ECO FRIENDLY AUTOMOBILE AIR-CONDITIONING UTILIZATION EXHAUST GAS WASTE HEAT OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 40-56, © IAEME
40
ECO FRIENDLY AUTOMOBILE AIR-CONDITIONING UTILIZATION
EXHAUST GAS WASTE HEAT OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Sohail Bux1
, A.C. Tiwari2
1
Research scholar in mechanical engineering department, UIT RGPV Bhopal, India
2
Professor and Head in mechanical engineering department, UIT RGPV Bhopal, India
ABSTRACT
Automobile air-conditioning is a necessity of present life. vapour compression refrigeration
cycle used in modern automobile and refrigerant 134a are available in automobile. The compressor
of automobile air-conditioning is run by engine crankshaft, which reduces the mileage of the
automobile. Waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine are two type, one is direct type or
thermal energy or waste heat direct converted into electrical energy by see back effect and other is
indirect type waste heat is used for rankine cycle ,sterling cycle or refrigeration cycle. This paper
present a vapour Absorption air conditioning system is run by exhaust waste heat of internal
combustion engine. A four stroke four cylinder five liter diesel engine coupled with hydraulic
dynamometer is dedicated for one ton capacity Lithium Bromide –Water or Aqua ammonia –water
refrigeration experimental set up is developed in mechanical department of Rajeev Gandhi technical
university Bhopal (m.p.). A shell and tube counter flow type heat exchanger is used as a generator of
both absorption refrigeration system and a container used as a absorber are divided into two part one
part used for LiBr-H2O solution another part for Aqua Ammonia solution used alternatively for
experiment. By varying the load on diesel engine and developed characteristic curves. We conclude
the performance of absorption refrigeration system is effected by performance of Diesel engine. This
system is saved cost, reduce maintenance, weight of existing air-conditioning and used as natural
refrigerant. Also reduce ozone depletion potential (ODP) and Global warming Potential (GWP).
Keywords: Diesel Engine, Waste Heat Recovery, LiBr-H2O and NH3-H2O vapour absorption
refrigeration, air conditioning. Shell and Tube heat exchanger.
(I) INTRODUCTION
In modern scenario automobile air conditioning have two major problems.
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(1.1) Limited fossil Fuel: Traditional and mobile air-conditioned driven by engine of automobile.
According to static information the efficiency of internal combustion engine is 30 % and 70 %
of energy is wasted to atmosphere. Depending on the engine load the exhaust load after the
catalytic convertor reach about 300-500 degree centigrade with turbo charger and 600-800
degree centigrade without turbo charger .The cost of fossil fuel increasing day by day and
availability of fuel is limited in future and pollution control of automobile is major issue. Pie
diagram shows the energy conversion of internal combustion engine.
Fig.1
(1.2) Automobile refrigerants produce serious environment problem: Existing traditional and
non natural working fluids like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) are serious effect on both ozone
depletion potential global warming. Montreal protocol (1987) and Kyoto protocol (1997) come
in picture in new scenario. Main components of Automobile air conditioning are used now days
in hatchback, sedan or SUV car.
Fig.2 Existing Air Conditioning of Automobile

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp.
(1.3) Disadvantages of existing Automobile Air conditioning
reduce the efficiency of automobile air conditioner
(1) High cost of refrigerant.
(2) Total equipment quite heav
(3) System runs noisily.
(4) Over loading and overheating of the system take place
(5) Leakage problem of refrigerant which damage the ozone layer
(1.4) Vapour Absorption Automobile Air conditioning System
Vapour Absorption refrigeration sy
but compressor is replace by a generator and absorber. The two
Absorption refrigeration system
1. Single stage Lithium Bromide
2. Single stage Aqua-Ammonia Vapour Absorption refrige
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976
6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 40-56, © IAEME
42
existing Automobile Air conditioning System: These
automobile air conditioner.
Total equipment quite heavy.
Over loading and overheating of the system take place.
Leakage problem of refrigerant which damage the ozone layer.
Vapour Absorption Automobile Air conditioning System:
Vapour Absorption refrigeration system is same as vapour compression refrigeration system
but compressor is replace by a generator and absorber. The two fluid type single stage
Absorption refrigeration systems are generally used.
Lithium Bromide –Water vapour Absorption Refrigeration system
Fig.3
Ammonia Vapour Absorption refrigeration system
Fig. 4
: These parameters are
stem is same as vapour compression refrigeration system
single stage vapour
tion Refrigeration system

