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SOCIAL SCIENCE, CLASS- X (2010-11)
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Who followed the policy of Golden Mean?
a. Matternich b. Mazzini c. Louis Philippe d. Duke of Orleans
2. Napoleonic Code was introduced in the year of
a.1809 b.1807 c.1805 d.1804
3. What was Helairia Philike ?
a. A Secret Society b. A Political Party c. A custom Union d. An Allegori
4. Who founded the revolutionary militia ‘Red Shirt’?
a. Wilson b. Tsar Alexander II c. Garibaldi d. Matternich
5. Who was Frederick Sorrieu?
a. A Revolutionary b. Chancellor of Austria c. King of Frame d. French Artist
6. Vienna Congress was convened in 1815 for what purpose?
a. To declare completion of German Unification. b. To restore conservative regime in Europe.
c. To declare war against France. d. To start the process of Italian unification.
7. Which year was known as the year of dear bread?
a. 1830 b. 1848 c. 1789 d. 1815
8. Name the state which led the process of Italian unification?
a. Rome b. Prussia c. Sardinia Piedmont d. Vienna
9. Who said Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi: three her brain, her soul, her sword ?
a. Victor Emmannual b. George Meredith c. Louis XVIII d. Guizot
10. Zollverein was a
a. Diplomatic institution b. Custom union c. Administrative union d. Trade union
11. Who followed the policy of Blood and Iron for national unification?
a. Garibaldi b. Otto Von Bismark c. Mazzini d. Matternich
12. United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in the year -
a. 1789 b. 1798 c. 1707 d. 1801
13. Who said that, Italy was merely a geographical expression?
a. Cavour b. Napoleon c. Matternich d. Guizot
14. Which one was not included in the Balkan Region?
a. Croatia b. Bosnia Harzegovina c. Serbia d. Spain

15. In which century nationalism emerged in Europe
a. 16th century b. 20th century c. 19th century d. 17th century
16. Who was the king of France at the time of French Revolution?
a. Marie Antoniate b. Louis XVI c. Czar Nicolas d. Edward II
ANSWERS
1. c, 2. d, 3. a, 4. c, 5. d, 6. b, 7. b, 8. c, 9. b, 10. b, 11. b, 12. c, 13. c, 14. d, 15. c, 16. b
17. Explain any three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.
Answer -The three features of the class of landed aristocracy in Europe.
1. During the mid 18th century, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe both
politically and socially.
2. They owned huge properties, big estates both in the rural and urban areas.
3. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relation and they wielded much power in
their respective countries.
18. What were the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany?
Answer -Following were the dissimilarities between the processes of unification of Italy and
Germany.
i. Piedmont was main state in unification of Italy but it was a weak state. But Prussia which was
leading the German unification was a powerful state.
ii. Most of the Italian states were under great influence of Austria but Austria was only the head
of German confederation of states.
iii. Bismark always favoured the use of force in the unification of Germany but Cavour hardly
believed in use of force in unification of Ital
19. Who was Garibaldi? What were his main achievements?
Answeri.
Garibaldi was one of the great revolutionaries of Italy. He was born in 1807 and his parents
wanted to make him a priest but he had no interest in this profession.
ii. He was a brave and courageous person who favoured the use of force for unification of Italy.
iii. He started “Young Italy” movement with Mazzini.
iv. He organized a force called ‘White Shirts’ which defeated Austrian forces to liberate Naples
and Sicily. It was later joined by Sardinia. In this way Garibaldi played a great role in the
unification of Italy.
20. What role did language play in developing nationalist sentiment?
Answeri.
Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian
occupation the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was
imposed everywhere.
ii. In 1813 an armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place whish was ultimately crushed.
Following this many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of
national resistance.
iii. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
21. What is meant by ‘Imperialism’? Give two features of imperialism.
Answer-The term “Imperialism” means the practice extending the power, control or rule by a
country over the political and economic life of area outside its own borders.
The following are the two main features of “Imperialism”
i. The first essential feature of imperialism is exploration of economic resources of the
occupied areas for the benefit of the imperial country.
ii. The imperial power subordinates the interests of the colonies and establishes its monopoly
over the trade of its colonies.
22. Study the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice and devotion,a
heroic past, great men, glory that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea.,

to have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed
great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being
a people. A nation is therefore a large scale solidarity….. . Its existence is a daily
plebiscite…… . A province is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the
inhabitants. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding onto a country against
its will. The existence of a nation is a good thing, a necessary evil. Their existence is a
guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master.’
1.1 From whose speech have these words been quoted?
1.2 Explain the meaning of plebiscite.
1.3 Examine the concept of nation as given in the above passage.
Answer-These words have taken from speech of Ernst Renan a great French Philosopher (1823
-1992.
Plebiscite means a direct vote by which all the people of a people of a region are asked to accept
or reject a proposal.
1.4 A nation is the culmination or a long past of endevours, sacrifice and devotion. It
involves having common glories in the past, common will in the present performing
great deeds together and wishing to perform still more
23. Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in early 18th century.
Answer-Liberalism meant different things to different people. In the political sphere, liberalism
stood for:
i. equality before the law.
ii. Revolutionary French marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy in which
right to vote and get elected was granted exclusive to property-owning men.
iii. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
In the economic sphere liberalism stood for:
i. Freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods
and capital.
ii. Customs union or ‘Zollarein’ was formed in Russia, joined by the German states.
iii. The union abolished tariff barriers.Reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
24. Define nation? What were the significant aspects of the nation-state in the early 19th century?
Answer -According to Bryce, A nation is a nationality which has organized itself into a political
body either independence or desiring to be independent. Thus a nation is a community which
considers itself one and is held together by many ties. Following were the significant aspects of
the nation-states in the early 19th century.
i. Each nation wanted to have its own independent state. That is why it was called a nation
state.
ii. The nations-states held the people together on the basis of common territory, common
language, common culture and economic independence.
iii. In some nation – state, the constitutional governments based on written or unwritten
constitutions were established.
iv. The establishment of nation – states replaced the previous boundaries by new scientific
system of boundaries.
25. Which factors led to rise of nationalism in Europe after 1830’s?
Answer-Following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism.
i. Feudalism was one of the greatest obstacle in the way of nationalism. But various Feudal
lords died in mutual wars and crusades also led to their fall. This led the way for decline of
feudalism and rising of nationalism.
ii. In medieval period church was very powerful and had a great power all over the world. But
people were awakened by the movements like renaissance and reformation. It led to decline
in the authority and power of pope. This led to establishment of national church in many
countries. Weakness of papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.
iii. Many wars have also arose sentiments of nationalism among the people.

iv. Foreign Rules: Foreign Rulers generally liked to suppress the subject nation which played an
important part in the growth of nationalism.
v. Reaction against injustice and arbitrary rule of injust monarchs also gave birth to the feeling
of nationalism.
vi. Contribution of great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and philosophers like
Machiavelli, Mills, Mazzini, Garibaldi went a long way in rousing political consciousness
and national spirit among the people
26. Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans?
Answer -The states between the Black sea and Adriatic Sea like the Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina etc. are known as the Balkans states. For a long time these states were a bone of
contention between various European powers and Turkey. Following were the main causes for
immergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans.
i. The nationality of the people states were however Christians. The Muslims who were the
ruling class oppressed them in many ways.
ii. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Turkish Empire became very weak. This encouraged
the Balkan people who were mostly Christians.
iii. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars inspired the feelings of nationalism among
them and they clamoured for independence.
iv. At the same time there was a clash of interests among the big powers in the Balkans. This
also contributed to the emergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans.
27. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among
the French people?
Answer -Following steps were taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity among the french people.
i. First, ideas of Fatherland (La Patric) and the Citizen (La Citizen) laid emphasis on the notion
of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
ii. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former French monarch.
iii. An elected body of active citizens known as the National Assembly, was formed to manage
the state affairs.
iv. New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated all in the name of the nation.
v. A centralized system was set up to formulate uniform laws for all citizens within the French
territory.
vi. All custom duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures were
adopted.
vii. Regional dialects were discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of
the nation.
The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China
(1) Indo-China is comprised of-------
(a) Vietnam, Laos and Combodia (b) Vietnam, Siam and Combodia
(c) Laos, Combodia and Siam (d) India, China and Japan
(2) The idea of civilizing mission was to-------
(a) Bring modern civilization to the Vietnam(b) Destroy local cultures, religions and traditions
(c) Educate the native to civilize them (d) All the above
(3) Who wrote the book 'The History of the Loss of Vietnam'?
(a) Phan Boi Chau (b) Phan Chu Trinh (c) Huynh Phu So (d) Bao Dai
(4) Who was given the name the 'Mad Bonze' by the French?
(a) Phan Boi Chau (b) Nguyen Anh (c) Huynh Phu So (d) Kenneday
(5) Hoa-Hao was a -----------
(a) Leader (b) Place (c) Movement (d) None of these
(6) Vietnam was deeply influenced by the----------

