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What do we talk about when we talk about
Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution?
Comparing ‘Smartness’
in Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country.
Dr Igor Calzada MBA
Smart City-Regional Governance: ‘Smartness’ in Reconciling Internationality, Competitiveness and Cohesion?
Brussels Centre for Urban Studies (BCUS)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Brussels (Belgium). 15:30-16:30
8th October 2015
University of Oxford. Future of Cities – COMPAS (UK – England)
University of Strathclyde. Institute for Future Cities (UK – Scotland)
Research Fellow 2016 Brussels Centre for Urban Studies (BCUS). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). (Belgium)
RSA Regional Studies Association 2014-2015 Early Career Grant
http://www.igorcalzada.com/about
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
Geo	
  `Economics’	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
  Geo	
  `Poli)cs’	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
   	
  Geo	
  `Democra)cs’	
  
	
  
Calzada,	
  I.	
  &	
  Cobo,	
  C.	
  (2015),	
  Unplugging:	
  Deconstruc)ng	
  the	
  Smart	
  City,	
  Journal	
  of	
  Urban	
  
Technology.	
  DOI:	
  10.1080/10630732.2014.971535.	
  <	
  Accessed	
  www.unplugging.eu	
  August	
  31,	
  
2015	
  >	
  
	
  
Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2015),	
  Benchmarking	
  Future	
  City-­‐Regions	
  beyond	
  Na9on-­‐States,	
  
RSRS	
  Regional	
  Studies	
  Regional	
  Science,	
  2:1,	
  350-­‐361,	
  DOI:	
  10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.	
  <	
  
Accessed	
  www.cityregions.org	
  August	
  31,	
  2015	
  >	
  
Calzada, I. (2015), Benchmarking Future City-Regions beyond Nation-States,
RSRS Regional Studies Regional Science, 2:1, 350-361, DOI: 10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.
< Accessed www.cityregions.org August 31, 2015
Independence	
  Recentralisa)on	
   Devolu)on?	
  
OUTLINE
1. Research Question:
What do we talk about when we talk about Political Innovation in
the Age of Devolution?
2. Research Question:
Comparing ‘Smartness’ in Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque
Country.
3. Preliminary Conclusion/Pending Work-In-Progress Question:
Towards an Age of Devolution in the EU?
1. Research Question:
What do we talk about when we talk
about Political Innovation in the Age of
Devolution?
1.  Poli1cal	
  Innova1on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu1on:	
  	
  
City-­‐Regions	
  Beyond	
  Na1on-­‐States	
  
	
  
•  The	
  year	
  2014	
  was	
  remarkable	
  for	
  the	
  European	
  Union	
  with	
  
regards	
   to	
   how	
   city-­‐regional	
   'small	
   na9ons'	
   (Kea9ng,	
   2014)	
  
engaged	
  in	
  democra1c	
  experimenta1on	
  on	
  the	
  right	
  to	
  decide	
  
their	
  future	
  beyond	
  their	
  referen1al	
  na1on-­‐states.	
  	
  
•  Key	
   examples	
   include	
   Scotland's	
   and	
   Catalonia's	
   pursuits	
   of	
  
independence	
   from	
   the	
   United	
   Kingdom	
   and	
   Spain,	
  
respec)vely.	
  
•  A	
   similar	
   situa)on	
   occurred	
   in	
   the	
   Basque	
   Country	
   as	
   a	
  
consequence	
  of	
  the	
  region	
  increasingly	
  overcoming	
  the	
  poli)cal	
  
violence	
  that	
  dominated	
  the	
  previous	
  era.	
  There,	
  a	
  democra)c	
  
debate	
   regarding	
   devolu)on,	
   cons)tu)onal	
   change,	
  
independence,	
   and	
   new	
   poli)cal	
   rela)onship	
   with	
   na)on-­‐state	
  
Spain	
  has	
  arisen	
  (Calzada	
  &	
  Bildarratz,	
  2015).	
  
'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx
Calzada,	
  I.	
  &	
  Bildarratz,	
  J.	
  (Ed.)(2015),	
  
Poli9cal	
  Innova9on:	
  Cons9tu9onal	
  Change,	
  Self-­‐Government,	
  The	
  Right	
  To	
  Decide	
  &	
  
Independence,	
  TransLoKal	
  –	
  Academic	
  Entrepreneurship	
  for	
  Policy	
  Making	
  –	
  Publishing,	
  Donos)a	
  
<	
  Accessed	
  www.poli)calinnova)on.net	
  August	
  31,	
  2015	
  >	
  
1.  Poli1cal	
  Innova1on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu1on:	
  	
  
City-­‐Regions	
  Beyond	
  Na1on-­‐States.	
  
	
  
•  Regardless	
  the	
  poli)cal	
  outcomes,	
  consequences,	
  and	
  meanings	
  
in	
   the	
   three	
   aforemen)oned	
   small	
   na)ons,	
   the	
   differences	
   in	
  
each	
  case's	
  poli1cal	
  culture	
  and	
  history	
  are	
  noteworthy.	
  	
