50120130405005

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013), © IAEME
31
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION: THE COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN
BROADCASTING, SATELLITE COMMUNICATION AND CELLULAR
SERVICE
Deepali Y Kirange1,
Kalyani N Neve2
1
Assistant Professor, MCA Department, GHRIBM, Jalgaon, India,
2
Assistant Professor, MCA Department, GHRIBM, Jalgaon, India,
ABSTRACT
Wireless communication is essentially the transmission of information between two points
without using wires. Wireless data services and systems represent a rapidly growing and increasingly
important segment of the communications industry. Wireless communications are ubiquitous in the
modern society. In this paper we will discuss the importance of the types of wireless communication.
And our discussion will focused on three popular types: 1) broadcasting 2) satellite 3) cellular
service. We are going to highlight the advantages of each individual system and factors that affect to
these types of wireless communication and application of each system.
Keywords: Wireless Network, Broadcasting, Satellite Communication, Cellular Communication,
Infrared Communication
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is among technology’s biggest contributions to mankind. Wireless
communications is essentially the transmission of information between two points without using
wires to achieve the end. Wireless communications are ubiquitous in the modern society; they enable
phone networks to operate, and a greater majority of people are accessing the internet through it. In
this fast changing world everyone wants to keep in touch with the changing events. Because of this
feature of wireless communication the people are close together and communicate anytime & from
anywhere in this global world without the help of wires. Wireless communications systems, of which
cordless phones, pagers, and cellular telephones are some of the most familiar examples, have
experienced enormous growth over the last decade. In this paper we will discuss the types of wireless
communication such as infrared, broadcasting, satellite communication, cellular communication
service, and the comparison between broadcasting, satellite communication and cellular
communication service.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)
ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), pp. 31-41
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijcet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 6.1302 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJCET
© I A E M E

32
2. OVERVIEW
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without
help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The transmitted distance can be
anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television’s remote control) and thousands of
kilometres (for example, radio communication).Some of the devices used for wireless
communication are cordless telephones, mobiles, GPS units, wireless computer parts, and satellite
television etc. Following are some reasons because of we are using wireless communication.
2.1 Advantages of Wireless Communication
1. Increased efficiency - Improved communications leads to faster transfer of information
within businesses and between partners/customers.
2. Greater flexibility and mobility for users - Office-based wireless workers can be networked
without sitting at dedicated PCs.
3. Reduced costs - Relative to 'wired', wireless networks are, in most cases, cheaper to install
and maintain.
4. Anywhere, Anytime Work-Through wireless communication, working professionals and
mobile workers can work and access the Internet just about anywhere, anytime without the
hassles of wires and network cables.
5. Enhanced Productivity- Wireless Internet connectivity options ensures that work and
assignments can be completed anywhere and enhance overall productivity of all concerned.
6. Remote Area Connectivity-Workers, doctors and other professionals working in remote-
location hospitals and medical centres can keep in touch with anyone through wireless
communication.
7. On-Demand Entertainment Bonanza- Wireless communication ensures an entertainment
bonanza on--demand and anytime. For those unable to keep away from their daily soap
operas, reality-programs, online TV shows and Internet surfing or download activities.
8. Emergency Alerts-Through wireless communication, many emergency situations and crisis
situations can be addressed quickly. Help and other assistance can reach affected areas
quickly through early alerts and warnings provided with the help of wireless communication.
9. Neat and easy Installation-Since no cable running here and there, just start up the wireless
device and we are ready to rumble
10. More users supported - Cable device have limited slots whereas wireless does not. So it is
more supported for user.
3. TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
There are different types of wireless communication such as IR communications, broadcast
communication, satellite communication and cellular communication. Each of these types of
communications with its working are explained below in detailed.
3.1 Infrared (IR) wireless communication:
IR wireless communication communicates data or information in devices or systems through
infrared (IR) radiation. Infrared is electromagnetic energy at a wavelength that is longer than that of
red light.
3.2 Broadcasts:
Broadcasting is the dissemination of content or packet that will be received by every device on
the network over a wide geographical area.

