to prision for tax-1931 sent to prision for tax-
Al Capone was finally convicted
on tax evasion charges in 1931

32. RacketeeringRacketeering
Illegal business scheme to make profit.Illegal business scheme to make profit.
Gangsters bribed police or gov’t officials.Gangsters bribed police or gov’t officials.
Forced local businesses a fee for “protection”.Forced local businesses a fee for “protection”.
No fee - gunned down or businesses blown to bitsNo fee - gunned down or businesses blown to bits

33. St. Valentine’s Day MassacreSt. Valentine’s Day Massacre
 Valentines Day –Valentines Day –
February 14, 1929February 14, 1929
 Rival between Al CaponeRival between Al Capone
and Bugs Moranand Bugs Moran
 Capone – South SideCapone – South Side
Italian gangItalian gang
 Moran – North Side IrishMoran – North Side Irish
ganggang
 Bloody murder of 7 ofBloody murder of 7 of
Moran’s men.Moran’s men.
 Capone’s men dressed asCapone’s men dressed as
copscops

34. GOVERNMENT FAILSGOVERNMENT FAILS
TO CONTROL LIQUORTO CONTROL LIQUOR
 Prohibition failed:Prohibition failed:
 Why? Government didWhy? Government did
not budget enoughnot budget enough
money to enforce themoney to enforce the
lawlaw
 The task of enforcingThe task of enforcing
Prohibition fell toProhibition fell to
1,500 poorly paid1,500 poorly paid
federal agents ---federal agents ---
clearly an impossibleclearly an impossible
task!task!
Federal agents pour wine
down a sewer

35. SUPPORT FADES,SUPPORT FADES,
PROHIBITION REPEALEDPROHIBITION REPEALED
 By the mid-1920s, onlyBy the mid-1920s, only
19% of Americans19% of Americans
supported Prohibitionsupported Prohibition
 Many felt ProhibitionMany felt Prohibition
caused more problemscaused more problems
than it solvedthan it solved
 What problems did itWhat problems did it
cause?cause?
 The 21The 21stst
AmendmentAmendment
finallyfinally repealedrepealed
Prohibition in 1933Prohibition in 1933

36. SCIENCE ANDSCIENCE AND
RELIGION CLASHRELIGION CLASH
 Fundamentalists vs. Secular thinkersFundamentalists vs. Secular thinkers
 The Protestant movement - literal interpretation of theThe Protestant movement - literal interpretation of the
bible is known as fundamentalismbible is known as fundamentalism
 FundamentalistsFundamentalists found all truth in the biblefound all truth in the bible – including– including
science & evolutionscience & evolution

37. SCOPES TRIALSCOPES TRIAL
 In March 1925,In March 1925,
TennesseeTennessee
passed thepassed the
nation’s first lawnation’s first law
that made it athat made it a
crime to teachcrime to teach
evolutionevolution
 The ACLUThe ACLU
promised topromised to
defend anydefend any
teacher willing toteacher willing to
challenge the lawchallenge the law
Scopes was a biology teacher who
dared to teach his students that man
derived from lower species

38. SCOPES TRIALSCOPES TRIAL
 The ACLU hiredThe ACLU hired
Clarence Darrow,Clarence Darrow,
the most famousthe most famous
trial lawyer of thetrial lawyer of the
era, to defendera, to defend
ScopesScopes
 The prosecutionThe prosecution
countered withcountered with
William JenningsWilliam Jennings
Bryan, the three-Bryan, the three-
time Democratictime Democratic
presidentialpresidential
Darrow
Bryan

39. SCOPES TRIALSCOPES TRIAL
 Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a nationalTrial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national
sensationsensation
 In an unusual move,In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the standDarrow called Bryan to the stand
as an expert on the bible – key question:as an expert on the bible – key question: Should theShould the
bible bebible be interpreted literally?interpreted literally?
 Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admitUnder intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit
that the bible can be interpreted in different waysthat the bible can be interpreted in different ways
 Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100
Bryan
Darrow