(a)Chinese cultures (b) French cultures (c) Indian cultures (d) None of these
(7) Who was the founder of the Vetnamese communist party?
(a) Bao Dai (b) Phan Boi Chau (c) Sun Yat Sen (d) Ho Chi Minh
(8) Which provinces of Vietnam were called 'The Electrical Fuses of Vietnam'?
(a) Nghe and Ha Tinh (b) Mekong and Ha Tien
(c) Ngu An and Ha Tien (d) None of these.
(9) Who laid the coup in South Vietnam?
(a) Ngo Dinh Dien (b) Ho Chi Minh (c) Bao Dai (d) Sun Yat Sen
(10) Vietnam was divided by _________
(a) The Geneva Peace Negotiation (b) Paris Peace Negotiation
(c) Versailles Peace Negotiation (d) None of these.
(11) Who were Identured Labourers?
(a) Bonded Labourers (b) Independent Labourers
(c) Labourers who were widely used for the plantations (d) Daily Wage Labourers
(12) Who was Paul Bernard?
(a) A writer and policy maker (b) A philosopher (c) A politician (d) An Artist
(13) Confucious was a ___
(a) Philosopher (b) Leader (c) Military Commander (d) Writer
(14) Dien Bien Phu was_______
(a) A Fort where the Vietminh defeated the French troops (b) A port city captured by the French
(c) A place where the American troops defeated the Vietnamese (d) None of these.
(15) Why the USA did not want the Unification of Vietnam?
(a) The USA was worried about Communists gaining power.(b) The US wanted to establish its colony.
(c) The US was an imperialist country. (d) All the above
(16) North and South Vietnam unified as one country in
(a) 1975 (b) 1974 (c) 1954 (d) 1956
ANSWERS
(1) a ,(2) d, (3) a, (4) c, (5) c, (6) a, (7) d, (8) a,(9) a,(10) a,(11) c,(12) a,(13) a,(14) a, (15)a, (16) a.
SOURCE BASED QUESTION
Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:
In Japan, Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh spent time together, discussing their visions of
Vietnamese independence, and debating their differences. This is what Phan Boi Chau later wrote
about their discussions: ‘Thereafter over more than ten days, he and I debated time and again, and
our opinions were diametrically opposed. That is to say, he wished
to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; I, on the
contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after our nation’s
independence was restored we could talk about other things. My plan was to make use of the
monarchy, which he opposed absolutely. His plan was to raise up the people to abolish the
monarchy, with which I absolutely disagreed. In other words, he and I were pursuing one and the
same goal, but our means were considerably different.’
(Source: A NCERT pg 41)
(1) Who were Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh? (2) What did they want?
(3) How were their ideas different from each other?
Answers:
Ans (1) Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh were the nationlist leaders of Vietnam.
Ans (2) They wanted to overthrow foreign domination from Vietnam.
Ans (3) Phan Boi Chau wanted to make use of monarchy to resist the French. He was in
favour of Constitutional Monarchy.
Phan Chu Trinh was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French
with the help of the Royal Court. His desire was to establish a Democratic Republic.

PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS
Observe the given image and the questions that follow:
(a) Whose Image is this?
(b) What do you know about her?
Answer:
(a) This is the image of Trieu Au.
(b) She was a brave Vietnamese woman. She lived
in the third century CE.On growing she left her
home and went into the jungles. She organised a large
army and resisted Chinese rule. Finally when her
army was defeated, crushed, she drowned herself. She
became a sacred figure not just a Martyr who fought
for the honour of the country. Nationalists popularised
her image to inspire people to action.
QUESTION ANSWERS
Q.1. What were the causes for the defeat of the
French forces in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?
Ans: The French Commander Navarre faced the
following problems in this battle-
(i) The valley where French garrisons were located flooded in the monsoon.
(ii) The area was covered with bushes making it difficult for the troops and tanks to
move or trace the Vietminh anti-aircraft guns hidden in the jungle.
(iii) Supplies and reinforcements could not reach the French garrison.
(iv) From their base in the hills the Vietminh surrounded the French garrisons in the
valley below, digging trenches and tunnels to move without being detected.
Q.2. When did the Scholars Revolt occur? Why did it happen? What were the results?
Ans: The Scholars Revolt occured in 1868.This revolt was led by officials at the
Imperial Court.
These officials were angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power in
Vietnam.
In Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed by the
Vietnamese. The French crushed the movement , but this uprising was in no way less
important. It inspired other patriots to rise up against the colonial power.
Q.3. Explain any four steps taken by the French to exploit the natural resources of
Vietnam.
Ans: (i) They led emphasis on the production of rice and rubber.
(ii) They built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
The vast system of irrigation works-- canal and earth works--- built with forced
labourers.
(iii)They started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move
military garrisons and control the entire region.
(iv) Construction of a Trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern
and southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun.
Q.4. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin free school. To what extent it was example of
colonial ideas in Vietnam?
Ans. (i) The Tonkin free school was set-up in 1907to provide a western style education.
(ii) This education included classes in science, hygiene and French.
(iii) The school emphasised that it was not enough only to learn science and western
ideas. They also had to look modern. It encouraged the adoption of western
style such as having a short hair cut
Q.5. What were the differences of opinion between the two groups in Vietnam regarding
the introduction of French Education System?

Ans: Regarding imparting of French education to the Vietnamese the French authorities
were themselves in dilemma.
One section wanted to introduce French so that they could get some citizens who were
followers of the French civilization. They emphasised that the French language should be the
medium of instruction.
Others resisted this idea because they felt it the Vietnamese were educated in French
, they would seal the chances of the French citizens residing in Vietnam in getting jobs. They
suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.
So the French followed a deliberate policy of failing the students in the final years
so they do not get better jobs. Under such a deliberate policy as many as two-third of the
students were failed and only one third were declared as passed.
Q.6. Explain the causes of the USA involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this
involvement have on USA?
Ans: In 1965 The USA intervened in Vietnam due to the following reasons------
(i) First and foremost was the fear of the speared of communism in Vietnam. US
regarded the spread of communism a great danger to the capitalist countries. US
was ready to fight against communism in any part of the world. So when
communism showed its head in Vietnam ,she at once came forward to check it.
(ii) The second reason of US involvement in Vietnam was the humiliation that
France had to face in Vietnam. Being the leader of capitalist countries, US
wanted to crush Vietnam at all costs to save the prestige of the capitalist
countries.
(iii) The Geneva conference had divided Vietnam into parts-- North Vietnam and
South Vietnam. When the HO-Chi-Minh government in north Vietnam and
National Liberation Front tried to unify the two parts of Vietnam, in the
violation of the Geneva conference, US could not tolerate this. Hence, it
declared to intervene in Vietnam.
Effects of this involvement on the USA:------
(i) Even though US had advance technology and a brilliant army, they had finally
bowed before the determination, courage and patriotic spirit of the Vietnamese
people. They lost their prestige.
(ii) About 47,244 died in the battle and 3,03,704 were wounded.
Social Science Study Material Class –X / Page- 11
(iii) Many were critical of the government policy that they saw it as indefensible.
The US media and films played a major role in criticising the war.
Q.7. Write the features of the Ho-Chi-Minh trail in the Vietnamese war against USA.
Ans: (i) The story of the great leader Ho-Chi-Minh is one way of understanding the nature of the
war that the Vietnamese fought against the US. It symbolises how the people of Vietnam used
their limited resources to their advantage.
(ii) Network of footpaths and roads was used to transport men and materials from the North to
the South.
(iii)The trail was improved from the late 1950s and from 1967 about 20000 North
Vietnamese troops came South each month on this trail.
(iv)The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were
transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters who were mainly women. These
porters carried about 23 kilos on their backs or 70 kilos on their bicycles.
(v) Most of the trail was out side Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Combodia with
branch links extending into South Vietnam.
(vi)The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies but it failed
because they were rebuilt very quickly.
Q.8 What was the role of women in the anti-imperialist struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with
the role of women in the National struggle in India.

Role of women in the Anti-Imperial struggle in Vietnam :-
i) The women of Vietnam played an important role in the anti-imperial struggle in
Vietnam.
ii) They worked as porters and carried 25 kilos of food or war materials on their
backs.
iii)They nursed the wounded and dug tunnels to save their army from the attacks of
the imperialistic powers.
iv)As many as 1.5 million women worked in the army. They neutralised tens of
thousands of bombs and shot down many enemy planes.
v) They kept open many strategic roads and guarded key points. Without their
heroism the shape of the Vietnamese struggle for Independence would have been
quite different and difficult.
Role of Indian Women :-
Indian women also played an important role in the freedom struggle in India. There is no doubt that
the Vietnamese men showed great heroism and patriotism, but we can not forget the role of Rani
Laxmi Bai, Sarojini Naidu, Vijaya Laxmi Pandit , Aruna Asaf Ali etc. in the freedom struggle of
India. Who can and how can one forget the great heroism shown by a small girl of thirteen years
named Queen Gaidnilieu. She was a brave Heroine of Nagaland raised the standard of revolt against
the foreign rule. She was captured and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Q.9 Explain the reasons for the popularity of Go East Movement.
Ans. Vietnam was occupied by France in about 1886. Since nobody like the dominance
of their country by a foreign power. So at different times various movements were started in
Vietnam. One such movement known as Go East Movement was started in the first decade of
20th century. This movement had close relations with Japan and China. This movement became
very popular because:
i) Both Japan and China being very close to Vietnam provided models for those who were
looking for a change.
ii) Some Vietnamese people who were escaping the French police, Japan and China provided
them an ideal place of refuge.
iii) These early Vietnamese who looked for foreign arms and help expected to get the same from
the Japanese as fellow Asians.
iv) Moreover Japan could give them great inspiration because she had not only modernised itself
but also had successfully resisted colonialism by the west.
v) Japan had proved its military capability by defeating Russia in 1907.
vi) By establishing relations with China and Japan they hoped to achieve their primary objective
of driving out the French and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty.
Q.10 Discuss the contribution of Ho-Chi-Minh in Vietnamese Nationalist Struggle.
i) In February 1930 Ho-Chi-Minh brought together competing nationalist groups
to establish the Vietnamese communist party. It was later renamed the Indo-
Chinese communist party.
ii) In 1940s the Vietnamese people under Ho-chi-Minh's leadership resisted the
Japanese occupation and organised a people's army called the Vietminh.
iii) The nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. By
the time the second world war, indeed, the Vietminh controlled a large part of
Vietnam.
iv) In August 1945 the democratic republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho-Chi-
Minh was made the President.
v) In 1954 the French were defeated by the Vietminh at Dien-Bien-Phu. In the
peace negotiation in Geneva the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the
division of the country into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Ho-Chi-
Minh and the communists took power in the north and Bau-Dai's regime came to power
power in the south .With the help of Ho-Chi-Minh the National Liberation

