1. INTERNET OF THINGS
NAME = HUMA AJMAL,
1

2. Content
WHAT IS IOT
IOT BACKGROUND
IOT COMPONENETS
IOT ARCHITECTURES
• centralized and decentralized
BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
• Hardware's
• Software's
IOT TECHNOLOGIES
IOT PROTOCOLS
WORKING OF IOT
• Communication Technologies in IOT
IOT SECTORS
• APPLICATIONS
IOT EMERGENCE IN 2021
CURRENT RESEARCH 2021
SPECIAL ISSUES
2

3. WHAT IS IOT
Sensors Software's Data Processing user interface
3

4. IOT DEFINITION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as a paradigm in which computer and
networking capabilities are embedded with each other to serve a meaningful
purpose. The Internet of Things refers to a new kind of world where almost all
the devices and appliances that we use are connected to a network(Pena-
Lopez et al, 2005).
We can use them collaboratively to achieve complex tasks that require a high
degree of intelligence.
IoT is not a single technology; it is a collection of various technologies that
work together.
4

5. Background of IoT
1999, Ashton's was the first mention of the internet of things, the idea of connected devices has been
around since the 1970s, under the monikers embedded internet and pervasive computing.
The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University in the
early 1980s.
IoT evolved from M2M communication, Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network of
billions of smart devices that connect people, systems and other applications to collect and share data.
As its foundation, M2M offers the connectivity that enables IoT.
The IOT 2008 was held at Zurich.Auto-ID Center focus on EPC-IOT, EPC is Electric Product Code, It’s a
family of coding schemes created as a low-cost method of tracking goods using RFID Technology,
5

6. IoT Components.
6

7. IoT Architecture
There is no single consensus on architecture for IoT,
which is agreed universally. Different architectures
have been proposed by different researchers.
Like protocol architecture and system architecture
Three- and Five-Layer Architectures. The most basic
architecture is a three-layer architecture but I will
discuss both as shown in the figure
7

8. Three layer Architecture
Perception layer:
It is the physical layer, which includes the sensors for sensing and gathering information from the environment, it
senses with the help of physical parameters and identifies smart objects from the surrounding.
Network layer:
As its name suggests it deals with the connectivity of the smart devices and makes a network. It is also used for
transmitting and processing data.
Application layer:
It provides application-specific services to the users and also reports to the end-users.it communicates with the
network layer for accessing data and providing services for the third parties or the owner of the data. It defines
various applications in which the Internet of Things can be used, for example, smart homes, smart cities, and smart
health.
8

9. Five layer Architecture
Now we will discuss Five-layer architecture
The perception and application layer have the same role as discussed in the three-layer architecture so let’s see the
remaining layers.
Transport layer:
It uses the wireless network technology 4G, LAN, Bluetooth, RFID, NFC, to transfer data from the perception layer to
the transport layer and vice versa.
Processing layer:
The processing layer is also called middleware. The processing layer analyzes, processes a large amount of data
coming from the transport layer, and reduces the data volume before storing it in the database. This layer is in
contact with lower layers and provides services to them, different technologies included in this layer are cloud
computing and big data modules.
Business Layer:
Business owners deduce information from the data and do analysis on the past and present data to plan accurately
for the future. Simple is that it manages the IoT system and competes for more and more data for decision-making.
it includes business and profit models, user privacy, and applications
9

10. Cisco IoT Architecture
10

11. Centralized Architecture
CLOUD-BASED ARCHITECTURE:
IoT generates a large amount of data and that is a big challenge for storage engineers to store that data. Meeting
this challenge, however, has pushed forward storage technology. So here we are talking about cloud computing
which is in a symbiotic relationship with IoT. so in some architectures the processing of data is done in a large
centralized fashion by cloud computing. In cloud computing architecture the cloud computer layer lies between
applications and networks, it provides great scalability, flexibility, and offers services such as core infrastructure,
storage, platform, software. Cloud computing was the first choice of the developers because of its flexibility(data
mining, machine learning tools, software plus storage tools, visualization tools) (Pallavi Sethi and Smruti R. Sarangi,
2016).
So because of that privacy and security issues, many risks and challenges have been observed which need to be
resolved, for achieving this goal what is discussed in the 2021 conference is privacy as well as a security concern,
issues, and open challenges.
11

12. Cloud-based IoT survey
Cloud computing security issue: survey
related to cloud-based IoT security in
each layer and presents some solutions
for it in ( 2021 conference )
12