43
In LiBr-H2O absorption refrigeration system water as a refrigerant and lithium bromide as a
absorbent and Aqua Ammonia refrigeration system ammonia as a refrigerant and water as a
absorbent. Research work carried by different investigator on Exhaust waste heat of internal
combustion engine used as heat source of absorption refrigeration system. Ghassemi presented his
worked Ammonia water absorption refrigeration system for automobile application. This setup show
the condenser is situated top of the automobile and evaporator is inside of the fuel cost and capital
cost of the system decreases and overall COP are 0.29[1]. Keating invented absorption refrigeration
system for mobile application and had a patent in 1954. This system is applicable for vehicle, boats,
railways cars[2]. MeNamara designed a diesel, steam I.C. engine or turbine operated absorption
machine and had patent 1972. This system was using a mixture of water ammonia helium three fluid
systems[3] Akerman investigated a automobile air-conditioning system using exhaust of internal
combustion engine. His worked basically used two different absorption cycles with different
refrigerant pairs[4]. Vicent et. al presented a tuck refrigeration system using waste heat of exhaust
gases available at tail pipe of internal combustion engine additionally the main feature which given
by Vincent is used as a eutectic plate storage system for slow aped or parking condition of truck[5].
Horuz’s presented by experimental investigation of exhaust gas operated ammonia-water absorption
refrigeration system[6]. Salim M. simulated theoretically automobile Lithium Bromide water single
stage absorption refrigeration system taken heat from internal combustion engine exhaust gases. This
system is also useful for water cooled and air cooled condition and ABSIM software is used for
calculation purpose[7]. Shah Alam presented three fluid vapour absorption refrigeration system, run
by four cylinder, four stroke passenger car. The capacity of car air conditioner is one ton. He shows
that the heat required for air conditioner is more than double amount are available on engine
exhaust[15].Talom, Beyene study on a project in which a 10.55 kW (three ton) absorption chiller
was modified for hot gas intake and matched to a 2.8 L V6 internal combustion engine.
Mathematical model and experimental test results suggest that the concept is thermodynamically
feasible and could significantly enhance system performance depending on part-load of the
engine[9]. Ramanathan et al. simulated an automotive air-conditioning system based on absorption
refrigeration cycle. By developing a steady-state simulation model performance analysis of vapor
absorption refrigeration system is done. The water lithium bromide pair is used as a working mixture
for its favorable thermodynamic and transport properties compared to the conventional refrigerants
utilized in vapor compression refrigeration applications. The pump power required for the proposed
vapor absorption refrigeration system is found lesser than the power required operating the
compressor used in the conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. A possible
arrangement of the absorption system for automobile application is proposed[10]. In this paper
Boonnasaa et al. [11] studied the means to improve the capacity of the combined cycle (2 gas
turbines and 1 steam turbine unit) power plant. The most popular way is to lower intake air
temperature to around 15 deg. C and 100% RH before entering the air compressor of a gas turbine
(GT). This research proposes a steam absorption chiller (AC) to cool intake air to the desired
temperature level. Cooling inlet air would increase air mass flow, and then increase the power
output[11].In this paper Wang et al. reported the results of a study on the performance of an
automotive air conditioning system with measuring the vapor quality. The coefficient of
performance, evaporator cooling capacity, compressor power consumption, total mass flow rate,
vapor mass flow rate, liquid mass flow rate and oil in circulation, pressures and temperatures of
refrigerant at every component are measured and analyzed [12].Pise et al. carried out extensive
investigation on the enhancement of heat and mass transfer in absorbers of LiBr-H2O refrigerating
system. It is showed that the heat and mass transfer in the absorber can be improved by creating
wavy and turbulent flows by means of introducing extended surfaces, splashing using additives or
simply by increasing the solution flow Reynolds No. Schmidt and [26]. Groll also carried out