Front fought for the unification of the country.
vi) Ho-Chi-Minh died on 3rd September 1969. He led the party successfully for
over 40years struggling to preserve Vietnamese autonomy.
*****
Nationalism in India
(1) Why did Gandhiji travel to Champaran?
(a) To meet his relatives (b) To launch a Satyagraha against the Indigo planters
(c) To help the mill workers of Champaran (d) To organise a rally
(2) In which session of the Indian National Congress was the non-cooperation movement adopted?
(a) Nagpur Session of December 1927 (b) Nagpur Session of December 1920
(c) Kolkata Session of December 1928 (d) Lahore Session of December 1920
(3) Which act gave the government the power to detain political prisoners without trial for up to two
years.-
(a) Rowlatt Act 1919 (b) Government of India Act 1919
(c) Rowlatt Act 1920 (d) Emigration Act of 1859
(4) Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju?
(a) Leader of a Militant Guerrilla movement. (b) A leader of the Indian National Congress
(c) A peasant (d) An officer in the British government
(5) Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by -
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Nehru (c) Nehru & Baba Ramchandra (d) Sardar Patel
(6) When did the Jallianwalla bagh massacre take place-
(a) 1918 (b) 1919 (c) 1920 (d) 1921
(7) Dandi March was undertaken to protest against -
(a) The Salt Tax (b) protest against Rowlatt Act
(c) To protest against Indigo tax (d) launched Quit India Movement
(8) The Non-Cooperation movement due to-
(a) Chauri Chaura incident (b) Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
(c) All of the above (d) Lahore incident
(9) Why did the Indians oppose the Simon Commission?
(a) It did not want to give power to Indians (b) It had no Indian Members
(c) It has mixed Member (d) None of this
(10) Satyagraha means-
(a) Fight against injustice (b) Complete independence
(c) following the path of non-violence (d) All the above
(11) What is the meaning of the term “begaar”?
(a) Peasants forced to work without payments (b) Independent Labourers
(c) Labourers who were widely used for the plantations (d) Daily Wage Labourers
(12) Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous power to-
(a) Repress political activities b) To imprison people without trial
(c) To tighten their control over Indians (d) All the above
(13) Different Social Groups who joined the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 were-
(a) Teachers and Students (b) Merchants and Traders
(c) Country peasants (d) All the above
(14) Poona Pact of September 1932 was signed between
(a) Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (b) Motilal Nehru and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Jawahar Lal Nehru and Dr.B R Ambedkar (d) Dr.B R Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi
(15) Civil Disobedience movement was about-
(a) Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement (b) Launching of Quit India movement
(c) actively define government rules and regulations(d) none of the above
(16) Khilafat Committee was formed in-

(a) Madras in March 1919 (b) Bombay in March 1919
(c) Calcutta in March 1919 (d) Delhi in March 1919
ANSWERS
(1) b ,(2) d, (3) a, (4) c, (5) c, (6) b, (7) a, (8) a,(9) b,(10) d,(11) a,(12) d,(13) d,(14) d, (15)c, (16) b.
SOURCE BASED QUESTION
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930
‘We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have
freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full
opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives people of these rights and
the oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government
in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the
exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India: economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.
We believe, therefore, that India must severe the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or
Complete Independence.’
(1) What do you understand by the term Purna Swaraj?
(2) How did the British Government exploited the Indian masses?
Answers:
Ans (1) Complete Independence
Ans (2). The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their
freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India
economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.
PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS
Observe the given image and the
questions that follow:
(a) Which historic event is depicted
in this picture?
(b) What do you know about this event?
Answer:
(a) The Dandi March led by Mahatma
Gandhi
(b) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous
salt march accompanied by 78 of his
trusted volunteers. The march was over
240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in
Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town
of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24
days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands
came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever
he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British. On
6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
QUESTION ANSWERS
Q.1. How was the first World War responsible for the growth of the Indian national movement?
Ans: First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation.
1. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes:
2.Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
3.Through the war years prices increased –doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme
hardship for the common people.
4.Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused
wide spread anger.

5.Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages
of food.
This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13
million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.
Q.2. Explain the idea of Satyagraha?
Ans: The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was
not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a
satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the
conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the
truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth
was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence
could unite all Indians.
Q.3. Arrange the following in Chronological Order.
Ans: a) Congress adopts the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’.
b)Second Round Table Conference.
c)Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched.
d)Chauri Chaura
e)Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
f)Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi.
Ans. e, c,d,a,f,b
Q.4. How did Gandhiji want the Non Cooperation Movement to unfold? Explain
Ans. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the
surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts
and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a
full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
Q.5 Different social groups that participated in the civil disobedience movement. Why did they
join the movement?
Ans. 1. In the countryside rich peasant communities, being producers of commercial crops, they
were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
2. The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand.
3. Business classes wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee
sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
Q.6. What do you know about the Rowlatt Act? How did Gandhiji plan to oppose this act?How did
the Colonial government react to the popular upsurge?
Ans: a)This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the
united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress
political activities,and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
b)Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which
would start with a hartal on 6 April1919.Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went
on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
c) Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the
railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on
nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from
entering Delhi. On 10 April 1919, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession,
provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was
imposed and General Dyer took command.
d)On 13 April 1919 the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a crowd of
villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of
Jallianwalla Bagh. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had
been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd,

killing hundreds
Q.7. Write how Indians began to have a sense of national identity and a feeling of collective
belonging?
Ans: The sense of nationalism and a feeling of collective belonging came partly through the
experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which
nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints
and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. Apart from that the following efforts by
intellectuals, scholars and nationalist leaders helped to reinforce those feelings:
(i) through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians felt
that to instill a sense of pride in the nation
(ii) As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of
such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism..
(iii) Movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began
recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and
damaged by outside forces..
(iv) Leaders created an image of the nation in the form of ‘Bharat Mata’.This helped to create an
image with which people can identify the nation.
Q.8 Write about the significance of the Poona Pact of September 1932.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930,
clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate
electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a
fast unto death.
He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into
society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of
September 1932.It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved
seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general
electorate.
Q.10 Write about the role played by women in our struggle for freedom.
Women picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas these
women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households.
Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
Yet, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the
position of women was visualised. Gandhi was convinced that it was the duty of women to look
after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time the Congress was
reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen
only on their symbolic presence.
The making of a global world
A. Write the correct answer of the following questions-
1. What was the use of cowries during Indus Valley civilization
a) as a toy b)as an instrument c)as a means of transportation d)as a form of currency.
2. The term used to describe Indian indentured labour was—
a) Porter b) Coolie c) Juggler, d) Rikshaw puller.
3. Henry Morton Stanley was
a) Explorer b)Trader c)Missionary d)soldier.
4. Rinderpest spread in Africa through—
a )Cattle b)Birds c) Human d)None of these.
5. A major supplier of wheat in the world market was—
a) Africa b) Eastern Europe c) North America d) Asia.
6. Who produced the T-Model Ford car-?
a) Henry Morton Stanley b) Ebenezer Howard c) Barry Parker d) Henry Ford.
7. What were the ‘Corn Laws?’