  
•  Even	
  more	
  notable	
  are	
  their	
  different	
  means	
  of	
  accommoda)ng	
  
a	
   new	
   strategic	
   city-­‐regional	
   governance	
   pathway	
   (Herrschel,	
  
2014)	
  through	
  implicit	
  poli1cal	
  innova1on	
  processes:	
  
•  Q1:	
  To	
  what	
  extent	
  is	
  the	
  star)ng	
  point	
  of	
  the	
  devolu)on	
  for	
  
each	
   city-­‐regional	
   small	
   na)on	
   similar	
   according	
   to	
   its	
  
governance,	
  history,	
  and	
  policies?	
  	
  
•  Q2:	
  What	
  are	
  the	
  poten1al	
  poli1cal	
  scenarios	
  for	
  each	
  city-­‐
regional	
   small	
   na)on	
   as	
   a	
   result	
   of	
   the	
   de/recentralisa)on	
  
aitude	
  of	
  its	
  referen)al	
  na)on-­‐states?	
  	
  
•  Q3:	
   What	
   are	
   the	
   most	
   relevant	
   strategic	
   poli1cal	
  
innova1on	
  processes	
  occurring	
  in	
  each	
  case?	
  	
  
1.  Poli1cal	
  Innova1on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu1on:	
  	
  
City-­‐Regions	
  Beyond	
  Na1on-­‐States	
  
	
  
•  Na1on-­‐states	
  are	
  facing	
  constant	
  re-­‐scaling	
  and	
  devolu)on	
  
demands	
  from	
  the	
  strongest	
  city-­‐regional	
  economies,	
  whereas	
  
welfare	
  policies	
  are	
  weakening	
  due	
  to	
  the	
  austerity	
  policy	
  
implemented	
  by	
  na)onal	
  governments.	
  	
  
	
  
•  However,	
  na)on-­‐states,	
  as	
  interna)onal	
  actors,	
  depict	
  
difficul)es	
  to	
  cope	
  with	
  this	
  uncertain	
  equilibrium	
  between	
  self-­‐
determina1on	
  demands	
  from	
  the	
  na)onalists	
  and	
  a	
  clear	
  
contesta)on	
  to	
  the	
  poli)cal	
  economic	
  severe	
  austerity	
  policy.	
  	
  
	
  
•  It	
  is	
  in	
  this	
  context	
  where	
  pervasive	
  but	
  disrup1ve	
  poli1cal	
  
innova1ons	
  could	
  be	
  taking	
  place	
  in	
  some	
  city-­‐regional	
  small	
  
na)ons.	
  
	
  	
  
1.  Poli1cal	
  Innova1on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu1on:	
  	
  
City-­‐Regions	
  Beyond	
  Na1on-­‐States	
  
	
  
•  Generally	
  speaking,	
  the	
  nature	
  of	
  the	
  na)on-­‐states	
  has	
  been	
  
understood	
  so	
  far	
  as	
  a	
  sta)c	
  and	
  presumably	
  homogeneous	
  en)ty,	
  
which	
  requires	
  an	
  updated	
  ‘smart’	
  comprehensive	
  agenda	
  of	
  power	
  
rela)onships,	
  shared	
  sovereignty	
  and	
  policy	
  implementa)on	
  
between	
  na)on-­‐states	
  and	
  city-­‐regional	
  small	
  na)ons.	
  	
  
•  Such	
  ‘smartness’	
  now	
  involves	
  being	
  able	
  to	
  proceed	
  with	
  
devolu1on	
  between	
  the	
  two	
  counterparts	
  that	
  play	
  in	
  the	
  
interna)onal	
  arena.	
  
•  	
  As	
  a	
  general	
  trend,	
  devolu)on	
  is	
  being	
  increasingly	
  included	
  in	
  the	
  
EU	
  mul1level	
  policy	
  agenda,	
  or	
  at	
  least,	
  in	
  the	
  poli)cal	
  debate	
  of	
  
many	
  member	
  states,	
  such	
  as	
  the	
  UK,	
  Spain,	
  Belgium,	
  and	
  Germany,	
  
among	
  others.	
  	
  
1.  Poli1cal	
  Innova1on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu1on:	
  	
  
City-­‐Regions	
  Beyond	
  Na1on-­‐States	
  
•  Nevertheless,	
  there	
  are	
  remarkable	
  differences	
  not	
  only	
  in	
  the	
  way	
  
na1on-­‐states	
  assume	
  this	
  current	
  geopoli)cal	
  trend,	
  but	
  also	
  the	
  
strategies	
  of	
  city-­‐regions	
  aiming	
  for	
  more	
  autonomy,	
  devolu)on	
  and	
  
independence.	
  	
  
•  Consequently,	
  some	
  city-­‐regions	
  are	
  embracing	
  recentralisa1on	
  
within	
  their	
  na1on-­‐states	
  while,	
  by	
  contrast,	
  others	
  are	
  vigorously	
  
claiming	
  for	
  devolu1on	
  or	
  even	
  independence	
  (secession	
  in	
  purely	
  
poli)cal	
  terms	
  from	
  their	
  na)on-­‐states).	
  	
  
	
  
Hennig,	
  B.	
  D.	
  &	
  Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2015),	
  
In	
  Focus:	
  Regions	
  between	
  Recentralisa9on	
  and	
  Independence.	
  Poli)cal	
  Insight.	
  
Volume	
  6,	
  Issue	
  1,	
  pages	
  20-­‐21.	
  April	
  2015.	
  DOI:	
  10.1111/2041-­‐9066.12083.	
  
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
Independence	
  
Recentralisa)on	
  
Devolu)on?	
  
