Here is the paper Dr Calzada presented on 8th October at the 'Smart City-Regional Governance' International Conference at the University of Vrije, Centre for Urban Studies/Research, in Brussels.
Ähnlich wie 'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx
Ähnlich wie 'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx (20)
'Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution: Comparing Smartness' Smart City Regional Governance BCUS 8Oct2015 bBBrussels Dr Igor Calzada MBA.pptx
1. What do we talk about when we talk about
Political Innovation in the Age of Devolution?
Comparing ‘Smartness’
in Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country.
Dr Igor Calzada MBA
Smart City-Regional Governance: ‘Smartness’ in Reconciling Internationality, Competitiveness and Cohesion?
Brussels Centre for Urban Studies (BCUS)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Brussels (Belgium). 15:30-16:30
8th October 2015
University of Oxford. Future of Cities – COMPAS (UK – England)
University of Strathclyde. Institute for Future Cities (UK – Scotland)
Research Fellow 2016 Brussels Centre for Urban Studies (BCUS). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). (Belgium)
RSA Regional Studies Association 2014-2015 Early Career Grant
http://www.igorcalzada.com/about
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
3. Calzada,
I.
&
Cobo,
C.
(2015),
Unplugging:
Deconstruc)ng
the
Smart
City,
Journal
of
Urban
Technology.
DOI:
10.1080/10630732.2014.971535.
<
Accessed
www.unplugging.eu
August
31,
2015
>
6. OUTLINE
1. Research Question:
What do we talk about when we talk about Political Innovation in
the Age of Devolution?
2. Research Question:
Comparing ‘Smartness’ in Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque
Country.
3. Preliminary Conclusion/Pending Work-In-Progress Question:
Towards an Age of Devolution in the EU?
7. 1. Research Question:
What do we talk about when we talk
about Political Innovation in the Age of
Devolution?
8. 1. Poli1cal
Innova1on
in
the
Age
of
Devolu1on:
City-‐Regions
Beyond
Na1on-‐States
• The
year
2014
was
remarkable
for
the
European
Union
with
regards
to
how
city-‐regional
'small
na9ons'
(Kea9ng,
2014)
engaged
in
democra1c
experimenta1on
on
the
right
to
decide
their
future
beyond
their
referen1al
na1on-‐states.
• Key
examples
include
Scotland's
and
Catalonia's
pursuits
of
independence
from
the
United
Kingdom
and
Spain,
respec)vely.
• A
similar
situa)on
occurred
in
the
Basque
Country
as
a
consequence
of
the
region
increasingly
overcoming
the
poli)cal
violence
that
dominated
the
previous
era.
There,
a
democra)c
debate
regarding
devolu)on,
cons)tu)onal
change,
independence,
and
new
poli)cal
rela)onship
with
na)on-‐state
Spain
has
arisen
(Calzada
&
Bildarratz,
2015).
10. Calzada,
I.
&
Bildarratz,
J.
(Ed.)(2015),
Poli9cal
Innova9on:
Cons9tu9onal
Change,
Self-‐Government,
The
Right
To
Decide
&
Independence,
TransLoKal
–
Academic
Entrepreneurship
for
Policy
Making
–
Publishing,
Donos)a
<
Accessed
www.poli)calinnova)on.net
August
31,
2015
>
11. 1. Poli1cal
Innova1on
in
the
Age
of
Devolu1on:
City-‐Regions
Beyond
Na1on-‐States.
• Regardless
the
poli)cal
outcomes,
consequences,
and
meanings
in
the
three
aforemen)oned
small
na)ons,
the
differences
in
each
case's
poli1cal
culture
and
history
are
noteworthy.
• Even
more
notable
are
their
different
means
of
accommoda)ng
a
new
strategic
city-‐regional
governance
pathway
(Herrschel,
2014)
through
implicit
poli1cal
innova1on
processes:
• Q1:
To
what
extent
is
the
star)ng
point
of
the
devolu)on
for
each
city-‐regional
small
na)on
similar
according
to
its
governance,
history,
and
policies?