a) Laws to restrict the import of corn b) Laws to restrict the export of corn
c) Laws to restrict the export and import of corn d) None of the above
8. IMF stands for—
a) International Military Force b) International Monetary Fund
c) Indian Monetary Fund d) Indian Military Force
9. The Great Depression began around in—
a) 1929 b) 1935 c) 1999 d) 1945
10. ----was a famous economist.
a) Henry Ford b) John Maynard Keynes c ) Henry Stanley d)Barry Parker.
11. NIEO stands for
a)New International Economic Order b) New Indian Economic Organisation
c) New International Export office d) New Indian Exchange office
12 .The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to
a)To preserve economic stability b) To maintain status
c) To increase export d) To reduce war loans
13. MNCs works in ---
a) Only on country b) Many countries c) Two countries d) None of these.
14. The Bretton Woods is a –
a) Palace b) Place c) Country d) Institution
15. Bretton Woods System was based on which types of rates?
a) Fixed b) Floating c) Base d) Inflation
Hints; 1.d,2.b,3.a,4.a,5.c,6.d,7.a,8.b,9.a,10.b,11.a,12.a,13.b,14.b,15.a.
SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS-
2. What do you mean by the term ‘globalisation’?
Hints: By the term globaliaation we mean increasing integration between different economies of
the world. This is achieved by removal of barriers on free flow of goods, services and capital
among the nations.
3. What do you know about silk route?
Hints: The silk routes were the routes through which trade and culture mingling of far-flung parts
of the world took place. China was know for the trade of silk since ancient period. Chinese silk
cargoes used to travel through routes and from there it got its name the ‘silk route’.
4. What are the cowries?
Hints: The cowries are seashells which were used as money in international exchange of goods
all the way from Maldives to China and East Africa.
5. What was the Irish Potato Famine?
Hints: Potato was introduced to Europe from America. Potato was and is a relatively cheap food.
Europe’s poor came to rely entirely upon potato as their staple food. In mid 1840s, a disease
destroyed the potato crop in Ireland. The poor peasants had no alternative food to substitute
potato which resulted in a widespread famine in which thousands of people died.
6. Write the circumstances behind the formation of G-77.
Hints :Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth of the Western economies
experienced in the 1950s and 1960s.Therefore they organized themselves as a group popularly
know as the Group of 77 or G-77 and a New International Economic Order (NIEO) was
demanded by them to get following facilities-
1. Actual control over their natural resources
2. More assistance in development
3. Fair prices for raw materials
4. Better market for their manufactured material.
LONG TYPE QUESTIONS-
7 . What are the main flows within international economic exchange?
Hints: The following flows are observed within international economic exchange—
1. Trade-It refers largely to trade in goods; goods were exported to one nation and imported

by another .
2. Labour-It refers to the migration of labour from one country to another. Industrial
revolution in Europe and resultant economic activities led to a tremendous increase in
demand for labour.
3. Capital-Capital moves from one country to another for short –term or long term
investments over long distances wherever profit is maxi mum.
All these flows represented that a world economy was gradually emerging. In a world
economy, different economies get integrated and come to depend upon each other for
varied needs.
8. What were the main impacts of the Great Depression on the world?
Hints: 1. World trade declined disastrously due to uneven demand and supply,
unemployment was a major problem resulted by the Depression.
2. Due to overproduction of agricultural products prices of these things fell sharply.
3. Households were ruined and business collapsed.
4. Many major banks and currencies collapsed in the world.
5. USA was the most affected country both on the agricultural and industrial fronts.
6. Unemployment soared and the US banking system collapsed.
In a nut shell, the Great Depression put very adverse effects on the society, economy,
politics and international relations.
9 .Explain, why were the Corn Laws abolished in Britain?
Hints: In the early 19th century Britain ,to protect the interests of big landlords the British Govt.
had imposed the restrictions on the import of corn. But during this time demand of
agricultural products were increasing very sharply due to following reasonsa)
Rapid growth in population
b) Growth of industrialization
c) Rapidly growing urban centers
d) Shortage of agricultural labourers.
e) Domestic production of agricultural products could not keep pace with the demand. As
a result, there was a sharp increase in their prices.
This price rise adversely affected the industrialists and the urban dwellers. The
government was forced to abolish the Corn Laws, so that import could result in increased
supply of corn and bring their prices down.
10. Write the factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods system and the beginning of
globalisation.
Hints; The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system--
1) Decline in economic power of the USA.
2) Changes in the international Financial System
3) Unemployment in Industrialised countries
4) Shifting of Production Enterprises
5) Changes in Russia and China
Q11. Write different measures of liberalization taken by the Govt. of India.
Hints:
A. Exemptions in industrial licensing for few industries
B. Permission for raw material’s import
C. Extending investment limit of small industries
D. No MRTP Companies.
E. Expansion of Industries
F. Reduction in the number of industries reserved for public sector.
PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWER
2.Read the Passage carefully and give answer to the questions given-
Multinational corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries
at the same time. The first MNCs were established in the 1920s.Many more came up in

1950s and 1960s as US busines expanded worldwide and Western Europe and Japan also
recovered to become powerful industrial economies. The worldwide spread of MNCs was
a notable feature of the 1950s and 1960s.This was partly because high import tariffs
imposed by different governments forced MNCs to locate their manufacturing operations
and become ‘domestic producers’ in many countries as possible.
Q1. What do you mean by MNCs?
Q.2.Why did MNCs come up during 1950s and 1960s?
Q3. Write one reason for spread of MNCs during 1950s and 1960s?
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The Age of Industrialisation
1.The first Asian country to be industrialized was -
A) Japan (b) India (c) china (d) Afghanistan
Ans.. (b) India
2. Spining jenny was devised by him-
(A) James watt (b) James Hargreaves (c) John Simon (d) James Albert
Ans.. (b)
3. It is the first industrial city in England-
(A) Manchester (b) London (c) oxford (d) Wales
Ans.. (b)
4 this city connected India to the gulf and red sea port in the pre colonial period.
(A) Mumbai (b) surat (c) madras (d) calicut
Ans.. (b)
5 Which one is the flourishing industry of England ?
(A) Cotton industry (b) jute industry (c) iron and steel industry (d) I.T
Ans.. (c)
6 Which indian entrepreneur set up six joint stock companies in India in 1830 ?
(A) Dinshaw petit (b) Dwarka Nath Tagore (c) Jamshedjee Tata (d) Seth Hukum Chand
Ans.. (b)
7 Who established the first jute mill in India ?
(A) Dinshaw petit (b) Dwarkanath tagor (c) Jamshedjee tata (d) Seth Hukumchand
Ans.. (d)
8 Elgin mill was set up at
(A) Luknow (b) Calicut (c) Kanpur (d) madras Ans.. (c)
9 When was the telephone invented ?
(A) 1885 (b) 1976 (c) 1876 (d) 1776 Ans.. (c)
10 Where was the first jute mill established ?
(A) surat (b) delhi (c) culcutta (d) bombay Ans.. (c)
11 The Tata iron and steel company was formed
(A) 1807 (b) 1907 (c) 1957 (d) 1865 Ans.. (b)
12 Where was the first cotton textile mill established in ?
(A) Surat (b) Channai (c) Bombay (d) Calcutta Ans.. (c)
13 The machine age in India started in-
(A) 1850 (b) 1900 (c) 1950 (d) 1890 Ans.. (a)
14 Who was the inventor of steam engine ?
(A) James Mill (b) James watt (c) James Albert (d) James Hargreaves Ans.. (b)
15. The age of modern Industrialisation began in-
(a) France (b) England (c) Japan (d) America Ans.. (b)
SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS
1 How did farming methods change due to industrialization ?
Ans.. (i) Steel plough used in place of wooden plough
(ii) Harrow in place of wooden Weeder
(iii) Mechanical drill for seed sowing , reaping and threshing machines.

2 What was the purpose of James Hargreave’s spinning jenny ?
Ans.. The purpose of the spinning jenny was to provide more cotton thread for the weavers
which could spin 80 threads simultaneously.
3 Mention any two economic effects of the industrial revolution ?
Ans. (a) Village economy expanded to become economy of the nation with large scale industrial
production. (B) Trade and commerce found larger scope all over the world.
4 Explain the meaning of the word, capitalism’
Ans.. The new economic system of society with individual ownership of production in large
scale and for profit motive , the workers under this system, do not own any thing but work for
wages.
5 What was the result of the import of Manchester cloth to India ?
Ans. (i) It ruined the cloth industry in India because the Manchester cloth was cheap, showy, and
durable.
(ii) The weavers were forced to give up their ancestral profession of cloth weaving and had to
work as labourers in urban areas.
LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Why did the women workers in Britain attack the spinning jenny?
Ans. The fear of unemployment made women workers hostile to the introduction of new
technology. This was the reason of aggressive attack from women in England on one of the
woolen industry in which spinning jenny was first installed.
2. How does industrialisation help in raising the level or the standard of living ?
Ans. (i) The industrialisation had facilitated the mankind by meeting their primary necessities of
food, clothes and shelter.
(ii) The machines have relieved man of tiredness and unpleasant jobs.
(iii) The machines have brought leisure for man e.g. Sports goods, arts/ painting made by
using machines.
(iv) Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comfort
and luxury within the easy reach of even a common man.
3. Write an essay on industrialization in India.
Ans. 1. In India, limited industrial revolution started only in certain regions or cities of the
country in second half of the 19th century. An important development in this field was the
establishment of machine based industries in India.
2. The machine age in India began with cotton textile, jute industry and also
coal mining industry. The first textile mill was started in Bombay by Cawasjee Nanabhoy in
1853,and the first jute mill was set-up in Rishra (Bengal) in 1855.
3 in 1879, there were 56 cotton textile mills and 200 cotton mills in India in 1905.
4 .In 1901 there were over 36 jute mills employing nearly 1,15,000 persons. The coal mining
industry employed about 1,00000 persons in 1906.
5. Other industries developed between 1850 and early years of 20th century were cotton
mills, rice, flour and timber mills leather tanneries, woolen textiles, sugar mills, iron and steel
works and mineral industries like salts, mica, and saltpeter.
above mentioned industries of india had a very stunted growth in comparison with England
owing to presence of several hurdles.
4. How did the industrial revolution in England affect India’s economy ?
Ans. India’s economy was affected in the following manner;
1. The surplus production was brought to India by lifting trade barriers. Thus, India was reduced
to importer from exporter of cotton textiles to England.
2. Handicraft sector lost jobs because of machine-made textile imported in India besides several
other tricks played by the British to see them wind-up.
3. The British government in India forced the Indian farmers to sell their raw material at cheap
rates to the British factory owners.
4. In India agriculture was the only occupation of the people. That too was looted by permanent
settlement and ryotwari systems adopted by the British in order to exploit more and more