33
3.3 Satellite Communications:
Satellite communication is the communication in which an array of orbiting satellites is used to
communicate between two distant sites on earth by bouncing signals of satellite.
3.4 Cellular Service:
In this communication, area is subdivided into multiple cells or zones with unique frequencies
assigned to each cell.
Now, in the remaining section we are going to discuss about the detailed working of
Broadcasting, Satellite and Cellular communication which helps us to do the comparison of these
three types of communication.
4. BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
Broadcasting refers to a method of transferring a message to all recipients simultaneously.
Broadcasting can be performed as a high level operation in a program, for example broadcasting
Message Passing Interface, or it may be a low level networking operation, for example broadcasting
on Ethernet.
Broadcasting is the distribution of information to all receivers. Information may be anything.
It may be audio, video content to a dispersed audience via any audio or visual mass communications
medium, but usually using electromagnetic radiation (radio waves). The receiving parties may
include the general public or a relatively large subset of public. Broadcasting has been used for
purposes of private recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages, experimentation, self-
training, and emergency communication such as amateur (ham) radio and amateur television (ATV)
in addition to commercial purposes like popular radio or TV stations with advertisements.
The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. A broadcast
may be distributed to stations or networks through several physical means, such as magnetic tape,
compact disc, DVD, and sometimes other formats. It may broadcast through the air as radio waves
from radio station or television station to the transmitter to radio/ television antenna and thus to the
radio receiver. Programming may also come through a communications satellite, played either live or
recorded for later transmission. Or it may broadcast through cable television or cable radio via the
station or directly from a network.
The "broadcast network" is used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air
television signals and only via cable television. Over the air television signal that can be received
using a tuner inside a television set with a television antenna and cable television
.
Fig 1: Working of Broadcasting

34
4.1 Affecting Factors to Broadcasting
There are so many factors which can affect the broadcasting communication.
Some factors affects on the performance of broadcasting and some of them are affects on the quality
of broadcasting. We are going to discuss those factors:
4.1.1 Factors which affects the Performance
Peak power, Receiver Sensitivity, Pulse rate, Pulse Width, Antenna Size, External noise.
The primary factors limiting performance are typically the transmitter’s maximum duty cycle, and
the receiver’s noise. The transmitter duty cycle limits both the maximum pulse rate and the
maximum pulse width. The duty cycle is dependent on the transmitter design and type, the modulator
and high voltage power supply
The factors such as antenna size are factors which can be solved by simply spending more
money.
External Noise is another factor which affects the performance of broadcasting
communication. Reflection from unwanted object example clouds, build up area, hills, aircrafts etc
affects the performance of broadcasting.
4.1.2 Factors which affects the Quality
Attenuation with distance and Condition and Size of the Reflecting Surface are the factors
which affects on the quality of broadcasting.
In Attenuation with distance the transmitted electromagnetic energy gets further away from
the transmitter, it is dispersed over an increasingly large area and therefore becomes weaker
The amount of reflected energy from a given target is dependent upon the size and shape of the
reflecting surface. The reflecting surface should made from metal.
4.2 Advantages of Broadcasting:
• Communicate in One Voice - Ensure everyone hears the same message from the same source
without any delay. Eliminate confusion and rumors.
• No limits – Events can run as long as necessary, as they are not limited to TV scheduling,
DVD/ video length.
• Reach - Due to currently wide range of coverage network, these will be upgraded easily to
MBMS/BCMCS efficiency with a relatively larger reach even if minor footprint of
individual.
• Cost – Webcasting content is cheaper than using commercial television transmission
platforms such as satellite.
• Interaction – Users can interact with the event, through integrated voting, chat or by
accessing website links, resources that relate to the streaming media event.
• Contribution – Questions can be posed live to the speakers by email, telephone call or even
video conferencing.
• On demand - Using pre-recorded clips, true 'video on demand', viewers can opt to watch
event highlights, at any time of day or night from any corner of the world.
• Security – Using registration or password mechanisms we can either restrict content to
known users, or capture valuable marketing information from our viewers.
• Marketing – Event organizers can use streaming media to drive visitors to their website, and
strong branding messages can be easily integrated in to the viewing experience.
• Education - Through special radio programs, classroom lessons of schools and colleges can
be supplemented by broadcasting.
• Convenience - It helps in faster searching. We can use our internet facility conveniently.