• Q2:
What
are
the
poten1al
poli1cal
scenarios
for
each
city-‐
regional
small
na)on
as
a
result
of
the
de/recentralisa)on
aitude
of
its
referen)al
na)on-‐states?
• Q3:
What
are
the
most
relevant
strategic
poli1cal
innova1on
processes
occurring
in
each
case?
12. 1. Poli1cal
Innova1on
in
the
Age
of
Devolu1on:
City-‐Regions
Beyond
Na1on-‐States
• Na1on-‐states
are
facing
constant
re-‐scaling
and
devolu)on
demands
from
the
strongest
city-‐regional
economies,
whereas
welfare
policies
are
weakening
due
to
the
austerity
policy
implemented
by
na)onal
governments.
• However,
na)on-‐states,
as
interna)onal
actors,
depict
difficul)es
to
cope
with
this
uncertain
equilibrium
between
self-‐
determina1on
demands
from
the
na)onalists
and
a
clear
contesta)on
to
the
poli)cal
economic
severe
austerity
policy.
• It
is
in
this
context
where
pervasive
but
disrup1ve
poli1cal
innova1ons
could
be
taking
place
in
some
city-‐regional
small
na)ons.
13. 1. Poli1cal
Innova1on
in
the
Age
of
Devolu1on:
City-‐Regions
Beyond
Na1on-‐States
• Generally
speaking,
the
nature
of
the
na)on-‐states
has
been
understood
so
far
as
a
sta)c
and
presumably
homogeneous
en)ty,
which
requires
an
updated
‘smart’
comprehensive
agenda
of
power
rela)onships,
shared
sovereignty
and
policy
implementa)on
between
na)on-‐states
and
city-‐regional
small
na)ons.
• Such
‘smartness’
now
involves
being
able
to
proceed
with
devolu1on
between
the
two
counterparts
that
play
in
the
interna)onal
arena.
•
As
a
general
trend,
devolu)on
is
being
increasingly
included
in
the
EU
mul1level
policy
agenda,
or
at
least,
in
the
poli)cal
debate
of
many
member
states,
such
as
the
UK,
Spain,
Belgium,
and
Germany,
among
others.
14. 1. Poli1cal
Innova1on
in
the
Age
of
Devolu1on:
City-‐Regions
Beyond
Na1on-‐States
• Nevertheless,
there
are
remarkable
differences
not
only
in
the
way
na1on-‐states
assume
this
current
geopoli)cal
trend,
but
also
the
strategies
of
city-‐regions
aiming
for
more
autonomy,
devolu)on
and
independence.
• Consequently,
some
city-‐regions
are
embracing
recentralisa1on
within
their
na1on-‐states
while,
by
contrast,
others
are
vigorously
claiming
for
devolu1on
or
even
independence
(secession
in
purely
poli)cal
terms
from
their
na)on-‐states).
Hennig,
B.
D.
&
Calzada,
I.
(2015),
In
Focus:
Regions
between
Recentralisa9on
and
Independence.
Poli)cal
Insight.
Volume
6,
Issue
1,
pages
20-‐21.
April
2015.
DOI:
10.1111/2041-‐9066.12083.
17. 2.-‐
Comparing
‘Smartness’
in
Scotland,
Catalonia
and
the
Basque
Country.
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
18. 2.-‐
Comparing
‘Smartness’
in
Scotland,
Catalonia
and
the
Basque
Country.
Calzada,
I.
(2014),
The
Right
to
Decide
in
Democracy
between
Recentralisa9on
and
Independence:
Scotland,
Catalonia
and
the
Basque
Country.
Regions,
no
296,
2014
Issue
4,
pp.
7-‐8.
DOI:
10.1080/13673882.2014.11431613.