revenue.
5. Before industrial revolution india was a major producer of cotton, woolen and silken cloth. But
now she suffered a severe set back in these industries ,as the British machine made cloth was
cheaper than the Indian cloth.
5 Bring out the social consequences of the industrial revolution.
Ans. Social consequences
(A) Division of society: - as a result of the industrial revolution , the society was divided into two
distinct classes –the capitalists and the labourers. The rich became more rich and the poor became
poorer.
(B) Insanitary conditions in the towns:- as a large number of people shifted from villages to industrial
towns. Thus, the towns were overcrowded. There was no arrangement for housing, sanitation,
ventilation, drainage etc.
(C) Unsatisfactory conditions of the factory workers :- the workers had to work in factories which
were poorly ventilated, poorly lighted and were extremely unhealthy.
(D) Exploitation of women and children:- women and children were employed in large numbers in the
factories as they were cheaper and easy to manage.
(E) Promotion of arts and culture :- machines brought more leisure to man. These utilized for the
promotion of arts and culture in the society.
1. Give the Answers to following questions from the passage.
The condition of the Indian workers in modern factories and plantations in the 19th
century was miserable. They had to work between 12and 16 hours a day. There was no weekly
holiday or off. Women and children worked the same long hours as men. Wages were extremely
low, ranging from Rs. 4 to 20 per month. The factories were overcrowded, dump places, without
proper arrangement for light and air were completely unhygienic. Work on machines was
hazardous and accidents were very common events.
Q.1 How many working hours in a day was there in the period of industrial revolution ?
Ans. Between 12 and 16 hours a day.
Q.2 How many wages were given to Indian labourers in the period of industrialization.
Ans.. Rs. 4 to 20 per month.
Work, Life and Leisure: Cities in the Contemporary World
1. What was not a reason for providing mass housing scheme for the workers ?
A) concern for the poor B) fear of social disorder
C) threat to public health D) none of the above
Ans . (c)
2. Bombay was first under which control ?
A) Portuguese b) English c) French d) Dutch
Ans . ( a )
3 .Which of the following not a presidency city ?
A) Madras b) Bombay c) Calcutta d) Lucknow
Ans . ( d )
4. When was the first underground railway established in the world ?
A) 10th Jan , 1893 b) 11th Jan 1793 c) 10th Jan , 1863 d) 11th Feb ,1863
Ans . (c )
5 .Which of the following cities has developed in a planned manner ?
A) Delhi b) Madras c) Singapore d) Lucknow
A) ( c )
6. Which movie did Dada Saheb Phalke make ?
A) CID b) Raja Harishchandra c) Guest House d) Tezab
Ans .( b )
7. When did Bombay become the capital city of Bombay Presidency ?
A) in 1718 b) in 1818 c) in 1918 d) in 1819

Ans . (D)
8. Who was the chief architect of Paris ?
A) Baron Haussman b) Charles Dickens c) Charles Booth d) none of these
Ans .(a)
9. Who designed the garden city of New Earswick ?
A) Baron Haussman b)Charles Dicken c) Barry Parker d) All of the above
Ans . ( c)
10. Name a famous writer associated with Hindi cinema
A) Ismal Chugtal b) Sadat Hassan Manto c) A& B both d) none of these
Ans . ( c)
11. When was the Rent Act passed in Bombay ?
A) 1917 b) 1918 c) 1818 d) none of these Ans . (b)
12. Who was the architect of London ?
A) Ebenzer Howard b) Baron Haussman c) Charles Booth d) Charles Dicken
Ans . ( a )
13. When did the Bombay film industry make its first appearance ?
A) 1913 b) 1915 c) 1917 d) 1918 Ans . (a)
14. When did the incident of bloody Sunday happen?
A) Oct , 1887 b) Sept , 1887 c) Nov , 1887 d) Dec , 1887 Ans . ( c )
15. Who wrote several volumes on London labour ?
A) Henry b ) Mayhew c) Henry Mayhew d) Danny Mayhew Ans . ( c )
1. Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the 18th century?
Ans . A) Industrial Migration: People from the region around London migrated there in order to
get employment in the factories.
B)Housing and Transportation : Migrants had to live in one room apartments, which proved
hazardous for health. Therefore ,London authorities began to expand its limits and garden cities
were established.
2. How does the existance of a population affect each of the following -
A) A private land lord
B) A police superintendent in charge of law and order.
C) A leader of a political party
Ans .
A) Effect on Private land lord:
i) Increase in density of population leads to increase the price of land and subsequent increase in
rents
ii)Enabled exploitation of migrant population through extractive rents
B) A police superintendent in charge of law and order :
i) Increase in criminals and petty thieves like cheats, pickpockets etc.
ii. For the police superintendent in charge of laws and order a large urban population posed many
possibilities of social tension and disorder. Thus, led to increase in authority and process.
C ) A leader of a political party :
i. Needs a multilevel agenda catering to diverse groups .
ii. Increase the accountability .
2. Describe in three points , the social changes in the city of London with respect to
entertainment and leisure of the people due to industrialization .
Ans . A) Social changes in London with respect to entertainment and leisure:
Industrialization brought two contrasting social classes in England – the rich and poor – the
working class.
To the Wealthy – Long annual ‘London season’, Cultural events such as opera, theatre and
classical music performances.
B) For the working class – It was meeting in pubs and taverns to have a drink , exchange news

and sometimes organise for political action.
Entertainment for common people- libraries , art galleries museums etc . which were established
by the government
Music halls became popular for lower class people.
C. Cinemas in the early 20th century become mass entertainment; industrial workers spent their
holidays by the sea.
3 . What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the 19th
& 20th century? Explain the factors that led to this change
Most of the working women in the nineteenth century were migrants , belonging to far off places
with their families to the industrial centre of London.
The women did not get jobs in factories, therefore, they took up the jobs of maid servants,
worked in lodges, cooked, washed clothes, cared for babies, etc .They also earned by tailoring
washing and match box making.
They became the helping hand in the domestic lives of the well to do families in London.
But the working status of women changed in light of the following:
A) After the 1st World War started in 1914, the status and lives of women changed,
B) Women were now employed in factories on a large scale because during war- time , factories
were asked to increase their production. Men went to fight the war , therefore , all the
responsibility fell on the shoulders of women.
4. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railways in
London ?
Ans . Between the two World Wars the responsibility for housing the working classes was
accepted by the British state which built one million cottages.
1. This made the new forms of transport like underground railways necessary.
Underground railways solved the means of travelling in the city.
Any other relevant point
5. Mention various measures which were taken to decongest London in the 19th & 20th century .
Ans. Greening the open spaces. Reducing pollution. Landscaping the city.
Creating a green belt around London. Development of Garden City.
Building of apartments. Building of family cottages. Any other relevant point.
LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER
1. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railways ?Why
was the development of the underground railway criticised ?
i) Pollution levels made people aware of needs for new lungs for the city.
ii. Constant flow of migrants led to growth of slums congestion of localities and pollution.
iii. It was a totally new mode and people were afraid to travel underground.
iv. The houses that obstructed the railway line were smashed down.
2. A large city population was both a threat and an opportunity. Explain
Ans . Large city population led to development of new means of transportation, providing a wide
market to the industry . Thus, it comes as an opportunity. But on the other hand can sometimes
become a threat too.
In the severe winter of 1886, when outdoor work came to a standstill .The London poor exploded
in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty. Alarmed shopkeepers closed
down their establishments, fearing the 10,000 strong crowd that was marching from Deptford to
London. The marchers had to be dispersed by the police. A similar riot occurred in late 1887;this
time , it was brutally suppressed by the police in what came to be known as the bloody Sunday of
November 1887.
3. Explain the social life of people living in Bombay.
Ans. i. The homes were small so streets and neighbourhood were used for a variety of activities and
social functions.
ii. Liquor shops and akharas came up on many empty spots.
iii .Streets were used for playing and other leisure activities