41. EDUCATION ANDEDUCATION AND
POPULARPOPULAR
CULTURECULTURE
 During the 1920s,During the 1920s,
developments indevelopments in
education had aeducation had a
powerful impact on thepowerful impact on the
nation.nation.
 Enrollment in highEnrollment in high
schools quadrupledschools quadrupled
between 1914 andbetween 1914 and
1926.1926.
 Public schools met thePublic schools met the
challenge of educatingchallenge of educating
millions of immigrantsmillions of immigrants

42. Mass MediaMass Media
Increases in Mass media during the 1920sIncreases in Mass media during the 1920s
Print and broadcast methods of communication.Print and broadcast methods of communication.
Examples:Examples:
 NewspapersNewspapers
 MagazinesMagazines
 RadioRadio
 MoviesMovies
Newspapers:
27 million to 39 million
Increase of 42%
Motion Pictures:
40 million to 80 million
Increase of 100%
Radios:
60,000 to 10.2 million
Increase of 16,983%

43. EXPANDING NEWSEXPANDING NEWS
COVERAGECOVERAGE
 Literacy increased in theLiteracy increased in the
1920s…1920s…
as a resultas a result
 Newspaper and magazineNewspaper and magazine
circulation rose.circulation rose.
 By the end of the 1920s…By the end of the 1920s…
 10 American magazines --10 American magazines --
includingincluding Reader’s Digest,Reader’s Digest,
Saturday Evening Post,TimeSaturday Evening Post,Time
–– boasted circulations ofboasted circulations of
over 2 million a year.over 2 million a year.
 Tabloids createdTabloids created

44. RADIO COMESRADIO COMES
OF AGEOF AGE
 Although print mediaAlthough print media
was popular, radio waswas popular, radio was
the most powerfulthe most powerful
communications mediumcommunications medium
to emerge in the 1920s.to emerge in the 1920s.
 News was deliveredNews was delivered
faster and to a largerfaster and to a larger
audience.audience.
 Americans could hearAmericans could hear
the voice of thethe voice of the
president or listen to thepresident or listen to the
World Series live.World Series live.

45. ENTERTAINMENT ANDENTERTAINMENT AND
ARTSARTS
 Even before sound,Even before sound,
movies offered amovies offered a
means of escapemeans of escape
through romance andthrough romance and
comedycomedy
 ie. talkiesie. talkies
 First sound movies:First sound movies:
Jazz SingerJazz Singer (1927)(1927)
 First animated withFirst animated with
sound:sound: SteamboatSteamboat
WillieWillie (1928)(1928)
 By 1930By 1930 millions ofmillions of
Americans went to theAmericans went to the
movies each weekmovies each week
Walt Disney's animated
Steamboat Willie marked the
debut of Mickey Mouse. It was
a seven minute long black and
white cartoon.

46. Icons of 1920sIcons of 1920s

47. LINDBERGH’SLINDBERGH’S
FLIGHTFLIGHT Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh
 Nickname: “Lucky Lindy”Nickname: “Lucky Lindy”
 May 27, 1927: LindberghMay 27, 1927: Lindbergh
made the first nonstop solomade the first nonstop solo
trans-Atlantic flight.trans-Atlantic flight.
 Spirit of St. LouisSpirit of St. Louis
 NYC - ParisNYC - Paris
 33 ½ hours later – (no auto pilot)33 ½ hours later – (no auto pilot)
 $25,000 prize$25,000 prize
 2yr old Son Charley2yr old Son Charley
kidnapped in 1932kidnapped in 1932
 $50,000 ransom$50,000 ransom
 murderedmurdered

48. Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart
 1932: First female to1932: First female to
fly solo across thefly solo across the
AtlanticAtlantic
 1935: First person to1935: First person to
fly from California tofly from California to
HawaiiHawaii
 1937: Attempt to fly1937: Attempt to fly
around the worldaround the world
 2/3 completed and2/3 completed and
went missing,went missing,
presumed dead.presumed dead.