1.  Poli1cal	
  Innova1on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu1on:	
  City-­‐Regions	
  Beyond	
  Na1on-­‐States	
  
Calzada,	
  I.	
  &	
  Hennig,	
  B.	
  D.	
  (2015),	
  
In	
  Focus:	
  Regions	
  between	
  Recentralisa9on	
  
and	
  Independence.	
  Poli)cal	
  Insight.	
  Volume	
  
6,	
  Issue	
  1,	
  pages	
  20-­‐21.	
  April	
  2015.	
  
DOI:	
  10.1111/2041-­‐9066.12083.	
  
2. Research Question:
Comparing ‘Smartness’ in Scotland,
Catalonia and the Basque Country.
2.-­‐	
  Comparing	
  ‘Smartness’	
  	
  
in	
  Scotland,	
  Catalonia	
  and	
  the	
  Basque	
  Country.	
  
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
2.-­‐	
  Comparing	
  ‘Smartness’	
  	
  
in	
  Scotland,	
  Catalonia	
  and	
  the	
  Basque	
  Country.	
  
Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2014),	
  
The	
  Right	
  to	
  Decide	
  in	
  Democracy	
  between	
  Recentralisa9on	
  and	
  Independence:	
  Scotland,	
  
Catalonia	
  and	
  the	
  Basque	
  Country.	
  Regions,	
  no	
  296,	
  2014	
  Issue	
  4,	
  pp.	
  	
  7-­‐8.	
  
DOI:	
  10.1080/13673882.2014.11431613.	
  
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
City-Region Basque Scotland Catalonia
Nation-States SP & FR UK SP
Network of cities
and their
hinterland
Bilbao
San Sebastian
Vitoria
Pamplona
Bayonne
Glasgow
Edinburgh
Inverness
Aberdeen
Dundee
Barcelona
Tarragona
Girona
Lleida
Driver Nation-state devolution processes
Taxonomy Small nations
Devolution
dimensions
· Fiscal
· Policy
· Political
· Policy
· Political
· Political
Devolution
strategies
Fixed by
institutions
Fuelled by
the
Government
Driven by the
civic society
Political
innovation
processes
Post-political
violence
Rationalised
Dialectic
Antagonistic
Dialectic
Strategies Politically driven nationalistic
2.-­‐	
  Comparing	
  ‘Smartness’	
  in	
  Scotland,	
  Catalonia	
  and	
  the	
  Basque	
  
Country.	
  
CITY-
REGIONAL
SMALL
NATIONS
Political Innovation processes in three city-regional small nations
benchmarked by the ‘5-System’ Framework
URBS CYBER CIVITAS POLIS DEMOS
Basque Polynuclear system: Social disconnectivity: >LAGGARD< Dispersed strategy: Peace but three separate administrative
entities: <DRIVER>
COMPLEX DIVERSITY
Scotland North Sea Oil as the main natural
resource:
6 hubs: No clear decision yet: >LAGGARD< Good governance public perception:
<DRIVER>
EUROBRIT CHALLENGE
Catalonia Not a postcrisis political-economic
alternative yet: >LAGGARD<
Lack of bridging between Catalonia
and Spain:
Collective intelligence seeking regional
real alternatives: <DRIVER>
Failure of the Spanish federal political
hypothesis:
UNCERTAIN PATH
Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2015),	
  Benchmarking	
  Future	
  City-­‐Regions	
  beyond	
  Na9on-­‐States,	
  
RSRS	
  Regional	
  Studies	
  Regional	
  Science,	
  2:1,	
  350-­‐361,	
  DOI:	
  10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.	
  <	
  
Accessed	
  www.cityregions.org	
  August	
  31,	
  2015	
  >	
  
2.-­‐	
  Comparing	
  ‘Smartness’	
  in	
  Scotland,	
  Catalonia	
  and	
  the	
  Basque	
  
Country.	
  
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
!
!
!
!
Map	
  by	
  @icalzada	
  
#COMPLEX	
  
	
  
	
  #DIVERSITY	
  
Photos	
  by	
  @icalzada	
  &	
  @flickr	
  
3. Preliminary Conclusion/
Pending Work-In-Progress Question:
Towards an Age of Devolution in the
EU?
'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx
'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx
“Independen)sm	
  
nowadays	
  	
  
is	
  a	
  colossal	
  
blunder”	
  
UK	
  ≠	
  Spain	
  	
  
'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx
'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx
The	
  preferences	
  for	
  future	
  models	
  of	
  territorial	
  devolu1on	
  (Source:	
  CIS	
  2012/2956,	
  extracted	
  from	
  the	
  Centre	
  on	
  
Cons)tu)onal	
  Change).	
  hrp://centreoncons)tu)onalchange.ac.uk/blog/catalonia-­‐and-­‐spain-­‐conflic)ng-­‐majori)es	
  	
  
3.	
  Preliminary	
  conclusions:	
  	
  
Towards	
  an	
  age	
  of	
  devolu1on	
  in	
  the	
  EU?	
  
	
  
Q1:	
  Governance,	
  history	
  and	
  policies	
  
3.	
  Preliminary	
  conclusions:	
  	
  
Towards	
  an	
  age	
  of	
  devolu1on	
  in	
  the	
  EU?	
  
	
  
Q2:	
  Poten1al	
  poli1cal	
  scenarios	
  
3.	
  Preliminary	
  conclusions:	
  	
  
Towards	
  an	
  age	
  of	
  devolu1on	
  in	
  the	
  EU?	
  