.
iv. Caste and family groups in the mill neighbourhoods were headed by someone who was similar to
a village headman. Sometimes, the jobber in the mills could be the local neighbourhood leader. He
settled disputes , organized food supplies, or arranged informal credit . He also brought important
information on political developments
4. What was the need of under ground railways in London?
Ans. i .The London underground railway partially solved housing crisis by carrying large masses of
people to and fro, London.
ii. People who wanted to live in garden suburbs and still work , could work in the city and use
underground railways.
5. Calcutta had a long history of air pollution. Examine the reasons.
i . High level of pollution was the result of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as
fuel in their daily life.
ii . Smoke from the chimneys of industrial units was also responsible for air pollution.
iii . The city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to produce thick black
smog.
_______________________________________________________________________
Print Culture and Modern World
1. Print technology of China was brought to Italy by the great explorer.
a) Marco Polo
b) Columbus
c) Vasco Da Gama
d) Magellan
Ans-a
2. An annual publication giving astronomical data was known as
a) Chapbook
b) Penny book
c) Almanac
d) Journal
Ans-c
3. The Portuguese introduced the printing press in
a) Bombay
b) Calcutta
c) Madras
d) Goa
Ans-d
4. The oldest Japanese book Diamond Sutra was printed in
a) AD 686
b) AD 868
c) AD 668
d) AD 866
Ans-b
5. The earliest kind of print technology was first developed in
a) India
b) China
c) Britain
d) None of the above
Ans-b
6. Metal frames in which types are laid and the text composed is known as
a) Platen

b) Galley
c) Printing press
d) Cylindrical press
Ans-b
7. Protestant Reformation movement is related to the religion
a) Buddhism
b) Hinduism
c) Christianity
d) Jainism
Ans-c
8. The Grimm brothers of Germany published
a) Newspapers
b) Folk tales
c) Ballads
d) Novels
Ans-b
9. The first Indian to publish a newspaper was
a) Ram Mohan Roy
b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
c) Gangadhar Bhattacharya
d) Ranade
Ans-c
10. The newspaper Shamsul Akhbar was published in
a) Hindi
b) Persian
c) Arabic
d) Urdu
Ans-b
11. Rashundari Debi wrote the autobiography
a) Amar Jibone
b) Istri Dharm Vichar
c) Saachi Kavitayan
d) Ghulamgiri
Ans-a
12. In 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was modelled on the
a) French Press Laws
b) British Press Laws
c) Irish Press Laws
d) Scottish Press Laws
Ans-c
13. A liberal colonial officer who formulated new rules to restore the freedom of the press in
India was
a) Warren Hastings
b) William Bentinck
c) Thomas Macaulay
d) None of the above
Ans-c
14. The book Chotte Aur Bade Ka Sawal is about the topic of
a) Religion
b) Philosophy
c) Science

d) Caste System
Ans-d
15. Penny magazines were specially published for
a) Children
b) Workers
c) Women
d) Men
Ans-c
1. Describe in brief how printing developed in Japan.
a. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand writing technology around AD 768-770
b. The oldest Japanese book Diamond sutra was printed in AD 868
c. Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and money.
d. Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices
e. Book of various types related to women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony,
flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking, and famous places were printed
f. In medieval Japan works of poets and prose writers were regularly published.
2. “Access to books created a new culture of reading” support this statement.
a) Earlier reading was confined only among the elite now books reached out wider
sections to people this lead to the emergence of reading public.
b) To attract readers printers published and illustrated popular ballads and folk tales.
These were sung and recited in gatherings in the villages and in taverns in towns.
c) New forms of popular literature appeared in print targeting new audiences.
d) Books sellers employed peddlars and chapman to sell low price books serving many
different purposes and interest.
e) Lending libraries in England became instrumental for educating white collar workers
artisans and lower middle class peoples.
f) Women and children became important category of readers when books related to
their interest were printed.
3. What were the contribution of scientists in the development of popular literature?
a) Ideas of scientists became accessible to the people due to print technology.
b) Ancient and medieval scientific texts maps and scientific diagrams were compiled and
published.
c) When scientists like Isaac Newton published their discoveries and inventions it helped
to influence a much wider circle of scientically minded readers which helped to
promote scientific development.
d) In this way ideas of science reasoning and rationality became popular themes of
literature.
4. How were manuscripts written before the age of print? List some draw backs of manuscripts
a) In India manuscripts were written in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular
languages.
b) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or hand made paper. Pages were beautifully
illustrated.
c) Paper was pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.
Its drawbacks
a) Preparation of manuscripts needed a lot of time. They were very expensive.
b) Manuscripts were fragile so they had to be handled carefully.
c) They could not be read easily as the script was in different styles.
LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Throw light on the contribution of Indian women in publication.

a) As various types of reading book material focussed on lives and feelings of
women it encouraged women not only to read but also to write.
b) Rashsundari Debi a young married women from an orthodox family who learnt
to read in secrecy in her kitchen wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which
was published in 1876. This was the first autobiography written in Bengali
language.
c) Kailashbhasini Debi another lady of Bengal wrote books highlighting the
miserable condition of women, how they were imprisoned in their household,
kept in ignorance and forced to do hard domestic work but were treated very
unjustly by family members whom they served.
d) Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai of Maharashtra wrote with passionate
anger about the miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women especially widows.
2. Discuss some merits of printed books.
a) Printed books reached out to wider sections of people increased literacy level
and created a new reading culture.
b) Books became a source of progress and enlightenment.
c) New ideas through print made people think differently and take action.
d) It introduced a new world of debate and discussions.
e) When publishers used different technology to print books became affordable for
poor people also.
f) Ideas of scientists and philosophers, thinkers became accessible to all common
people.
g) This led people to question established principles and attack blind beliefs. In
Europe it led to the reformation movement. In India social reformers and
nationalist leaders used it as a vehicle to spread their ideas.
These books helped to bring about a lot of change in all parts of the world.
3. How did the print culture create the conditions for French Revolution? Explain
a) Print culture popularised the ideas of Enlightened thinkers. Their writings
provided a critical commentary on tradition superstition and despotism. This led
to a new culture of reasoning and rationality. Ideas of philosophers like Voltaire
and Rousseau were published and circulated in this way people came to know
about good practices of the church and the despotic rule.
b) Printed culture created a new world of debate and dialogue. All values, norms
and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become
aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question existing ideas
and beliefs this led to new ideas of social revolution came into being.
c) By the 1780’s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and
criticised their morality. Through cartoons and caricatures evils of the monarchy
were projected and circulated this made the people turn against the monarchy.
d) Printed material thus helped people to think differently and take action.
4. What led the colonial government to pass the vernacular
Press Act in 1878. How did it affect vernacular newspaper?
a) Nationalists in India used print media to publish the evil effects of British rule
and spread new ideas.
b) As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist the colonial
government decided to take strong measures.
c) In 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was passed which provided the government
with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular Press.
d) The Government started keeping regular track on vernacular newspapers
newspapers. If it published any material which was considered to be seditious,
the government seized the press and confiscated the printing machines.

e) Despite repressive measures nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts
of India. When Bal Gangadhar was imprisoned for publishing news in his
Kesari in support of Punjab revolutionaries it resulted in widespread protest all
over India.
5. What was the impact of print technology on the poor people in India?
a) In the 19th century publishers brought out cheap books which was affordable to
the poor.
b) Public libraries was set up in towns and cities and in prosperous villages.
c) Several social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, B.R. Ambedkar and E.V.
Ramaswamy wrote on issues like caste discrimination and exploitation which
was read by people all over India.
d) Local protest movements and sects criticised ancient scriptures and welcomed a
new and just future through their journals.
e) Workers in factories started publishing their contributions, e.g. – Kashi Baba, a
Kanpur mill owner wrote and published ‘Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal’ in 1939
to show links between class and caste exploitation.
f) In Kanpur, a Mill worker published collection of poems called ‘Sacchi
Kavitayein’.
g) Social reformers sponsored public libraries to educate mill workers in Bombay
and Bangalore.
PASSAGE BASED QUESTION -
This is how Mercier describes the impact of the printed word, and the power of reading
in one of his books:
‘Anyone who had seen me reading would have compared me to a man dying of thirst who was
gulping down some fresh, pure water. Lighting my lamp with extraordinary caution, I threw myself
hungrily to the reading. An easy eloquence, effortless and animated, carried me from one page to the
next without my noticing it. A clock struck off the hours in the silence of the shadows, and I heard
nothing. My lamp began to run out of oil and produced only a pale light, but still I read on. I could
not even take out time to raise the wick for fear of interrupting my pleasure. How those new ideas
rushed into my brain! How my intelligence adopted them!’
Quoted by Robert Darnton, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France, 1995.
QUESTIONS: -
1. Who is the author of this passage?
2. In what way does he compare a man who is reading?
3. Write how books benefited him.
Novel, Society and History
1. Oliver Twist was written bya.
Emile Zola b. Thomas Hardy c. Jane Austen d. Charles Dickens
2. Jane Austin’s famous novel wasa.
Hard Times b. Pride and Prejudice c. Jane Eyre d. Jungle Book
3. Which of the following novels was not written by Charles Dickens?
a. Hard Times b. Germinal c. Oliver Twist d. Pickwick Papers
4. Who wrote ‘Jungle Book’?
a. Charlotte Bronte b. R. L. Stevenson c. Rudyard Kipling d. None of these
5. The earliest Indian novel was written in which of the following language?
a. Tamil b. Hindi c. Bengali d. Telugu
6. The first modern novel in Malayalama.
Swarna Lekha b. Indu Lekha c. Sindu Lekha d. None of these
7. Who is the pioneer of modern Hindi literature?