35
• Devices - Wireless broadcasting serves us through various devices. Laptops, Blackberry
devices, handled computers and mobile phones are included in wireless broadcasting.
4.3 Disadvantages of Broadcasting:
• Speed - Broadcasting is transmits through signals so it is unreliable due to its speed which
can be low or high anytime because of signals dropping problem. Signals become weak or
missing. Weather is also interrupt in signals and become a reason of weak connection.
• Interactivity - Because of backward areas networks of broadcasting is limited and thus no
connection between them.
5. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
A satellite communications system uses satellites to relay radio transmissions between earth’s
terminals. The two types of communications satellites are ACTIVE and PASSIVE. A passive
satellite only reflects received radio signals back to earth. An active satellite acts as a REPEATER; it
amplifies signals received and then retransmits them back to earth. This increases signal strength at
the receiving terminal to a higher level than would be available from a passive satellite.
A typical operational link involves an active satellite and two or more earth terminals. One
station transmits to the satellite on a frequency called the UP-LINK frequency. The satellite then
amplifies the signal, converts it to the DOWN-LINK frequency, and transmits it back to earth. The
signal is next picked up by the receiving terminal. Fig 2 shows a satellite communications.
Fig: 2 Working of Satellite Communication
All satellite communications earth terminals are equipped with specially designed, highly
sensitive RECEIVERS. These receivers are designed to overcome down-link power losses and to
permit extraction of the desired communications information from the weak received signal. The
terminals currently in use have specially designed preamplifiers mounted directly behind the
antennas.

36
All earth terminal TRANSMITTERS generate high-power signals for transmission to the
communications satellites. High-powered TRANSMITTERS and highly directional, high-gain
antennas are combined in this configuration. This is necessary to overcome up-link limitations and to
ensure that the signals received by the satellite are strong enough to be detected by the satellite. Each
transmitter has an exciter/modulator and a power amplifier. The modulator accepts the input signal
from the terminal equipment and modulates an IF carrier. The exciter translates the IF signal to the
up-link frequency and amplifies it to the level required by the power amplifier. Transmitters used in
earth terminals have output power capabilities that vary from 10 watts to 20 kilowatts, depending on
the type used and the operational requirements.
Telemetry equipment is included in all communications satellite systems. This permits
monitoring of the operating conditions within the satellite. Telemetry can be used also for remote
control of satellite operations, such as energizing axial jets for changing the spin axis of the satellite.
Satellites are specifically made for telecommunication purpose. They are used for mobile
applications such as communication to ships, vehicles, planes, hand-held terminals and for TV and
radio broadcasting. They are responsible for providing these services to an assigned region (area) on
the earth. The power and bandwidth of these satellites depend upon the preferred size of the
footprint, complexity of the traffic control protocol schemes and the cost of ground stations.
5.1 Affecting Factors to satellite communication
There are so many factors which can affect the satellite communication.
Some factors affects on the performance of satellite communication and some of them are affects on
the quality of satellite communication. We are going to discuss those factors:
• Type and Strength of radio signal
The performance of a satellite system is related to the type and strength of radio signal used
between the vessels mounted transmitter and the satellite. The type of radio signal used by
transmitters relevant to fisheries MCS (Multi Channel Satellite) is usually within the microwave
band and as such is highly reliable and relatively low powered. The signal is not greatly affected by
atmospheric conditions.
• Cosmic noise, atmospheric noise, rainfall noise, ground noise, interfering noise and multipath
fading.
• Different weather conditions can affect a satellite system.
Winter: Very cold weather can slow down or even totally spoil the satellite motor. This will
obviously mean no picture. This will severely affect the picture and quality.
Storms: Winds of high speeds can dis-align the satellite dish and disrupt our picture. Very
bad storm such as a hurricane could even cause the dish to fall over. Lightning can also
strike a satellite dish and cause it to malfunction. To avoid this you can use a surge
protector that will protect your dish from power fluctuations.
The Sun: The sun, the earth, and the satellites over the equator, come into alignment two
times annually. At these times, solar outages occur which can affect the satellite dish. But
this condition lasts for only few minutes at a time, over two weeks and is a problem only in
the daytime and not during night.
5.2 Advantages of Satellite:
• Cost Effectiveness - Cost of satellite capacity does not increase with the number of
users/receive sites, or with the distance between communication points. Whether crossing
continents or staying local, satellite connection cost is distance insensitive.