	
  
Q3:	
  Strategic	
  poli1cal	
  innova1on	
  processes	
  
3.	
  Preliminary	
  conclusions:	
  	
  
Towards	
  an	
  age	
  of	
  devolu1on	
  in	
  the	
  EU?	
  
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
•  The	
  current	
  context	
  requires	
  the	
  adop)on	
  of	
  an	
  an1cipa1ve	
  and	
  ac1ve	
  role	
  of	
  the	
  EU.	
  This	
  
posi)on	
  should	
  deal	
  with	
  the	
  ‘regional	
  poli)cal	
  tensions’	
  in	
  a	
  normal	
  way.	
  
•  As	
  we	
  have	
  seen,	
  such	
  na1on-­‐states	
  depict	
  such	
  different	
  democra1c	
  ar1cula1ons	
  in	
  order	
  
to	
  accommodate	
  territorial	
  diversity	
  (such	
  as	
  the	
  UK	
  and	
  Spain).	
  As	
  Connolly	
  (2013:	
  12)	
  
pointed	
  out,	
  the	
  EU	
  will	
  play	
  a	
  leading	
  role	
  in	
  determining	
  the	
  outcome	
  of	
  Scoish,	
  Catalan,	
  
and	
  Basque	
  na)onalist	
  claims.	
  	
  
•  However,	
  he	
  also	
  added	
  that	
  devolu)on	
  and	
  the	
  right	
  to	
  secession/self-­‐determina)on	
  as	
  
currently	
  understood	
  in	
  interna1onal	
  law	
  provides	
  li`le	
  in	
  the	
  way	
  of	
  guidance	
  for	
  
addressing	
  separa)st	
  claims	
  in	
  Europe’s	
  stateless	
  na)ons	
  or,	
  for	
  that	
  marer,	
  in	
  other	
  parts	
  of	
  
the	
  world.	
  
•  In	
  the	
  EU,	
  self-­‐determina)on	
  claims	
  will	
  increasingly	
  be	
  dealt	
  with	
  through	
  the	
  ins1tu1ons	
  of	
  
the	
  EU	
  as	
  part	
  of	
  the	
  ongoing	
  push	
  and	
  pull	
  among	
  the	
  EU,	
  its	
  member	
  states	
  and	
  city-­‐
regions.	
  	
  
•  Whether	
  this	
  results	
  in	
  ‘Independence	
  in	
  the	
  EU’	
  or	
  some	
  form	
  of	
  accommoda)on	
  remains	
  
to	
  be	
  seen.	
  
3.	
  Preliminary	
  conclusions:	
  	
  
Towards	
  an	
  age	
  of	
  devolu1on	
  in	
  the	
  EU?	
  
•  Smartness	
  as	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu)on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  means	
  that	
  
•  We	
  should	
  set	
  up	
  a	
  new	
  policy	
  instrumentarium	
  regarding:	
  
•  1	
  Diverse	
  history	
  
•  2	
  Diverse	
  legal/ins)tu)onal	
  star)ng	
  point	
  between	
  na)on-­‐states	
  and	
  city-­‐regional	
  small	
  
na)ons	
  
•  3	
  Sovereign/loyalty	
  rela)onship	
  
•  4	
  Diverse	
  poli)cal	
  aspira)ons	
  
•  5	
  Diverse	
  poli)cal	
  culture	
  (internal	
  affairs)	
  
•  6	
  Diverse	
  paradiploma)c	
  ac)vi)es	
  and	
  intensity	
  (external	
  affairs)	
  
	
  
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
3.	
  Preliminary	
  conclusions:	
  	
  
Towards	
  an	
  age	
  of	
  devolu1on	
  in	
  the	
  EU?	
  
Smartness	
  as	
  the	
  Age	
  of	
  Devolu)on	
  in	
  the	
  Age	
  means	
  that:	
  
	
  
	
  
•  1	
  To	
  accept	
  devolu)on	
  as	
  a	
  natural	
  poli)cal/policy	
  process	
  
•  2	
  To	
  empower	
  regions	
  in	
  order	
  to	
  leverage	
  devolu)on	
  
•  3	
  To	
  set	
  up	
  flexible	
  and	
  democra)c	
  mechanisms	
  to	
  put	
  into	
  prac)ce	
  the	
  ‘right	
  to	
  decide’	
  
inside	
  cons)tu)onal	
  fixed	
  seings.	
  
•  4	
  To	
  design	
  inclusive	
  strategies	
  
•  5	
  To	
  focus	
  on	
  causes	
  and	
  specific	
  content	
  of	
  the	
  claims	
  &	
  poten)al	
  consensus	
  and	
  
delibera)on	
  outcome	
  
	
  
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
REFERENCE	
  LIST:	
  
•  Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2015),	
  Benchmarking	
  Future	
  City-­‐Regions	
  beyond	
  Na9on-­‐States,	
  
RSRS	
  Regional	
  Studies	
  Regional	
  Science,	
  2:1,	
  350-­‐361,	
  DOI:	
  10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.	
  <	
  
Accessed	
  www.cityregions.org	
  August	
  31,	
  2015	
  >	
  
•  Calzada,	
  I.	
  &	
  Cobo,	
  C.	
  (2015),	
  Unplugging:	
  Deconstruc)ng	
  the	
  Smart	
  City,	
  Journal	
  of	
  Urban	
  Technology.	
  