a. Bharatendu Harishchandra b. Srinivas Das c. Devaki Nandan Khatri d. Munshi
Premchand
8. The first modern Hindi novel is:
a. Parikhsha-Guru b.Godan c.Chandrakanta d. Sevasadan
9. Which was the first novel written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?
a. Anandmath b. Sultana’s Dream c. Muktamala d. Durgeshnandini
10. Which one of the following novel is written by Rokeya Hussein?
a. Pariksha Guru b. Godan c. Anandmath d. Sultana’s Dream
11. Which of the following novels deals with caste oppression?
a. Sultana’s Dream b. Indu Lekha c. Saraswativijayam d. Godan
12. Which was the first historical novel written in Bengal?
a. Anandamath b.Anguriya Binimoy c. Sultana’s Dream d. Durgesh Nandini
13. Who was the central character of Prem Chand’s Rangbhoomi?
a. Tulsidas b. Surdas c. Kabirdas d. None of these
14. Which of the following novel was not written by Munshi Premchand?
a. Rangbhoomi b. Godan c. Sewasadan d. Pariksha-Guru
15. Name the novel which was based on the effect of industrialization.
a. Hard Times b. Oliver Twist c. Germinal d. Pickwick Papers
Answers
1. d 2. b 3.b 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. d 11. c 12. b 13.
b 14. d 15. a
16. Read the following passage and answer the question given below it:
“Dear children, don’t read these novels, don’t even touch them. Your life will be ruined. You will
suffer disease and ailments. Why did the good Lord make you – to wither away at a tender age? To
suffer in disease? To be despised by your brothers, relatives and those around you? No, no. You must
become mothers; you must lead happy lives; this is the divine purpose. You who were born to fulfill
this sublime goal, should you ruin your life by going crazy after despicable novels?”
a.- Mention the source of the above given paragraph.
b.- Analyse the message given by the writer to children.
c.- Name the women social reformer of Calcutta (Kolkata), 1880- 1932.
VERY SORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS
17.-Explain any three reasons for the popularity of novels in eighteenth century in Europe?
HINTS-
* The words created by novels were absorbing and believable and seemingly real.
*Novels allowed individuals reading in private, as well as the joy of publicly reading or discussing
stories with friends or relatives.
18.- Write a note on Jane Austen’s portrayal of women?
HINTS- The novels of Jane Austin gives us the glimpses of the world of women in rural society in
early nineteenth century Britain. The main characters of Jane Austin’s novel “Pride and Prejudice”
are entangled with marriage and money.
19. When did novels develop in India ?
HINTS- * Some of the earliest Indian novels are written in Bengali and Marathi.
*The earliest novel in Marathi was “Yamuna Paryatan”(1857).
* “Indulekha”was first modern novel in Malayalam.
* “Pariksha-Guru was first modern Hindi novel.
20.-Describe the development of novel in Hindi?
HINTS-.* Pariksha-Guru(1882) was first modern Hindi novel.
* The writing of Devaki Nandan Khatri created novel reading in the public in Hindi.
*It was with the writing of Premchand that the Hindi novel achieved excellence.
21.- Explain any two features of the early Bengali novel?
HINTS-* The early Bengali novels lived in two worlds. Many of these novels were based on

historical events. Other novels described domestic life in contemporary settings.
*The language used in Bengali novels was colloquial at first. Meyeli was also used.
SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS
22- Write in brief about Charles Dickens novels which was based on the effect of industrialization?
HINTS-.* Charles Dickens wrote about the terrible effects of industrialization on people’s lives and
characters in his novel “Hard Times”. In his novel “Oliver Twist”, Dickens focussed on the terrible
conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism
23. Describe the features of the novels which were written for the young boys in 19th century in
Europe?
HINTS-.* Novels for young boys idealized a new type of man: Some one who was powerful
assertive, independent and daring.( Books like Rudyard Kipling’s “Jungle Book” became great hits.)
24.- Give an assessment of the contribution made by Vaikkam Muhammad Busheer to Malayalam
literature ?
HINTS-.* Vaikkam Muhammed Basheer was one of the early Muslim writers to gain big name and
fame as novelist in Malayalam.
*Basheer had little formal education.
*Basheer’s short novels and stories were written in the ordinary conversational language .
25.- Name the first modern novel in Hindi ,who wrote this novel? State four characteristics of this
novel.
HINTS-* The first modern Hindi novel – “Pareeksha-guru”.
* It was written by Shrinivas Das.
* “Pareeksha-guru” reflects the inner and outer worlds of the newly emerging middle classes.
The novel tries to teach the ‘right way’ to live.
26.- Describe how the works of Munshi Premchand reflect the social conditions of the Indian society
in the early 20th century?
HINTS-.*Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi and Urdu
literature.
* His novel “Sevasadan” (1916) discusses the lives of ordinary people and social issues.
* The central character of his novel “Rangbhoomi” Surdas is a visually impaired beggar from the
socalled
(un-touchable) caste.
* His novel “Godan” is an epic on Indian peasantry.
===============
POWER SHARING AND FEDERALISM
1. 59 per cent of the country’s total population who speaks Dutch, lives in
a. Wallonia region
b. Brussels
c. Flemish region
d. none of these
2. Why did the Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggled
a. to adopt majoritarianism
b to recognise Sinhalese as the only official language
c. to recognise Tamil as an official language
d. to dominate other language
3. Main significance of Belgian Model of Power Sharing
a. Majoritarianism
b. power shared in all ethnic groups according to their population
c. on the basis of adult franchise
d. none of the above

4. What is a coalition government?
a. power shared among different social group
b. power shared among different levels of government
c. power shared among different political parties
d. power shared among different organs of government
5. Where is the parliament of European Union
a. Belgium
b. Britain
c. Germany
d. France
6. Which of the following community is in majority in Sri Lanka
a. Tamil
b. Sinhala
c. Buddhist
d. Hindu
7. Which one of the following is the 3rd tier of government in India
a. Community Government
b. State Government
c. Panchayati Raj Government
d. b & c
8. Federalism is :
a. a form of unitary government
b. a government with two or multi levels of government
c. a form of autocratic government
d. a & c.
9. Which of the following is not a federal country
a. India
b. Belgium
c. USA
d. Malaysia
10. Which of the following is an example of holding together federation
a. Spain
b. Australia
c. India
d. a & c
11. How many languages are scheduled in the Indian Constitution?
a. 22
b. 21
c. 18
d. 20
12. How many subjects are enlisted in the Concurrent List
a. 66
b. 62
c.47
d. 66
13. When did the Panchayati Raj System become a constitutional entity
a. 1992
b. 1991
c. 1993
d. 1995
14. Which of the following is very important factor for better understanding between Centre and

State’s Government:
a. Emergence of regional political party
b. the beginning of the era of coalition government
c. when no single party got a clear majority
d. all the above factors
15. Why is there a need for third level of government in India
a. a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level
b. Indian states are large and internally very diverse
c. a & b
d. none of above.
Answers: 1.c 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.a 6.b 7.c 8.b 9.d 10.d 11.a 12.c 13.a 14.d 15.c
1. What are the accommodation for Central government and capital Brussels government in Belgian
Model?
Ans.: A. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-Speaking ministers shall be
equal in the Central Government. Some special laws require members from each linguistic group.
Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
B. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The
French speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels as Dutch is accepted in the
Central government.
2. Explain in brief two reasons in favour of power sharing,.
Or
“While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons
emphasize the very act of power sharing as valuable.” Explain.
Ans.: A. Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of social conflict between
social groups. Since social groups often lead to violence and political instability, power sharing is a
good way to ensure the stability of political order.
B. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with
those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be
consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through
participation, acquire a stake in the system.
3. In what ways local government has helped to deepen democracy in our country? What are the
difficulties faced by the local governments?
Ans.: Indian democracy has deepened through decentralization . This new system of local
government is the largest experiment in democracy conducted anywhere in the world. There are now
about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities etc., all over the country.
This number is bigger than the population of many countries in the world. Constitutional status for
local governments has helped to deepen democracy in India. It has also increased women’s
representation and voice in our democracy.
At the same time, there are many difficulties. While elections are held regularly, gram sabhas are not
held regularly. Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local
governments. Nor have they given adequate resources.
4. Examine the significance of three fold distribution of legislative powers between Union
Government and the State Government.
Ans.: 1. The list system shows that most federations that are formed by “holding together” do not
give equal power to its constituent units. All states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers.
Some states enjoy a special status.
2. This sharing of power between the Union Government and the state governments is basic to the
structure of the constitution.
3. The parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed
by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-third majority. Then it has to be ratified by the