13. Decentralized Architecture
Finally, it is important to note that cloud IoT storage innovation has not been halted. new technologies are
constantly being developed, and some of them have arisen as a direct result of the demands of the IoT
network. The present interest in edge computing and storage is a fantastic example of this(Nahla Davis,
2021)
With the advent of edge IoT layers, systems may now handle and analyze data as close to the source
as possible. Edge has now become the industry standard for 5th Generation mobile networks (5G), allowing
systems to connect to more devices with less latency than current 4G standards. All of the IoT network
procedures take place at the edge. As a result, time and resources are saved, and real-time reflexes and
performance are increased.
13

14. TWO BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT
There are two basic building blocks in internet of things
1. HARDWARE &
2. SOFTWARE
HARDWARE:
IOT hardware platforms are chosen accordingly as per the needs of IoT developers for product development
or depending on the chosen applications and services.
But let’s discuss generally IOT hardware:
The devices that respond and have the capabilities to capture data, follow the instructions can be considered
as the IoT Hardware. The following fall into such categories where they not only collect data but also respond
to instructions based on the processed data
14

15. Building Blocks of IoT Hardware
Here, we will discuss some internet of Things Hardware:
The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes
• Devices for a remote dashboard,
• Devices for control
• Servers
• Routing or bridge device
• Sensors and Actutors
15

16. DEVICES
SENSORS & ACTUTORS: The sensor gather data from the physical environment while actuators makes
physical changes to the product
Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT:
16

17. Hardware platform for IOT
Some of the popular and commonly used hardware platforms are
• Raspberry Pi,
• Arduino,
• Beagle Board,
• Adafruit,
• Cloudbit,
• Samsung Artik,
• Pinoccio,
• Particle Photon etc.
17

18. SOFTWARE
The set of programs that help you get the activities done like the data collection, processing, storage, and
evaluating instructions based on the processed data from the IoT Software. Operating Systems, firmware,
applications, middleware are some of the examples that fall into this category.
Data Collection
Device
Integration
Real-Time
Analytics
Application and
process Extension
18

19. DIFFERENT IOT Operating systems
IoT software's addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms , embedded
systems , partner systems, and middleware
Some IoT operating system are
• RIOT OS
• LiteOS
• Tiney OS
• Contiki Os
19

20. IoT Technologies
20

21. IOT
Protocols
Software platforms Supported hardware platforms Protocols
used
Estimated
cost
Visualization
ArtikCloud Raspberry Pi, Arduino,
Samsung ARTIK
WebSocket, HTTP, COAP,
MQTT
Free & paid accounts Mobile apps.,
Third party apps.,
Dashboard
Axeda Raspberry Pi, Arduino MQTT, AMMP, REST, SOAP Free & paid accounts Home automation
Bugswarm Arduino HTTP Free & paid accounts Smart irrigation
Carriots Raspberry Pi, Arduino MQTT, HTTP Free & paid accounts Dashboard,
Mobile apps
Cayenne Raspberry Pi COAP, MQTT Free & paid accounts Dashboard,
Mobile apps
Kaa Raspberry Pi,
Intel Edison,
Econais, LeafLabs,
BeagleBone,
Texas Instruments
XMPP, HTTP,
COAP, MQTT
Open source
Dashboard,
Mobile apps
Leylan Arduino Yun, Netduino,
Raspberry Pi,
Spark Core,
Texas Instruments
OAuth 2.0, MQTT, HTTP Open source Web apps.,
Third party apps
Sensorcloud Arduino HTTP Paid accounts
Home automation
Smartliving Raspberry Pi,
Arduino,
Intel Edison,
Stomp, MQTT, HTTP Open source Mobile apps
Temboo Arduino,
Samsung Artik,
Texas Instruments
HTTP, COAP, MQTT Free & paid accounts
Dashboard,
Mobile apps
ThingBox Raspberry Pi MQTT, HTTP Open source Emoncms
ThingSpeak Raspberry Pi, Arduino HTTP, MQTT Open source
Dashboard,
Mobile apps
ThingSquare Raspberry Pi, Arduino HTTP Open source Home automation, Social IoT
Ubidots Raspberry Pi, Arduino Spark
Core,
Adafruit FONA
UDP, HTTP, COAP, MQTT Free & paid accounts Dashboard
Wyliodrin Raspberry Pi, Arduino, Intel
Galileo & Edison,
BeagleBone
HTTP, MQTT Free & paid accounts
Dashboard,
Mobile apps 21

22. Working of IoT
22

23. IoT SECTORS
Some of the main sectors in IOT
Industry/Area Use
Home Control of heating,lights,door locks etc
Health medical Remote Patient Monitoring etc
Fitness and wellness Tacking heart rate and Training plans
Factory and Industry
Production line control ,asset tracking
etc
Agriculture
Automatic watering,soil monitoring
etc
Cars and Roads – Connected cars, parking spaces,
Smart Cities
Traffic management, parking space
tracking and availability
23