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
19. www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
City-Region Basque Scotland Catalonia
Nation-States SP & FR UK SP
Network of cities
and their
hinterland
Bilbao
San Sebastian
Vitoria
Pamplona
Bayonne
Glasgow
Edinburgh
Inverness
Aberdeen
Dundee
Barcelona
Tarragona
Girona
Lleida
Driver Nation-state devolution processes
Taxonomy Small nations
Devolution
dimensions
· Fiscal
· Policy
· Political
· Policy
· Political
· Political
Devolution
strategies
Fixed by
institutions
Fuelled by
the
Government
Driven by the
civic society
Political
innovation
processes
Post-political
violence
Rationalised
Dialectic
Antagonistic
Dialectic
Strategies Politically driven nationalistic
2.-‐
Comparing
‘Smartness’
in
Scotland,
Catalonia
and
the
Basque
Country.
20. CITY-
REGIONAL
SMALL
NATIONS
Political Innovation processes in three city-regional small nations
benchmarked by the ‘5-System’ Framework
URBS CYBER CIVITAS POLIS DEMOS
Basque Polynuclear system: Social disconnectivity: >LAGGARD< Dispersed strategy: Peace but three separate administrative
entities: <DRIVER>
COMPLEX DIVERSITY
Scotland North Sea Oil as the main natural
resource:
6 hubs: No clear decision yet: >LAGGARD< Good governance public perception:
<DRIVER>
EUROBRIT CHALLENGE
Catalonia Not a postcrisis political-economic
alternative yet: >LAGGARD<
Lack of bridging between Catalonia
and Spain:
Collective intelligence seeking regional
real alternatives: <DRIVER>
Failure of the Spanish federal political
hypothesis:
UNCERTAIN PATH
Calzada,
I.
(2015),
Benchmarking
Future
City-‐Regions
beyond
Na9on-‐States,
RSRS
Regional
Studies
Regional
Science,
2:1,
350-‐361,
DOI:
10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.
<
Accessed
www.cityregions.org
August
31,
2015
>
2.-‐
Comparing
‘Smartness’
in
Scotland,
Catalonia
and
the
Basque
Country.
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
33. The
preferences
for
future
models
of
territorial
devolu1on
(Source:
CIS
2012/2956,
extracted
from
the
Centre
on
Cons)tu)onal
Change).
hrp://centreoncons)tu)onalchange.ac.uk/blog/catalonia-‐and-‐spain-‐conflic)ng-‐majori)es
36. 3.
Preliminary
conclusions:
Towards
an
age
of
devolu1on
in
the
EU?
Q3:
Strategic
poli1cal
innova1on
processes
37. 3.
Preliminary
conclusions:
Towards
an
age
of
devolu1on
in
the
EU?
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
• The
current
context
requires
the
adop)on
of
an
an1cipa1ve
and
ac1ve
role
of
the
EU.
This
posi)on
should
deal
with
the
‘regional
poli)cal
tensions’
in
a
normal
way.
• As
we
have
seen,
such
na1on-‐states
depict
such
different
democra1c
ar1cula1ons
in
order
to
accommodate
territorial
diversity
(such
as
the
UK
and
Spain).
As
Connolly
(2013:
12)
pointed
out,
the
EU
will
play
a
leading
role
in
determining
the
outcome
of
Scoish,
Catalan,
and
Basque
na)onalist
claims.
• However,
he
also
added
that
devolu)on
and
the
right
to
secession/self-‐determina)on
as
currently
understood
in
interna1onal
law
provides
li`le
in
the
way
of
guidance
for
addressing
separa)st
claims
in
Europe’s
stateless
na)ons
or,
for
that
marer,
in
other
parts
of
the
world.
• In
the
EU,
self-‐determina)on
claims
will
increasingly
be
dealt
with
through
the
ins1tu1ons
of
the
EU
as
part
of
the
ongoing
push
and
pull
among
the
EU,
its
member
states
and
city-‐
regions.
• Whether
this
results
in
‘Independence
in
the
EU’
or
some
form
of
accommoda)on
remains
to
be
seen.
38. 3.
Preliminary
conclusions:
Towards
an
age
of
devolu1on
in
the
EU?