DOI:	
  10.1080/10630732.2014.971535.	
  <	
  Accessed	
  www.unplugging.eu	
  August	
  31,	
  2015	
  >	
  
•  Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2014),	
  
The	
  Right	
  to	
  Decide	
  in	
  Democracy	
  between	
  Recentralisa9on	
  and	
  Independence:	
  Scotland,	
  Catalonia	
  
and	
  the	
  Basque	
  Country.	
  Regions,	
  no	
  296,	
  2014	
  Issue	
  4,	
  pp.	
  	
  7-­‐8.	
  
DOI:	
  10.1080/13673882.2014.11431613.	
  
•  Calzada,	
  I.	
  &	
  Bildarratz,	
  J.	
  (Ed.)(2015),	
  
Poli9cal	
  Innova9on:	
  Cons9tu9onal	
  Change,	
  Self-­‐Government,	
  The	
  Right	
  To	
  Decide	
  &	
  Independence,	
  
TransLoKal	
  –	
  Academic	
  Entrepreneurship	
  for	
  Policy	
  Making	
  –	
  Publishing,	
  Donos)a.	
  ISBN	
  (paperback):	
  
978-­‐84-­‐942752-­‐4-­‐1.	
  [Forthcoming]	
  <	
  Accessed	
  www.poli)calinnova)on.net	
  August	
  31,	
  2015	
  >	
  
•  Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2015),	
  PostIndependence,	
  
TransLoKal	
  –	
  Academic	
  Entrepreneurship	
  for	
  Policy	
  Making	
  –	
  Publishing,	
  Donos)a.	
  ISBN	
  (e-­‐book):	
  
978-­‐84-­‐942752-­‐3-­‐4.	
  [Forthcoming]	
  <	
  Accessed	
  www.pos)ndependence.org	
  	
  August	
  31,	
  2015	
  >	
  
•  Hennig,	
  B.	
  D.	
  &	
  Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2015),	
  
In	
  Focus:	
  Regions	
  between	
  Recentralisa9on	
  and	
  Independence.	
  Poli)cal	
  Insight.	
  Volume	
  6,	
  Issue	
  1,	
  
pages	
  20-­‐21.	
  April	
  2015.	
  DOI:	
  10.1111/2041-­‐9066.12083.	
  
•  Casado,	
  A.	
  &	
  Calzada,	
  I.	
  (2015),	
  Demos-­‐Ethos:	
  A	
  Framework	
  to	
  Study	
  the	
  Icelandic	
  and	
  Basque	
  Cases	
  
through	
  Cri9cal	
  Social	
  Innova9on	
  and	
  Applied	
  Ethics.	
  Innova)on:	
  The	
  European	
  Journal	
  of	
  Social	
  
Science	
  Research.	
  DOI:	
  10.1080/13511610.2015.1089472.	
  [In	
  print]	
  
Thanks	
  for	
  your	
  aren)on	
  
	
  
	
  
Dr	
  Igor	
  Calzada	
  MBA	
  
igor.calzada@compas.ox.ac.uk	
  
	
  
hrp://www.poli)calinnova)on.org	
  	
  
hrp://www.cityregions.org	
  	
  
hrp://www.pos)ndependence.org	
  
	
  
hrp://www.igorcalzada.com/about	
  	
  
@icalzada	
  	
  

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'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx

  • 1. What do we talk about when we talk about Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution? Comparing ‘Smartness’ in Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country. Dr Igor Calzada MBA Smart City-Regional Governance: ‘Smartness’ in Reconciling Internationality, Competitiveness and Cohesion? Brussels Centre for Urban Studies (BCUS) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels (Belgium). 15:30-16:30 8th October 2015 University of Oxford. Future of Cities – COMPAS (UK – England) University of Strathclyde. Institute for Future Cities (UK – Scotland) Research Fellow 2016 Brussels Centre for Urban Studies (BCUS). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). (Belgium) RSA Regional Studies Association 2014-2015 Early Career Grant http://www.igorcalzada.com/about www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org
  • 2. Geo  `Economics’                            Geo  `Poli)cs’                                            Geo  `Democra)cs’    
  • 3. Calzada,  I.  &  Cobo,  C.  (2015),  Unplugging:  Deconstruc)ng  the  Smart  City,  Journal  of  Urban   Technology.  DOI:  10.1080/10630732.2014.971535.  <  Accessed  www.unplugging.eu  August  31,   2015  >    
  • 4. Calzada,  I.  (2015),  Benchmarking  Future  City-­‐Regions  beyond  Na9on-­‐States,   RSRS  Regional  Studies  Regional  Science,  2:1,  350-­‐361,  DOI:  10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.  <   Accessed  www.cityregions.org  August  31,  2015  >  
  • 5. Calzada, I. (2015), Benchmarking Future City-Regions beyond Nation-States, RSRS Regional Studies Regional Science, 2:1, 350-361, DOI: 10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908. < Accessed www.cityregions.org August 31, 2015 Independence  Recentralisa)on   Devolu)on?  
  • 6. OUTLINE 1. Research Question: What do we talk about when we talk about Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution? 2. Research Question: Comparing ‘Smartness’ in Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country. 3. Preliminary Conclusion/Pending Work-In-Progress Question: Towards an Age of Devolution in the EU?
  • 7. 1. Research Question: What do we talk about when we talk about Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution?
  • 8. 1.  Poli1cal  Innova1on  in  the  Age  of  Devolu1on:     City-­‐Regions  Beyond  Na1on-­‐States     •  The  year  2014  was  remarkable  for  the  European  Union  with   regards   to   how   city-­‐regional   'small   na9ons'   (Kea9ng,   2014)   engaged  in  democra1c  experimenta1on  on  the  right  to  decide   their  future  beyond  their  referen1al  na1on-­‐states.     •  Key   examples   include   Scotland's   and   Catalonia's   pursuits   of   independence   from   the   United   Kingdom   and   Spain,   respec)vely.   •  A   similar   situa)on   occurred   in   the   Basque   Country   as   a   consequence  of  the  region  increasingly  overcoming  the  poli)cal   violence  that  dominated  the  previous  era.  There,  a  democra)c   debate   regarding   devolu)on,   cons)tu)onal   change,   independence,   and   new   poli)cal   rela)onship   with   na)on-­‐state   Spain  has  arisen  (Calzada  &  Bildarratz,  2015).  
  • 10. Calzada,  I.  &  Bildarratz,  J.  (Ed.)(2015),   Poli9cal  Innova9on:  Cons9tu9onal  Change,  Self-­‐Government,  The  Right  To  Decide  &   Independence,  TransLoKal  –  Academic  Entrepreneurship  for  Policy  Making  –  Publishing,  Donos)a   <  Accessed  www.poli)calinnova)on.net  August  31,  2015  >  
  • 11. 1.  Poli1cal  Innova1on  in  the  Age  of  Devolu1on:     City-­‐Regions  Beyond  Na1on-­‐States.     •  Regardless  the  poli)cal  outcomes,  consequences,  and  meanings   in   the   three   aforemen)oned   small   na)ons,   the   differences   in   each  case's  poli1cal  culture  and  history  are  noteworthy.     •  Even  more  notable  are  their  different  means  of  accommoda)ng   a   new   strategic   city-­‐regional   governance   pathway   (Herrschel,   2014)  through  implicit  poli1cal  innova1on  processes:   •  Q1:  To  what  extent  is  the  star)ng  point  of  the  devolu)on  for   each   city-­‐regional   small   na)on   similar   according   to   its   governance,  history,  and  policies?     •  Q2:  What  are  the  poten1al  poli1cal  scenarios  for  each  city-­‐ regional   small   na)on   as   a   result   of   the   de/recentralisa)on   aitude  of  its  referen)al  na)on-­‐states?     •  Q3:   What   are   the   most   relevant   strategic   poli1cal   innova1on  processes  occurring  in  each  case?    
  • 12. 1.  Poli1cal  Innova1on  in  the  Age  of  Devolu1on:     City-­‐Regions  Beyond  Na1on-­‐States     •  Na1on-­‐states  are  facing  constant  re-­‐scaling  and  devolu)on   demands  from  the  strongest  city-­‐regional  economies,  whereas   welfare  policies  are  weakening  due  to  the  austerity  policy   implemented  by  na)onal  governments.       •  However,  na)on-­‐states,  as  interna)onal  actors,  depict   difficul)es  to  cope  with  this  uncertain  equilibrium  between  self-­‐ determina1on  demands  from  the  na)onalists  and  a  clear   contesta)on  to  the  poli)cal  economic  severe  austerity  policy.       •  It  is  in  this  context  where  pervasive  but  disrup1ve  poli1cal   innova1ons  could  be  taking  place  in  some  city-­‐regional  small   na)ons.      