37
• Global Availability - Communications satellites cover all land masses and there is growing
capacity to serve maritime and even aeronautical markets. Customers in rural and remote
regions around the world who cannot obtain high speed Internet access from a terrestrial
provider are increasingly relying on satellite communications.
• Reliability - Satellite communications can operate independently from terrestrial
infrastructure. When terrestrial outages occur from man-made and natural events, satellite
connections remain operational.
• Performance - Satellite is unmatched for broadcast applications like television. For two-way
IP networks, the speed, uniformity and end-to-end control of today's advanced satellite
solutions are resulting in greater use of satellite by corporations, governments and consumers.
• Immediacy and Scalability - Additional receive sites, or nodes on a network, can readily be
added, sometimes within hours. All it takes is ground-based equipment. Satellite has proven
its value as a provider of "instant infrastructure" for commercial, government and emergency
relief communications.
• Versatility - Satellite solutions are highly flexible and can operate independently or as part of
a larger network.
• Easy to install new circuits – This communication contains circuits. The circuits are easy to
install.
• High Bandwidth – Because of high bandwidth signal is good in quality.
5.3 Disadvantages of Satellite:
• Signal delay - Because the satellite is 36,000km from the earth there is an appreciable delay
(around 0.25s in one direction, 0.5s for a round trip); this can introduce unacceptable latency
into two-way data networks (e.g. Internet) and make conversation difficult in voice circuits.
• Cost - Satellites are large and expensive, thus there is a large capital cost in building and
launching a satellite.
• Impossibility to repair and maintain - It's not possible to get a repair person out to the GSO,
so if components fail they can't be fixed; satellites are made from "space qualified"
components with high reliability but redundant components also have to be flown and
switched in if elements do fail; a major failure can result in the loss of the whole satellite.
• Noise and Interference – When this communication is perform some times noise will be
occur in the signal. And sometimes two signals interfere with each other.
6. CELLULAR SERVICE
A mobile cellular communication system provides a wireless connection to the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) for any user located within the radio range of the system. The
evolution of mobile cellular communications the cellular concept is concept of dividing a large
coverage zone into small cells. The same spectrum can be reused by different cells, which are
separated by a minimum reuse distance, to increase spectrum usage. The analog systems using
frequency division multiple access (FDMA).Popular systems examples include Advance Mobile
Phone System (AMPS) in the US, European Total Access Cellular System (ETACS) in Europe and
Nippon Telephone (NTT) system in Japan.
Today cellular network are generally called second generation or 2G technologies that
conform to the 2G standards. 2G standards use digital modulation formats and TDMA/frequency
division duplex (FDD) and CDMA/FDD multiple access techniques. The most popular 2G standards
include three TDMA standards and one CDMA standard: a) Global System Mobile (GSM), which is
widely used in Europe, Asia, Australia, South America and some parts of US; b) Interim Standard
136 (IS- 136), which is also known as North American Digital Cellular (NADC) and popular in

38
America; c) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC), which is a Japanese TDMA; d) Interim Standard 95
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) ,which is widely developed in countries such as North
America, Japan, China, South America and Australia.
In cellular communications, the choice of multiple accesses is one of the most important
issues. There are three important basic properties of a multiple access. The properties are flexibility,
quality and capacity. Operational flexibility includes easy frequency/cell planning. Abilities to
operate in different environment provide different services for different cell types and users to
support coexistence with other systems. Quality will include good speech quality. This can be
determined by a subjective test. Quality will also include good coverage to provide the service to
users on demand and reliable communication in terms of low number of dropped calls. High capacity
radio access is vital for cellular radio because it ensures maximum efficiency for the limited and
expensive spectrum. The basic important properties of different multiple access technologies used
for cellular systems. Time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access
(CDMA).
When we entered a phone number into our cell phone and pressed the [SND] key. Following
sequence happens next:
1. Scan Control Channels: Our cell phone needs to use the "closest" base station because that's
the one with the strongest signal and the one that will give the best connection. To find the
closest base station, our phone checks all 21 control channels and determines which has the
strongest signal.
2. Choose Strongest: Our cell phone chooses the strongest signal and decides to use that one for
placing the call.
3. Send Origination Message: Our cell phone now transmits a very short message that contains
the MIN (Mobile Identification Number, aka our cell phone number), its ESN (Electronic
Serial Number), and the number we just dialed.
4. Get Channel Assignment: After the cellular service provider verifies that we are a valid,
paying customer (based on the MIN and ESN our phone sent), the base station sends a
Channel Assignment message to our phone. This message tells our phone where (that is, on
which channel) the conversation will take place.
5. Begin Conversation: Our cell phone tunes to the assigned channel and begins the call. The
spurts we hear that indicate the phone is ringing at the other end (which is called "ring back")
or the busy signal that we hear do not begin until we get to this step. Both of these are
transmitted by the base station as an audio signal just like the voice of the person we are
calling.
6.1 Affecting Factors to Cellular Communication
There are so many factors which can affect the Cellular communication. Some factors affects
on the performance of Cellular communication and some of them are affects on the quality of
Cellular communication. We are going to discuss those factors:
Coverage, topography, capacity, network architecture are important factors which can affects
the performance.
Coverage the strength of the measured signal is used to estimate the size of the cell. when a
carrier publishes maps showing coverage in a certain geographic area, a subscriber may not be able
to complete a call due to limitations in topography (the surroundings), capacity (how many callers
are communicating with the same cell site at a given time), and network architecture (where antennas
are located).