• Smartness
as
the
Age
of
Devolu)on
in
the
Age
means
that
• We
should
set
up
a
new
policy
instrumentarium
regarding:
• 1
Diverse
history
• 2
Diverse
legal/ins)tu)onal
star)ng
point
between
na)on-‐states
and
city-‐regional
small
na)ons
• 3
Sovereign/loyalty
rela)onship
• 4
Diverse
poli)cal
aspira)ons
• 5
Diverse
poli)cal
culture
(internal
affairs)
• 6
Diverse
paradiploma)c
ac)vi)es
and
intensity
(external
affairs)
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
39. 3.
Preliminary
conclusions:
Towards
an
age
of
devolu1on
in
the
EU?
Smartness
as
the
Age
of
Devolu)on
in
the
Age
means
that:
• 1
To
accept
devolu)on
as
a
natural
poli)cal/policy
process
• 2
To
empower
regions
in
order
to
leverage
devolu)on
• 3
To
set
up
flexible
and
democra)c
mechanisms
to
put
into
prac)ce
the
‘right
to
decide’
inside
cons)tu)onal
fixed
seings.
• 4
To
design
inclusive
strategies
• 5
To
focus
on
causes
and
specific
content
of
the
claims
&
poten)al
consensus
and
delibera)on
outcome
www.politicalinnovation.net
www.cityregions.org
www.postindependence.org
40. REFERENCE
LIST:
• Calzada,
I.
(2015),
Benchmarking
Future
City-‐Regions
beyond
Na9on-‐States,
RSRS
Regional
Studies
Regional
Science,
2:1,
350-‐361,
DOI:
10.1080/21681376.2015.1046908.
<
Accessed
www.cityregions.org
August
31,
2015
>
• Calzada,
I.
&
Cobo,
C.
(2015),
Unplugging:
Deconstruc)ng
the
Smart
City,
Journal
of
Urban
Technology.
DOI:
10.1080/10630732.2014.971535.
<
Accessed
www.unplugging.eu
August
31,
2015
>
• Calzada,
I.
(2014),
The
Right
to
Decide
in
Democracy
between
Recentralisa9on
and
Independence:
Scotland,
Catalonia
and
the
Basque
Country.
Regions,
no
296,
2014
Issue
4,
pp.
7-‐8.
DOI:
10.1080/13673882.2014.11431613.
• Calzada,
I.
&
Bildarratz,
J.
(Ed.)(2015),
Poli9cal
Innova9on:
Cons9tu9onal
Change,
Self-‐Government,
The
Right
To
Decide
&
Independence,
TransLoKal
–
Academic
Entrepreneurship
for
Policy
Making
–
Publishing,
Donos)a.
ISBN
(paperback):
978-‐84-‐942752-‐4-‐1.
[Forthcoming]
<
Accessed
www.poli)calinnova)on.net
August
31,
2015
>
• Calzada,
I.
(2015),
PostIndependence,
TransLoKal
–
Academic
Entrepreneurship
for
Policy
Making
–
Publishing,
Donos)a.
ISBN
(e-‐book):
978-‐84-‐942752-‐3-‐4.
[Forthcoming]
<
Accessed
www.pos)ndependence.org
August
31,
2015
>
• Hennig,
B.
D.
&
Calzada,
I.
(2015),
In
Focus:
Regions
between
Recentralisa9on
and
Independence.
Poli)cal
Insight.
Volume
6,
Issue
1,
pages
20-‐21.
April
2015.
DOI:
10.1111/2041-‐9066.12083.
• Casado,
A.
&
Calzada,
I.
(2015),
Demos-‐Ethos:
A
Framework
to
Study
the
Icelandic
and
Basque
Cases
through
Cri9cal
Social
Innova9on
and
Applied
Ethics.
Innova)on:
The
European
Journal
of
Social
Science
Research.
DOI:
10.1080/13511610.2015.1089472.
[In
print]
41. Thanks
for
your
aren)on
Dr
Igor
Calzada
MBA
igor.calzada@compas.ox.ac.uk
hrp://www.poli)calinnova)on.org
hrp://www.cityregions.org
hrp://www.pos)ndependence.org
hrp://www.igorcalzada.com/about
@icalzada