  • 13. 1.  Poli1cal  Innova1on  in  the  Age  of  Devolu1on:     City-­‐Regions  Beyond  Na1on-­‐States     •  Generally  speaking,  the  nature  of  the  na)on-­‐states  has  been   understood  so  far  as  a  sta)c  and  presumably  homogeneous  en)ty,   which  requires  an  updated  ‘smart’  comprehensive  agenda  of  power   rela)onships,  shared  sovereignty  and  policy  implementa)on   between  na)on-­‐states  and  city-­‐regional  small  na)ons.     •  Such  ‘smartness’  now  involves  being  able  to  proceed  with   devolu1on  between  the  two  counterparts  that  play  in  the   interna)onal  arena.   •   As  a  general  trend,  devolu)on  is  being  increasingly  included  in  the   EU  mul1level  policy  agenda,  or  at  least,  in  the  poli)cal  debate  of   many  member  states,  such  as  the  UK,  Spain,  Belgium,  and  Germany,   among  others.    
  • 14. 1.  Poli1cal  Innova1on  in  the  Age  of  Devolu1on:     City-­‐Regions  Beyond  Na1on-­‐States   •  Nevertheless,  there  are  remarkable  differences  not  only  in  the  way   na1on-­‐states  assume  this  current  geopoli)cal  trend,  but  also  the   strategies  of  city-­‐regions  aiming  for  more  autonomy,  devolu)on  and   independence.     •  Consequently,  some  city-­‐regions  are  embracing  recentralisa1on   within  their  na1on-­‐states  while,  by  contrast,  others  are  vigorously   claiming  for  devolu1on  or  even  independence  (secession  in  purely   poli)cal  terms  from  their  na)on-­‐states).       Hennig,  B.  D.  &  Calzada,  I.  (2015),   In  Focus:  Regions  between  Recentralisa9on  and  Independence.  Poli)cal  Insight.   Volume  6,  Issue  1,  pages  20-­‐21.  April  2015.  DOI:  10.1111/2041-­‐9066.12083.  
  • 15. www.politicalinnovation.net www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org Independence   Recentralisa)on   Devolu)on?   1.  Poli1cal  Innova1on  in  the  Age  of  Devolu1on:  City-­‐Regions  Beyond  Na1on-­‐States   Calzada,  I.  &  Hennig,  B.  D.  (2015),   In  Focus:  Regions  between  Recentralisa9on   and  Independence.  Poli)cal  Insight.  Volume   6,  Issue  1,  pages  20-­‐21.  April  2015.   DOI:  10.1111/2041-­‐9066.12083.  
  • 16. 2. Research Question: Comparing ‘Smartness’ in Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country.
  • 17. 2.-­‐  Comparing  ‘Smartness’     in  Scotland,  Catalonia  and  the  Basque  Country.   www.politicalinnovation.net www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org
  • 18. 2.-­‐  Comparing  ‘Smartness’     in  Scotland,  Catalonia  and  the  Basque  Country.   Calzada,  I.  (2014),   The  Right  to  Decide  in  Democracy  between  Recentralisa9on  and  Independence:  Scotland,   Catalonia  and  the  Basque  Country.  Regions,  no  296,  2014  Issue  4,  pp.    7-­‐8.   DOI:  10.1080/13673882.2014.11431613.   www.politicalinnovation.net www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org
  • 19. www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org City-Region Basque Scotland Catalonia Nation-States SP & FR UK SP Network of cities and their hinterland Bilbao San Sebastian Vitoria Pamplona Bayonne Glasgow Edinburgh Inverness Aberdeen Dundee Barcelona Tarragona Girona Lleida Driver Nation-state devolution processes Taxonomy Small nations Devolution dimensions · Fiscal · Policy · Political · Policy · Political · Political Devolution strategies Fixed by institutions Fuelled by the Government Driven by the civic society Political innovation processes Post-political violence Rationalised Dialectic Antagonistic Dialectic Strategies Politically driven nationalistic 2.-­‐  Comparing  ‘Smartness’  in  Scotland,  Catalonia  and  the  Basque   Country.  
  • 20. CITY- REGIONAL SMALL NATIONS Political Innovation processes in three city-regional small nations benchmarked by the ‘5-System’ Framework URBS CYBER CIVITAS POLIS DEMOS Basque Polynuclear system: Social disconnectivity: >LAGGARD< Dispersed strategy: Peace but three separate administrative entities: <DRIVER> COMPLEX DIVERSITY Scotland North Sea Oil as the main natural resource: 6 hubs: No clear decision yet: >LAGGARD< Good governance public perception: <DRIVER> EUROBRIT CHALLENGE Catalonia Not a postcrisis political-economic alternative yet: >LAGGARD< Lack of bridging between Catalonia and Spain: Collective intelligence seeking regional real alternatives: <DRIVER> Failure of the Spanish federal political hypothesis: UNCERTAIN PATH Calzada,  I.  (2015),  Benchmarking  Future  City-­‐Regions  beyond  Na9on-­‐States,   RSRS  Regional  Studies  Regional  Science,  2:1,  350-­‐361,  DOI:  10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.  <   Accessed  www.cityregions.org  August  31,  2015  >   2.-­‐  Comparing  ‘Smartness’  in  Scotland,  Catalonia  and  the  Basque   Country.   www.politicalinnovation.net www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org
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  • 26. #COMPLEX      #DIVERSITY   Photos  by  @icalzada  &  @flickr  
  • 27. 3. Preliminary Conclusion/ Pending Work-In-Progress Question: Towards an Age of Devolution in the EU?
  • 30. “Independen)sm   nowadays     is  a  colossal   blunder”   UK  ≠  Spain    
  • 33. The  preferences  for  future  models  of  territorial  devolu1on  (Source:  CIS  2012/2956,  extracted  from  the  Centre  on   Cons)tu)onal  Change).  hrp://centreoncons)tu)onalchange.ac.uk/blog/catalonia-­‐and-­‐spain-­‐conflic)ng-­‐majori)es    
