Regional dynamics of production and consumption of ICRISAT mandate crops
•
0 likes•192 views
This document summarizes regional production trends of ICRISAT mandate crops (sorghum, millets, chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut) from 1980-2006. It finds that while global yields are stagnant, yields are rising in West and Central Africa. In Asia, area and production are declining but yields are growing. It also analyzes consumption patterns, production constraints, and price trends for each crop over this period.
Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (19)
Similar to Regional dynamics of production and consumption of ICRISAT mandate crops
Similar to Regional dynamics of production and consumption of ICRISAT mandate crops (20)
More from ICRISAT
More from ICRISAT (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Regional dynamics of production and consumption of ICRISAT mandate crops
- 1. Regional dynamics of production and consumption of ICRISAT mandate crops Sorghum Millets Chickpea Pigeonpea Groundnut 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Areaharvested(millionha) Asia Eastern and Southern Africa Western and Central Africa Rest of the world Yield(kgha-1 ) Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Asia Eastern and Southern Africa WorldWestern and Central Africa Sorghum area graph. Millet area graph. Chickpea area graph. Pigeonpea area graph. Groundnut area graph. Groundnut yield graph.Sorghum yield graph. Millet yield graph. Chickpea yield graph. Pigeonpea yield graph. Top producing countries: USA (16%); Nigeria (15.5%); India (12%) Yield and production trends • Global yield levels are largely stagnant. However, yields in West and Central Africa (WCA) are rising. • In Asia, area and production are declining; yield levels showing a positive growth for the past five years • In WCA, increasing trend for area, production and yield attributed to increased demand for cereals (food, feed, brewing industry) Top exporters: USA (82%); Argentina (9%); France (2%) Top importers: Mexico (39%); Japan (21%); Spain (12%) Consumption patterns • Sorghum consumed as both feed and food. Close substitute for maize in the feed industry. • In developed countries, nearly 80% goes for feed use. • In developing countries, food use is more important. However, popularity of sorghum as food is reducing with rising incomes, particularly in Asia. Alternative industrial uses (poultry feed, alcohol) are increasing. Production constraints Biotic and abiotic factors • Pests and diseases (Striga, grain molds, anthracnose, charcoal rot, downy mildew, leaf blight and ergot) • Striga-resistant varieties generally have lower yield levels than prevailing cultivars, and are not adopted • Variability of rainfall results in fluctuations in produced quantities Socio-economic and policy factors • Policy induced preference for cereals such as rice, wheat, and cash crops • Changing food preferences as income rise results in a substitution to fine cereals Top producing countries: India (34%); Nigeria (24%); Niger (8%) Yield and production trends • Globally, area under millets has gradually decreased; increases in productivity contributed significantly to increase in production in the last five years • In Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), area, productivity and production have shown increasing trends, more so in the last five years • In WCA, the yield increase per ha (especially in the past five years) attributed to increased use of improved cultivars and fertilizer (micro-dosing). Top exporters: India (32%); USA (12%); Ukraine (11%) Top importers: Belgium (9%); Netherlands (7%); Germany (5%) Consumption patterns • Milletsareconsumedasbothfeedandfood.Indevelopedcountries,nearly70%goesforfeeduse. • In developing countries, nearly 80% is consumed as food. Production constraints Biotic and abiotic factors • Widespread Striga infestation • Loss of grain to birds and to downy mildew disease • Low and erratic rainfall Socio-economic and policy factors • Policy induced preference for cereals such as rice, wheat, and cash crops • Poor soil fertility owing to soil management practices and expansion of millet production on marginal lands 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Areaharvested(millionha) Asia Eastern and Southern Africa Western and Central Africa Rest of the w orld Yield(kgha-1 ) Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Asia Eastern and Southern Africa WorldWestern and Central Africa 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Areaharvested(millionha) 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Rest of the worldEastern and Southern Africa Asia Asi a Easter n and Souther n Af r i ca Wor l d 800 900 600 700 500 400 300 200 100 0 Yield(kgha-1 ) Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Top producing countries: India (65%); Pakistan (8%); Turkey (6%) Yield and production trends • Global production and