24. SOME IoT APPLICATIONS
Whenever we think of IoT systems, the
most important and efficient
application that stands out every time
is Smart Home ranking as highest IOT
application on all channels. The
number of people searching for smart
homes increases every month with
about 60,000 people and increasing.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_of_things/internet_of_things_tutorial.pdf
24

25. WEARABLES
Just like smart homes,
wearables remain a hot topic
too among potential IOT
applications. Every year,
consumers all across the globe
await the release of Apple’
smartwatch.
25

26. SMART GRIDS
Smart grids is another area of
application that stands out. A
smart grid basically promises to
extract information on the
behaviors of consumers and
electricity suppliers in an
automated fashion in order to
improve the efficiency, economics,
and reliability of electricity
distribution.
26

27. SMART FARMING
Smart farming is an often
overlooked IoT application.
However, because the number of
farming operations is usually
remote and the large number of
livestock that farmers work on,
all of this can be monitored by
the Internet of Things and can
also revolutionize the way
farmers work.
27

28. SMART SUPPLYCHAIN
Supply chains have already been
getting smarter for a couple of
years. Offering solutions to
problems like tracking of goods
while they are on the road or in
transit, or helping suppliers
exchange inventory information
are some of the popular
offerings.
28

29. Emerging IOT Technologies 2021
New Capabilities
These emerging technologies are creating all sorts of new capabilities
for IOT devices and applications, from battery-free sensors to 5G
network slicing.
They aren’t just things of the future:
It enable IOT sensors that don’t require batteries and can figure
out precise body location
New technologies are making it possible to run all sorts of
applications and machine learning algorithms on tiny, low-power
devices.
https://www.crn.com/news/internet-of-things/5-emerging-iot-technologies-you-need-to-know-in-2021?itc=refresh
29

30. Battery Free Sensors
A Santa Clara, Calif.-based startup called Everactive is working on
such an innovation with its Eversensor,
which contains a variety of sensor types and
generates power form a mix of sources, including
Indoor solar, vibration and thermal
The company said its Eversensors can last for 20 years without
ever needing routine maintenance.
https://everactive.com/ 30

31. Containers For MCU Devices
Container technology is becoming increasingly important for running
applications in IoT devices, but one area that hasn’t received as much
attention is containers for microcontroller units,
tiny, low-power chips that enable tens of millions of
IoT devices, from connected washer machines to
heat sensors in oil refineries.
https://www.nubix.io/
vendor called Nubix
has developed a solution for deploying application containers to
MCU devices that have real-time operating systems.
31

32. TinyML
TinyML can enable sensors with predictive
maintenance capabilities for manufacturing
equipment
It can also enable health care devices to better
protect patient data by keeping the data analysis on
device.
Does all machine learning have to happen in the cloud, or even in
nearby edge gateways? What if such a workload could run on the
tiny chips that make so many IoT devices possible in the first
place?
32

33. cities will be able to automate,
remotely manage, and collect
data through things like visitor
kiosks, video camera
surveillance systems, bike
rental stations, and taxis.
Smart Cities
https://www.smartcitypk.com/
33

34. Deep Learning in Security of Internet of Things
34

35. An IoT implementation to ATM safety system
35

36. A Survey on the Integration of Blockchain With IoT to Enhance
Performance and Eliminate Challenges
36

37. Rain Water Harvesting for Smart Water Management Using IoT
37

38. A Blockchain Based Secure IoT Solution for Water Quality Management
38

39. SPECIAL ISSUES
Special issue on AI and Blockchain powered IoT sustainable computing
Special issue on Cloud/Fog/Edge-enabled Big Data Intelligence for IoE
Special issue on When Blockchain Meets 5/6G – Enabling Endogenously Secure IoT
39

40. References
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2152/pdf
https://www.jigsawacademy.com/4-layers-of-the-internet-of-things/
https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jece/2017/9324035.pdf
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9397146
https://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/cloud/developments-in-cloud-storage-for-iot-data/
https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1319157816300799?token=E9DC51BE7D715D2A07F7C4CE72C3
CB7EEF0BB968D8B77A8B19E4165B7B2E19CB31906EA83789998F0FBFC9CD327D0348&originRegion=eu-
west-1&originCreation=20211205185453
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9520818
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9544638
L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito, “SIoT: giving a social structure to the internet of things,” IEEE
Communications Letters, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1193–1195, 2011
40

41. 41