  • 34. 3.  Preliminary  conclusions:     Towards  an  age  of  devolu1on  in  the  EU?     Q1:  Governance,  history  and  policies  
  • 35. 3.  Preliminary  conclusions:     Towards  an  age  of  devolu1on  in  the  EU?     Q2:  Poten1al  poli1cal  scenarios  
  • 36. 3.  Preliminary  conclusions:     Towards  an  age  of  devolu1on  in  the  EU?     Q3:  Strategic  poli1cal  innova1on  processes  
  • 37. 3.  Preliminary  conclusions:     Towards  an  age  of  devolu1on  in  the  EU?   www.politicalinnovation.net www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org •  The  current  context  requires  the  adop)on  of  an  an1cipa1ve  and  ac1ve  role  of  the  EU.  This   posi)on  should  deal  with  the  ‘regional  poli)cal  tensions’  in  a  normal  way.   •  As  we  have  seen,  such  na1on-­‐states  depict  such  different  democra1c  ar1cula1ons  in  order   to  accommodate  territorial  diversity  (such  as  the  UK  and  Spain).  As  Connolly  (2013:  12)   pointed  out,  the  EU  will  play  a  leading  role  in  determining  the  outcome  of  Scoish,  Catalan,   and  Basque  na)onalist  claims.     •  However,  he  also  added  that  devolu)on  and  the  right  to  secession/self-­‐determina)on  as   currently  understood  in  interna1onal  law  provides  li`le  in  the  way  of  guidance  for   addressing  separa)st  claims  in  Europe’s  stateless  na)ons  or,  for  that  marer,  in  other  parts  of   the  world.   •  In  the  EU,  self-­‐determina)on  claims  will  increasingly  be  dealt  with  through  the  ins1tu1ons  of   the  EU  as  part  of  the  ongoing  push  and  pull  among  the  EU,  its  member  states  and  city-­‐ regions.     •  Whether  this  results  in  ‘Independence  in  the  EU’  or  some  form  of  accommoda)on  remains   to  be  seen.  
  • 38. 3.  Preliminary  conclusions:     Towards  an  age  of  devolu1on  in  the  EU?   •  Smartness  as  the  Age  of  Devolu)on  in  the  Age  means  that   •  We  should  set  up  a  new  policy  instrumentarium  regarding:   •  1  Diverse  history   •  2  Diverse  legal/ins)tu)onal  star)ng  point  between  na)on-­‐states  and  city-­‐regional  small   na)ons   •  3  Sovereign/loyalty  rela)onship   •  4  Diverse  poli)cal  aspira)ons   •  5  Diverse  poli)cal  culture  (internal  affairs)   •  6  Diverse  paradiploma)c  ac)vi)es  and  intensity  (external  affairs)     www.politicalinnovation.net www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org
  • 39. 3.  Preliminary  conclusions:     Towards  an  age  of  devolu1on  in  the  EU?   Smartness  as  the  Age  of  Devolu)on  in  the  Age  means  that:       •  1  To  accept  devolu)on  as  a  natural  poli)cal/policy  process   •  2  To  empower  regions  in  order  to  leverage  devolu)on   •  3  To  set  up  flexible  and  democra)c  mechanisms  to  put  into  prac)ce  the  ‘right  to  decide’   inside  cons)tu)onal  fixed  seings.   •  4  To  design  inclusive  strategies   •  5  To  focus  on  causes  and  specific  content  of  the  claims  &  poten)al  consensus  and   delibera)on  outcome     www.politicalinnovation.net www.cityregions.org www.postindependence.org
  • 40. REFERENCE  LIST:   •  Calzada,  I.  (2015),  Benchmarking  Future  City-­‐Regions  beyond  Na9on-­‐States,   RSRS  Regional  Studies  Regional  Science,  2:1,  350-­‐361,  DOI:  10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.  <   Accessed  www.cityregions.org  August  31,  2015  >   •  Calzada,  I.  &  Cobo,  C.  (2015),  Unplugging:  Deconstruc)ng  the  Smart  City,  Journal  of  Urban  Technology.   DOI:  10.1080/10630732.2014.971535.  <  Accessed  www.unplugging.eu  August  31,  2015  >   •  Calzada,  I.  (2014),   The  Right  to  Decide  in  Democracy  between  Recentralisa9on  and  Independence:  Scotland,  Catalonia   and  the  Basque  Country.  Regions,  no  296,  2014  Issue  4,  pp.    7-­‐8.   DOI:  10.1080/13673882.2014.11431613.   •  Calzada,  I.  &  Bildarratz,  J.  (Ed.)(2015),   Poli9cal  Innova9on:  Cons9tu9onal  Change,  Self-­‐Government,  The  Right  To  Decide  &  Independence,   TransLoKal  –  Academic  Entrepreneurship  for  Policy  Making  –  Publishing,  Donos)a.  ISBN  (paperback):   978-­‐84-­‐942752-­‐4-­‐1.  [Forthcoming]  <  Accessed  www.poli)calinnova)on.net  August  31,  2015  >   •  Calzada,  I.  (2015),  PostIndependence,   TransLoKal  –  Academic  Entrepreneurship  for  Policy  Making  –  Publishing,  Donos)a.  ISBN  (e-­‐book):   978-­‐84-­‐942752-­‐3-­‐4.  [Forthcoming]  <  Accessed  www.pos)ndependence.org    August  31,  2015  >   •  Hennig,  B.  D.  &  Calzada,  I.  (2015),   In  Focus:  Regions  between  Recentralisa9on  and  Independence.  Poli)cal  Insight.  Volume  6,  Issue  1,   pages  20-­‐21.  April  2015.  DOI:  10.1111/2041-­‐9066.12083.   •  Casado,  A.  &  Calzada,  I.  (2015),  Demos-­‐Ethos:  A  Framework  to  Study  the  Icelandic  and  Basque  Cases   through  Cri9cal  Social  Innova9on  and  Applied  Ethics.  Innova)on:  The  European  Journal  of  Social   Science  Research.  DOI:  10.1080/13511610.2015.1089472.  [In  print]  
  • 41. Thanks  for  your  aren)on       Dr  Igor  Calzada  MBA   igor.calzada@compas.ox.ac.uk     hrp://www.poli)calinnova)on.org     hrp://www.cityregions.org     hrp://www.pos)ndependence.org     hrp://www.igorcalzada.com/about     @icalzada