44
investigation of evaporation cooling surfaces for automobile air-conditioning system and found that
the evaporative cooling techniques resulted in an effective method of cooling effects produced for
automobile air-conditioning system[27].
Objective of this study to study the performance and feasibility of vapour absorption based
automobile air-conditioned using exhaust waste heat or low grade energy.
(2) MATERIAL AND METHOD
First we developed a experimental set up in mechanical department in UIT RGPV Bhopal.
This set up mainly two parts one is four stroke four cylinder diesel engine coupled with rope brake
dynamometer and second part the exhaust pipe or tail pipe of diesel engine connected a shell and
tube heat exchanger after catalytic convertor. In first set system water as a refrigerant and other
system ammonia as a refrigerant. Exhaust pipe is connected to Shell side and refrigerant is connected
to Tube side. The flow of refrigerant in heat exchanger with help of one hp pump and refrigerant is
collected in the reservoir which is situated in bottom of the pump. In second set Ammonia as a
refrigerant and water as absorbent. Absorber or tank is divided into two parts, one part filled with
LiBr-H2O solution and another part filled with Aqua-Ammonia solution .Heat exchanger and pump
are common for LiBr-H2O refrigeration system and Aqua-Ammonia refrigeration system.. This heat
exchanger used as a generator of absorption refrigeration system. Temperature and pressure
measurement of inside and outside of heat exchangers with help of thermocouples and u tube
manometers. From this experimental set up we measure the different parameters of diesel engine and
its performance effects on performance of absorption system.
Table 1: Specification of Diesel engine
Name of Manufacturer Kirlosker
Rated Speed 2500 rpm
Brake Power 25 KW
Fuel Used Diesel
Stroke Length 92 mm
Diameter of Cylinder 78 mm
Compression Ratio 18
Anemometer Diameter 68 mm
No of Cylinder Four
No of Stroke Four
Dynamometer Hydraulic
Capacity 5 Liters

45
Fig. 5: Exponential set up in Mechanical Department UIT RGPV Bhopal
Table .2: Experimental readings
S..No LOAD
(Kg)
SPED
(rpm)
FUEL
(Kg/Sec)
MEP
(Bar)
AIR
(Kg/Se
c)
C.V.
(MJ/Kg)
Exhaust
Gas temp.
(0
C)
Exhaust
Gas
Flow
rate
(Kg/s)
Engine
Back
Pressure
(Cm of
H2O)
1 5 2237 0.00192 4.0 0.0032 40 350 0.16 98
2 10 2200 0.002 5.0 0.032 40 300 0.14 92
3 15 2165 0.00222 6.2 0.032 40 280 0.10 80
4 20 1980 0.0026 7.5 0.032 40 230 0.05 50

46
Table 2.1: Experimental readings
S.NO IP
(KW)
BP
(KW)
ߟm
(%)
ߟv
(%)
ߟitd
( %)
ߟbth
( %)
ISFC
(Kg/Kwh)
BSFC
(Kg/Kwh)
A/F
1 13.4 5.6 42 84.52 17.36 7.3 0.518 13.4 5.6
2 16.5 11 66.8 88.65 20.6 13.75 0.437 0.65 16
3 20.05 16.2 80.8 87.6 22.6 18.24 0.399 0.493 14.5
4 21.94 19.8 90.25 95.5 21.94 19.8 0.410 0.454 12.8
Table.3: Shells and Tube Heat Exchanger
(2.1) SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER: Shell and Tube heat exchanger is common type
heat exchangers. These are reliable design method and shop facility is available for successful design
or construction method. This heat exchanger are design for high pressure relative to environment and
high pressure difference between the fluid streams .These heat exchanger are used as a condenser,
feed water heater, steam generator and refrigeration and air conditioning purpose .The major
components of this heat exchanger are tube bundle, shell .front head end, rear head end, baffles and
tube sheet. TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association) standards are used for designing
of generator of automobile air conditioning purpose. Thermal stress, mechanical stress, vibration
problem and erosion are important parameters consideration when designing shell and tube heat
exchanger. High pressure, corrosion fouling and high heat transfer fluid flow (water or ammonia) are
used in tube side and low heat transfer fluid or exhaust gases of diesel engine are used in shell side.
Dimension of heat exchanger are given in tabulated form after calculation.
Fig.6: Single Tube pass Single Shell pass counter flow heat exchanger or Generator
Load in
(Kg)
Speed
(rpm)
Cooling capacity
of LiBr-H2O HX
(Kw)
Cooling capacity
of NH3-H2O HX
(Kw)
Pressure
Drop in
LiBr-H2O
HX
(Pa)
Pressure
Drop in
NH3-H2O
HX
(Pa)
Heat
Recovered
From Exhaust
Gas
(Kw)
5 2237 8.2 7.0 6.5 15 18
10 2200 7.5 6.8 6.2 22 17.5
15 2165 6.9 5.9 5.5 20 16
20 1980 6.0 4.5 5.1 18 14