legislative of at least half of the total States.
4. The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional
provisions and procedures. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and
the Supreme Court make a decision.
5. Examine with example, the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary
one?
Ans.: Federal governments differ from unitary governments in the way political power is spread. In
unitary system power is centered with the central authority and in federal system, Power is allocated
to the state and local level governments.
In federal system power allocated seperately to the central and state level governments and is
codified in the constitution. In unitary system there is no codification of the power.
In federal system the focus is on national and state issues and in unitary system the focus is
completely on gaining power.
Example: Countries such as France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom use the unitary system of
government, The United States and Canada, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,
Germany, India, Mexico, and Switzerland use the federal system of government.
LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER
1. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each
of these?
Ans.
1. Power is shared among different organs of the government as legislature, executive and judiciary.
Legislature: The legislature is concerned with passing the laws, controlling the finance of the state
and deliberating on matters of public importance. Executive: The executive machinery implements
the policies of the government and executes the laws made by the legislative bodies. Judiciary: The
judiciary is concerned with the interpretation of the laws and has the power to punish those who
commit crimes or break the laws. Since no particular organ enjoys unlimited power in its area, it acts
in-built checks and balances in the system. Since all the organs are at the same level to exercise
different powers, it is also called horizontal distribution of power. Example: The constitution of India
divides powers between the executive, legislature and judiciary.
2. Power is shared among governments at different levels such as between one federal or general
government for the entire country and various regional or state governments at the sub-national level.
Its aim is to reconcile national unity, interests and power with states rights and interests. The powers
and rights are various levels of the country are clearly specified to avoid clashes and conflicts. This is
called federal division of power and the divisions relating to higher and lower levels of the
government are called vertical division of power. Example: Indian constitution establishes a dual
polity in which the powers are divided between the union and the state governments.
3. Power is shared among various social groups which can be based on religious or linguistic lines.
Community government as followed in Belgium falls into the category were all the major
communities get power relating to their social matters. Also in some countries legal laws are made to
represent the socially weaker sections in the legislature to ensure broad-based decision
making.Example: Community government style as followed in Belgium.
4. Power is shared among various political parties so that there is competition among them to gain
majority in the parliament. The multi-party system provides enough option for the voters to choose
from and also keeps the ruling party under pressure to perform better and deliver to win majority in
the future, sometimes several parties join together to prove their majority and thus, form a coalition
government.
Example: The multi-party system as followed in India where there are national regional parties.
Denmark also has about a dozen parties and the government is always by party coalitions.
2. What are the demerits of local self government?
Ans.1. Irregular Elections: In most states, election to panchayats are irregular and uncertain leading
to monopoly of the previously elected powers.

2. Domination of Upper Caste: The Panchayati raj system is mostly dominated by the rich
farmers, money lenders, and upper caste people.
So the Panchayati raj Act provides for reservation for SCs and STs in proportion to their population.
3. Ignorance, Illiteracy and poverty of the villagers: Ignorance about the rights is high among
the villagers. Also illiteracy and poverty of the people lead to less enthusiasm about the Panchayati
raj system.
4. Excessive Official Control: District officials interfere universally in the working
of the panchayats and also dissolve it or suspend it according to their will.
5. Lack of Adequate Funds: A lot of money is needed for the development activities and the
sources of income are limited. This leads to ill-functioning of the panchayat system.
3. Examine the factors that make India a federal country. Write the name of two routes through
which federations have been formed.
Ans. 1. Divisions of powers: The most important feature of federation is the division of powers
between the central government and various state governments.
2. Written and Rigid Constitution: The second feature of a federal government is that it has a
written, rigid and a supreme constitution.
3. An Independent Judiciary: India has an independent judicial system. The supreme court of
India has original powers and has the exclusive authority of settling disputes between the
government of India and one or more states, or between two or more states. Two routes of
federation: (a) Coming together federation and (b) Holding together federation.
4. Explain the working of rural local government. What are the powers and responsibilities of
panchayats?
Ans. Under the 3-tier system of decentralization, Zilla Parishad is the apex body at the District level.
It is followed by Panchayat Samitis at the block level as the second tier and is further followed by
Gram Panchayats as the third tier. Each village, generally, has a gram panchayat whose members are
elected by the entire adult population of that village. A few gram panchayats are joined together to
form a Panchayat Samiti or Block, all the Panchayat Samitis in a district collectively make the
Zillah Parishad.
According to the constitutions, Panchayats shall be given power and authority in relation to
following matters:
Preparation of plan for social development of the village.
Implementation of schemes for economic development of the village.
It will charge and collect all the due taxes, duties, tolls and fees.
5. What is majoritarianism? What’s wrong with a majority rule?
Ans. Majoritarianism is a political philosophy which asserts the majority of the population (majority
by language, religion or any other identifying factor) has. It often results in preferential Policies
being followed, favoring the majority group in university positions and government jobs and other
opportunities and interests, thus denying the minority equal rights and opportunities
Advocates of majoritarianism argue that majority decision making is intrinsically democratic and
that any restriction on majority decision making is intrinsically undemocratic. The only restriction
acceptable in majoritarianism at present is that the present majority, denying the minority group
equal representation in the governance and equal political rights. This results in tyranny of the
majority which breeds the feeling of alienation among the minority group. Also the insensitivity to
their language and culture and ignorance of their interests results in feeling of resentment and
conflicts (often violent) among the groups which causes political instability and tensions in the
country.
1. Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an
example to support any of these positions.
Sangeeta: “the policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity”.
Arman: “language based states have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.”

Harish: “this policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other
languages.”
Ans. The reactions of Sangeeta in all of above reactions is being very close to the fact that the policy
of accommodation of main languages has strengthened the national unity. Unlike Sri Lanka, the
leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. According to
the constitution the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965. However, many non
Hindi speaking states demanded that the use English to continue.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY
1. Some people, belonging to the same religion, often feel that they do not belong to the
same community because-
(a) Their caste or society is different.
(b) Their religion is different.
(c) Social differences divide similar people,
(d) None of the above.
2. In Mexico Olympics John Carlos and Smith received the winner’s medal without
wearing shoes. Why?
(a) To represent Black poverty.
(b) To revolt against the white.
(c) To create tension between whites and black.
(d) To show their supremacy.
3. Society is fairly homogeneous, i.e. there are no significant ethnic differences in –
(a) Germany (b) Sri Lanka (c) Belgium (d) China
4. Which is the third crucial factor in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions?
(a) People perceiving their identities.
(b) Political leaders raising the demands.
(c) Expression of various kinds of demands.
(d) Government reaction to the demand.
5. Overlapping differences signifies-
(a) Religions and linguistic differences.
(b) Cross-Cut social differences.
(c) Some social difference overlaps with other differences.
(d) Cultural differences.
6. The Civil Rights Movement in the USA covered the period-
(a) 1954-1968 (b) 1960-1980
(c) 1981-1987 (d) 2001-2007
7. Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and accommodate-
(a) Diversity (b) repression (c) Hostility (d) Poverty
8. Among the following, which country suffered disintegration due to political fights on the
basis of religion and ethnic identities-
(a) Belgium (b) India (c) Yugoslavia (d) Netherland
9.Which element shows the basic unity in India?
(a) Cultural Unity (b) Discrimination
(c) Unity in language (d) Religious Equality
Answers:-
1. a 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. c 9. d
PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWER-
1.Read the following passage from a famous speech by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963.
Which social division is he talking about? What are his aspirations and anxieties? Do you

see a relationship between this speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics mentioned in
this chapter?
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will
not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the context of their character. Let freedom
ring and when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring- when we let it ring from
every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed
up that day when all of God’s children-black men and white men, Jews and
Gentiles.Protestants and Catholics – will be able to join hands and sing in the words of
the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty. We are free at
last’. I have a dream that one day this nation will raise up and live out the true meaning of
its creed; “we hold these truth to be self – evidence all men are created equal”.
Ans: - Martin Luther King Jr. is talking about racism in USA. He is referring to the
segregation policies adopted by the white towards coloured people. He hopes for a
country where there will be security for all and racial abuse will not occur. Everybody
will be treated equally irrespectively. The speech and incident in the Mexico Olympics
are both part of a movement.
2.What is the basis of social divisions-
Ans: - Language and regions, gender, caste, physical ability and disability and religion.
3.Who is a Migrant?
Ans: - Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country
or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities is called a
migrant.
4.Who was Martin Luther King Junior?
Ans: - Martin Luther King Junior was one of the prominent supporters of Civil Rights
Movement in the USA. He was also a supporter of Mahatma Gandhi.
5.What was action taken against Negro athletes of Mexico Olympics?
Ans: -i. The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the
Olympic spirit by making a political issue.
ii. Their medals were taken back. Back home they were subjected to a lot of criticism.
iii. Norman Peter from Australia, who had won Silver medal and supported Smith and Carlos
putting Human Rights badge was not included for the next Olympic team.
6.How do social differences overlap?
Ans:-
i. Social differences take place when some divisions or social differences overlap each
other.
ii. The difference between blacks and whites becomes a social division in USA because
the blacks tends to be poor, homeless.
iii. In our country, Dalits tends to be poor,landless,socially deprived and face
discrimination.
7.Who are African-Americans?
Ans:- African-Americans or Afro-American or Black are the terms used to refer mainly to
the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th
and the early 19th century.
8.What do you know about Civil Rights Movement?
Ans:- Civil Rights Movement took place in the USA during 1954-1968. It refers to a set
of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against
African-Americans. It was led by Martin Luther King Jr. the movement practicised nonviolent
methods of Civil Disobedience against racial discriminatory laws and practices.
9. Do you agree, are all the social differences based on accident by birth?
Ans:- No, I do not agree with the point that all social differences are accident by nature.

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