area increasing sharply due to the entry of Canada, Australia and Myanmar as significant producers since the mid-nineties • In Asia, productivity and production show increasing trend in the past three decades Top exporters: Australia (23%), Mexico (12%); Turkey (11%) Top importers: India (23%); Pakistan (13%); Bangladesh (8%) Consumption patterns • Chickpea is consumed mainly as food. • It is more popular in the developing countries as it is a source of cheap protein. • Demand for chickpea for feed has been growing in the developed countries Production constraints Biotic and abiotic factors • Pestsanddiseasessuchaspodborers, Asochytablight,Botrytisgreymoldare widespreadandhavedevelopedaresistancetomostcommercialpesticides • Chickpea is grown on residual moisture and is consequently more vulnerable to heat stress and terminal drought Socio-economic and policy factors • A lack of good quality improved variety seeds in South Asia • Adoption of high yielding varieties constrained by higher risk • LackofincentivestogrowersinIndiarenderschickpeacultivationlesscompetitive thanothercrops Areaharvested(millionha) 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Asia Eastern and Southern Africa Rest of the world 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Yield(kgha-1 ) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Asia WorldEastern and Southern Africa Top producing countries: India (72%); Myanmar (16%); Malawi (3%) Yield and production trends • Global area and production increasing while productivity is relatively stagnant • In Asia, area and production increasing since the mid-nineties while productivity remained stagnant • In ESA area and production increasing since 1990 due to productivity gains mainly in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda Top exporters: Myanmar (55%); Malawi (22%) Top importers: India (90%) Consumption patterns • Pigeonpea is consumed as food in Africa and Asia. • Food demand from India most significant, accounting for 80% of all pigeonpea consumed Production constraints Biotic and abiotic factors • Diseases such as sterility mosaic, fusarium wilt and phythophthora blight are widespread • Pod fly (Melanagromyza spp.) and pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) are important loss causing insects. • Lack of moisture during the reproductive phase in the regions where farmers grow medium-to-long duration varieties Socio-economic and policy factors • Lack of well developed seed production and distribution systems • Low level of public support to growers in India led to stagnant yield levels 0 5 10 15 20 25 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Areaharvested(millionha) Rest of the worldEastern and Southern Africa Western and Southern Africa Asia 3500 4000 2500 3000 2000 1500 1000 0 Yield(kgha-1 ) Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Asia Eastern and Southern Africa Western and Central Africa World Top producing countries: China (38%); India (20%); Nigeria (10%) Yield and production trends • ProductionlargelyconcentratedintheAsiaandAfrica. • Production in Asia exhibits increasing trend, mainly driven by productivity increases • In WCA, area, production and productivity showed significant increases especially in the last five years Top exporters of shelled groundnut: China (24%); India (17%);Argentina (14%) Top exporters of groundnut oil:Argentina (27%); Senegal (23%); Belgium (9%) Top exporters of groundnut cake: India (62%);Argentina (10%); Senegal (8%) Top importers of shelled groundnut: Netherlands (19%); Russia (7%); UK (6%) Top importers of groundnut oil: France (21%); Italy (18%); USA (13%) Top importers of groundnut cake: China (37%); France (18%); Thailand (9%) Consumption patterns • Over 50% of the total groundnut production is crushed for edible oil • Food use accounts for 40% • Popularity of groundnut oil waning with freer trade in cheaper oils such as palm oil Production constraints Biotic and abiotic factors • Bacterial wilt causes considerable yield losses in East and Southeast Asia • Aflatoxin contamination is main constraint affecting the quality of groundnut in Africa and Asia. • Lack of improved varieties adapted to ecologies found in the semi-arid tropics in Africa and Asia Socio-economic and policy factors • Prevalence of poor quality seed owing to poor storage practices • Unavailability of effective multiplication and delivery systems • Ineffective government policies in South Asia provide no incentives to the growers. Price graphs Coarse cereals, 1970 to 2005 Grain legumes, 1970 to 2005 • Real export prices (in 1993-94 terms) of the ICRISAT mandate crops have been falling over the past 3 decades. • There has been an increase in the export prices of all the crops since 2006, in keeping with rising food prices. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Chickpea Shelled groundnut Groundnut oil Year 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 US$/tonne Nov 2009