39
Accessibility and monitoring are the factors which can affect the quality.
• Accessibility is about determining the ability of the network to handle successful calls from
mobile-to-fixed networks and from mobile-to-mobile networks. Connection duration of call
is in terms of seconds or minutes. Packet transmission or serving measured in milliseconds or
even microseconds user movement measured in seconds, minutes or hours.
• Audio quality: monitoring a successful call for a period of time for the clarity of the
communication channel.
6.2 Advantages of Cellular Service:
• Higher capacity - Implementing SDM allows frequency reuse. If one transmitter is far away
from another, i.e. outside the interference range it can reuse the same frequency. As most of
mobile phone systems assign frequencies to certain users, this frequency is blocked for other
users .But as frequency is a scarce resource the number of concurrent users per cell is also
very limited.
• Less transmission power - While power aspects are not a big problem for base stations, they
are indeed a problematic for mobile stations. A receiver far away from the base station would
need much more transmit power than the current few watts.
• Local interference only - Having long distances between sender and receiver results even
more interference problems. With the small cell mobile stations and base stations only have
to deal with local interference.
• Robustness - Cellular systems are decentralized and so, more robust again the failure of
single components. If one antenna fails, these only influence communication within small
area.
6.3 Disadvantages of cellular communication:
• Infrastructure needed - In Cellular communication systems need a complex infrastructure to
connect all base stations .This includes many antennas, switches for forwarding .location
registers to find a mobile station etc, which make the whole system quite expensive.
• Handover needed - The mobile station has to perform a handover when changing from one
cell to another. Depending on the cell size and the speed of movement ,this can happen quite
soon
7. COMPARISON BETWEEN BROADCASTING, SATELLITE AND CELLULAR SERVICE
From above study of all types of communication, we can accomplish up to some judgments as
follows:
Broadcasting Satellite Cellular
Performance GOOD EXCELLENT GOOD
Depends on Whether YES YES Sometimes
Standard ARIB SCPC/DVB MCPC GSM,GPRS
Infrastructure No Need No Need Needed
Capacity Medium Low High
Application
Radars,Airtraffic Control,
Microphone is a crucial link to the
audience
Telivision,Digital Cinema,
Radio, Internet Access
Military
Mobile
Renovate Not Possible Not Possible Possible
Handover Not Required Not Required Required
Device Blackberry Device,Laptops,Mobile Televisions, Radios Mobiles
Reliable NO YES YES
Cost Fair Normal Expensive Fair Normal
Life NORMAL VERY HIGH NORMAL
Coverage With in world
With in world
(35863 km)
With in world

40
8. CONCLUSION
As we know that, wireless network is boon to the human being. Due to this network and this
wireless communication the world becomes nearer. In our paper we mainly focus on the types of
communication, their working, pros and cons and the factors who affect the communication.
And finally according to the factors and advantages and disadvantages we are trying to do the
comparison between them.
After doing the comparison we are concluded that we should take care while selecting the
wireless communication. This means that select it as per the need because each type of
communication has some positive points and some negative points. For example, satellite
communication is good in terms of performance, life, reliability, and infrastructure. But its capacity
is low, cost is high and after some damage renovation is not possible.
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IAEME

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