47
Table.4: Specification of heat exchanger or generator
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Parameter Dimension
Shell Diameter 0.054m
Tube Length 0.30 m
Tube Outside Diameter 0.0127m
Tube Inside Diameter 0.0094 m
Baffle Spacing 0.002m
Pitch Ratio 1.30
Pitch Type Triangular Pitch
(3) RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Developed a tables of different parameters of four stroke four cylinder diesel engine and
drawn different types of characteristic curves like load Vs exhaust temperature, exhaust gas flow
rate, air fuel ratio ,brake power, indicated power , specific fuel consumption. When load of diesel
engine increases all these parameters are decreases. Other characteristic curves are load vs. engine
back pressure, engine efficiency, cooling capacity, heat input vs. cooling capacity, heat transfer at the
generator vs. cooling capacity. Back pressure increases when speed increase if surface area of
generator is less and back pressure reduce when surface area is more, engine efficiency increase as
well as increase automobile air conditioning has advantages of reducing the dedicated diesel engine,
refrigerant compressor, unit weight, capital cost, fuel cost, maintenance, atmospheric pollution and
noise pollution. One difficulty may occur when automobile is in very slow moving condition or it
rest. The eutectic plate, solar power, small electric heater is provided for heat exchanger or generator
of vapour absorption system.
(4) CONCLUSION
The Lithium Bromide Water system and Aqua ammonia- Water system based as a
automobile air conditioner have following advantages and limitations.
(1) Generator or shell and tube heat exchanger designing is based on minimum back pressure and
maximum heat transfer capacity.
(2) Balance the fluctuation in cooling capacity of automobile cabin due to changing of speed,
traffic speed and cruse speed.
(3) Generator is made from stainless steel or galvanized steel due to reduce the corrosion
problem.
(4) The Lithium Bromide Water absorption refrigeration system have crystallization problem
and Aqua ammonia have toxic nature of ammonia keep in mind when designing absorption
automobile air conditioning system.
(5) Additional energy source is available for automobile air conditioner, when the vehicle in
parking i.e. eutectic plate, solar energy or electric heater.
(6) This air conditioning system is totally eco friendly in nature or used only natural refrigerants
as well as increases the mileage of automobile.

48
Performance Characteristics;
Fig.7
Fig 8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 10 15 20
MechanicalEfficiency%
Load in Kg
Mechanical Efficiency Vs Load
0
5
10
15
20
25
5 10 15 20
IndicatedPowerKW
Load in Kg
Indicated Power Vs Load

49
Fig. 9
Fig.10
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
5 10 15 20
VolumetricEfficiency%
Load in Kg
Volumetric Efficiency Vs Load
0
5
10
15
20
25
5 10 15 20
BrakePowerKW
Load in Kg
Brake Power Vs Load

50
Fig.11
Fig.12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
5 10 15 20
ISFCKg/Kwh
Load in Kg
Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption Vs Load
0
5
10
15
20
25
5 10 15 20
IndicatedThermalEfficiency%
Load in Kg
Indicated Thermal Efficiency Vs Load

51
Fig.13
Fig.14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
5 10 15 20
BSFCKg/Kwh
Load in Kg
Brake Specific Fuel Consuption vs Load
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5 10 15 20
CVKJ
Load in Kg
Caloific Value vs Load

52
Fig.15
Fig.16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
5 10 15 20
AirFuelRaio
Load in Kg
Air Fuel Ratio vs Load
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
5 10 15 20
ExhaustGasTemperature0c
Load in Kg
Exhaust Gas Temperature Vs Load

53
Fig.17
Fig.18
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1980 2165 2200 2237
ExhaustGasTemperature0C
Speed in rpm
Speed vs Exhaust Gas Temperature
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1980 2165 2200 2237
CoolingCapacityofHeatExchangerKw
Speed in rpm
Speed vs cooling capacity of LiBr-H2O Heat Exchanger

54
Fig.19
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55
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