49. AMERICAN HEROES OFAMERICAN HEROES OF
THE 20sTHE 20s
 In 1929, AmericansIn 1929, Americans
spent $4.5 billion onspent $4.5 billion on
entertainment.entertainment.
(includes sports)(includes sports)
 People crowded intoPeople crowded into
baseball games to seebaseball games to see
their heroestheir heroes
 Babe RuthBabe Ruth was awas a
larger than lifelarger than life
American heroAmerican hero whowho
played for Yankeesplayed for Yankees
 He hit 60 homers inHe hit 60 homers in
1927.1927.

50. MUSIC OF THE 1920sMUSIC OF THE 1920s
 Famed composerFamed composer
George GershwinGeorge Gershwin
merged traditionalmerged traditional
elements with Americanelements with American
Jazz.Jazz.
 Someone to Watch OverSomeone to Watch Over
MeMe
 Embraceable YouEmbraceable You
 I Got RhythmI Got Rhythm
Gershwin

51. EDWARD KENNEDY “DUKE”EDWARD KENNEDY “DUKE”
ELLINGTONELLINGTON
 In the late 1920s,In the late 1920s,
Duke Ellington,Duke Ellington, a jazza jazz
pianistpianist andand
composer, led hiscomposer, led his
ten-piece orchestraten-piece orchestra
at the famousat the famous CottonCotton
Club.Club.
 Band: “TheBand: “The
Washingtonians”Washingtonians”
 Ellington won renownEllington won renown
as one ofas one of America’sAmerica’s
greatest composers.greatest composers.

52. LOUISLOUIS
ARMSTRONGARMSTRONG
 Jazz was born in theJazz was born in the
early 20early 20thth
centurycentury
 In 1922, a youngIn 1922, a young
trumpet player namedtrumpet player named
Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong
joined the Creole Jazzjoined the Creole Jazz
Band.Band.
 Armstrong isArmstrong is
considered theconsidered the mostmost
important andimportant and
influential musicianinfluential musician inin
the history of jazzthe history of jazz

53. BESSIEBESSIE
SMITHSMITH
 Bessie Smith, bluesBessie Smith, blues
singer, was perhapssinger, was perhaps
thethe most outstandingmost outstanding
vocalistvocalist of the decadeof the decade
 She achievedShe achieved
enormous popularityenormous popularity
and by 1927 sheand by 1927 she
became thebecame the highest-highest-
paid black artist inpaid black artist in
the worldthe world

54. BILLIE HOLIDAYBILLIE HOLIDAY
 Born Eleanora FaganBorn Eleanora Fagan
GoughGough
 One of the most recognizableOne of the most recognizable
voices of the 20s and 30s.voices of the 20s and 30s.
 Embraceable YouEmbraceable You
 God Bless the ChildGod Bless the Child
 Strange FruitStrange Fruit

55. 1920s DANCING1920s DANCING
 CharlestonCharleston
 Swing DancingSwing Dancing
 Dance MarathonsDance Marathons

56. Walt DisneyWalt Disney
 Walt Disney onlyWalt Disney only
attended one year ofattended one year of
high school.high school.
 He was the voice ofHe was the voice of
Mickey Mouse for twoMickey Mouse for two
decades.decades.
 As a kid he lovedAs a kid he loved
drawing and painting.drawing and painting.
 He won 32 AcademyHe won 32 Academy
Awards.Awards.

57. ART OF THE 1920sART OF THE 1920s
 Georgia O’ KeeffeGeorgia O’ Keeffe
captured thecaptured the
grandeur of Newgrandeur of New
York using intenselyYork using intensely
colored canvasescolored canvases
Radiator Building,
Night, New York , 1927
Georgia O'Keeffe

58. WRITERS OFWRITERS OF
THE 1920sTHE 1920s
 Writer F. ScottWriter F. Scott
FitzgeraldFitzgerald coinedcoined
the phrase “Jazzthe phrase “Jazz
Age” to describeAge” to describe
the 1920sthe 1920s
 Fitzgerald wroteFitzgerald wrote
Paradise LostParadise Lost andand
The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby
 The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby
reflected thereflected the
emptiness of Newemptiness of New
York elite societyYork elite society

59. WRITERS OF THEWRITERS OF THE
19201920
 Ernest Hemingway,Ernest Hemingway, becamebecame
one of the best-known authorsone of the best-known authors
of the eraof the era
 Wounded in World War IWounded in World War I
 In his novels,In his novels, The Sun AlsoThe Sun Also
RisesRises andand AA Farewell to ArmsFarewell to Arms,,
he criticized the glorification ofhe criticized the glorification of
warwar
 Moves to Europe to escape theMoves to Europe to escape the
life in the United States.life in the United States.
 ““Lost Generation” (Gertrude Stein)Lost Generation” (Gertrude Stein)
 Group of people disconnectedGroup of people disconnected
from their country and its values.from their country and its values.
 His simple, straightforwardHis simple, straightforward
Hemingway - 1929

60. THE HARLEM RENAISSANCETHE HARLEM RENAISSANCE
 Great MigrationGreat Migration sawsaw
hundreds ofhundreds of
thousands ofthousands of
African AmericansAfrican Americans
move north tomove north to bigbig
citiescities
 1920:1920:
 5 million of the5 million of the
nation’s 12 millionnation’s 12 million
blacks (over 40%)blacks (over 40%)
lived in citieslived in cities
Migration of the Negro by
Jacob Lawrence

61. HARLEM, NEW YORKHARLEM, NEW YORK
 Harlem, NYHarlem, NY
became thebecame the largestlargest
black urbanblack urban
communitycommunity
 Harlem sufferedHarlem suffered
from overcrowding,from overcrowding,
unemployment andunemployment and
povertypoverty
 Home to literary andHome to literary and
artisticartistic revivalrevival
known as theknown as the

62. LANGSTONLANGSTON
HUGHESHUGHES
 Missouri-bornMissouri-born LangstonLangston
HughesHughes was thewas the
movement’s best knownmovement’s best known
poetpoet
 Many of his poemsMany of his poems
described thedescribed the difficultdifficult
lives of working-classlives of working-class
blacksblacks
 ““Thank you Ma’am”Thank you Ma’am”
 Some of his poems wereSome of his poems were
put to musicput to music, especially, especially
jazz and bluesjazz and blues

63. Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan
 Colonel William J SimmonsColonel William J Simmons
 Revived organization in 1915Revived organization in 1915
 1922: enrollment 4 million1922: enrollment 4 million
 Attacks against:Attacks against:
 African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants andAfrican Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants and
others.others.
 By night, whipped, beat and even killed.By night, whipped, beat and even killed.
 By 1927 Klan activity diminished once again.By 1927 Klan activity diminished once again.

64. AFRICANAFRICAN
AMERICAN GOALSAMERICAN GOALS
 Founded in 1909,Founded in 1909,
thethe NAACPNAACP urgedurged
African AmericansAfrican Americans
to protest racialto protest racial
violenceviolence
 W.E.B DuboisW.E.B Dubois , a, a
founding member,founding member,
led a march ofled a march of
10,000 black men in10,000 black men in
NY to protestNY to protest
violenceviolence

65. MARCUS GARVEY -MARCUS GARVEY -
UNIAUNIA
 Marcus Garvey believedMarcus Garvey believed
that African Americansthat African Americans
should build a separateshould build a separate
society (Africa)society (Africa)
 In 1914, Garvey foundedIn 1914, Garvey founded
the Universal Negrothe Universal Negro
Improvement AssociationImprovement Association
 Garvey claimed a millionGarvey claimed a million
members by the mid-members by the mid-
1920s1920s
 Powerful legacy of blackPowerful legacy of black
pride, economicpride, economic
independence and Pan-independence and Pan-
AfricanismAfricanism
Garvey represented a more
radical approach