7. Letter Postcard Diary entry Forms As Intermediate level + Newspaper report Notes

8. Basic Intermediate Advanced

10. You have just been on a school excursion to a nearby seaside town. However, you were not taken to the beach and you had no free time at all to wander round the town. You are very keen on swimming and you also enjoy going to the cinema. Your teacher often tell you that you should study more and not waste your time. On the excursion you visited the law courts, an art gallery and a big museum. It was all very boring apart from one room in the museum containing old-fashioned armour and scenes of battles. You found this room far more interesting than you thought it would be but you didn’t talk to your friends or teacher about it. In fact, you were so interested in it that you left a small camera there. Your teacher told you off because you have a reputation for forgetting things. Only your cousin seem to understand you. Write a letter to him, telling him about the excursion. TASK 1 TASK 2 Write a letter, telling a friend about any interesting school excursion on which you have been. Unrealistic More realistic, meaningful and purposeful task Comparison of two writing tasks

11. A GOOD TOPIC FOR A COMPOSITION SPECIFIC SITUATION & CONTEXT COMPARE EVALUATE DIFFERENT PERFORMANCES SCORE Easier!!! Not too long  become more of a reading comprehension test written in a concise and lucid manner IV. Setting the composition Presented by: Dinh Thi Huong Lien

12. Type 1: Diary writing task Imagine that this is your diary showing some of your activities on certain days. First, fill in your activities for those days which have been left blank. Then using the information in the diary, write a letter to a friend telling him or her how you are spending your time. Write about 100 words. The address is not necessary. Write a letter to a friend telling him or her how you are spending your time. ? 1 Monday Study ! 2 Tuesday Study ! 3 Wednesday Final exams 4 Thursday 5 Friday 6 Saturday Shopping, Driving lesson 2pm 7 Sunday Only two more weeks to wait !

13.  Situation: While you are away from home, some American friends are coming to stay in your house. You are leaving before they are due to arrive, so you decide to leave them some notes to help them with all the things they will need to know while staying in the house. Your friends have never been to your country before so there is quite a lot of advice you need to pass on.  Writing task: Write your message on the notelet pad sheet below. Type 2: Writing notes

14. 176 Wood Lane London NW2 15 th June Dear Mr. Johnson, I wish to complain about the noise which has come from your home late every night this week. While I realize that you must practice your trumpet some time, I feel you ought to do it at a more suitable time. Ten o’clock in the evening is rather late to start playing. Even if you could play well, the noise would still be unbearable at that time. I hope that in future you will be a little more considerate of the feelings of others. Yours sincerely, W. Robinson. Write a letter of response with suggested contents: You do not play the trumpet but on two or three occasions recently you have played some trumpet music on your record player. You did not play the record loudly- certainly not as loudly as Mr. Woody’s television. You want to tell him this but you do not want to become enemies so you must reasonably polite in your letter. Read the following letter: Limit the amount of information replied  easier to score Type 3: A letter of response

15. Type 4: Dialogue - a basic for composition work Judy: What was the weather like while you were camping? Linda: Not too bad. It rained the last couple of days, but mostly it was fine. We weren’t able to visit the Gorge Waterfalls on the next to the last day, but… Judy: What a pity! Linda: Well, apart from that we did everything we wanted to walking, climbing and just sitting in the sun. We even managed a visit to HC. Judy: …………….. Write an account of Linda’s holiday, using the given conversation as a guide. Read the following conversation carefully To test the ability to change one register to another.

16. Type 5: A graph or histogram - a suitable stimulus for writing 1977-78: Road not in great use 1978-79: Nearby road closed: road now in great use 1979-80: Bus stop moved 100 yards 1980-81: No changes 1981-82: Sign: Beware animals 1982-83: No parking signs ( etc.) suitable only for more advanced students . Example: Use the chart together with the information below to give a brief survey of the causes of accidents on Link Road between 1977 and 1987

17. The picture below shows a dangerous junction where accidents often happen. Write a letter to your local newspaper, describing the junction and mentioning some of the dangers and causes of accidents Link Road: An accident “Black Spot” Provide the students with the basic material for their composition Stimulate their imaginative powers Example: Type 6: Pictures & diagram serving as stimuli for writing

18. Type 6: Pictures & diagram... Anglo-French Concorde length:62.17m wing span:25.60 no. of passengers: 100-144 maximum cruising speed: 2333km/h Boeing 747 length: 70.51m Width of cabin: 6.1 m no. of passengers: 330-500 maximum cruising speed: 978 km/h 4 turbofan engines light deck Upstairs lounge (1 st class use only) light deck 4 turbofan engines Example: can be used as a basis for a fairly detailed comparison in a test

19. Describe the girl in this picture! Describe this house! Type 6: Pictures & diagram...

20. Type 6: Pictures & diagram... B Write the direction to reach from A to B based on the map A

21. Type 6: Pictures & diagram...  create a story with a series of pictures

22. Type 7: describe shapes and linear forms Example: (1) (2) (3) The pictures below are arranged from the oldest (1) to the most recent (3). Use them to comment on developments in a warrior’s clothes and equipment. Test students’ ability to describe shapes and linear forms Technique terms required for reference to each picture A searching test of their descriptive writing ability and suitable only for fairly advanced students helmet shield scabbard armour axe sword

24. Two markers may differ in respect of spread of marks, strictness and rank order . Spread Standard Order Rick Amanda Debbie Tina Dave A B 14 10 11 9 10 8 7 7 5 6 A C 14 9 11 6 10 5 7 2 5 1 A D 14 9 11 12 10 10 7 11 5 6

25. More examples of unreliability  Test/ Re-test reliability: - if a student were to take two composition examinations/ no guarantee that he or she would score similar marks.  Mark/ Re-mark reliability: - If the same composition is marked by the same examiner on two occasions/ a difference in marks awarded.

28. Table (b) Advanced level learners 18-20 Excellent Error free, substantial and varied material, resourceful and controlled in language and expression. 16-17 Very good Good realisation of task, ambitious and natural in style. 12-15 Good Sufficient assurance and freedom from basic error to maintain theme. 8-11 Pass Clear realisation of task, reasonable correct and natural. 5-7 Weak Near to pass level in general scope, but with either numerous errors or too elementary or translated in style. 0-4 Very poor Basic errors, narrowness of vocabulary

31. Note: Total = 14 The analytic method Note: -Mechanics: punctuation & spelling -Fluency: style & ease of communication -Relevance: content in relation to the task. 5 4 3 2 1 Grammar x Vocabulary x Mechanics x Fluency x Relevance x

33. c. Mechanical accuracy or error-count method. It consists of counting the errors made by each testee and deducting from the total scores. It is the most objective but It is the least valid and is not recommended to use.

34. Local errors Global errors Errors which cause only minor trouble and confusion in a particular clause or sentence without hindering the reader’s comprehension of the sentence. Errors which involve the overall structure of a sentence and result in misunderstanding or even failure to understand the message which is being conveyed. ERRORS VI. Treatment of written errors Presented by: Huyen Thi Thanh Chau

39. Punctuation Spelling VII. Objective tests: mechanics

41. Advise! There should maintain some degree of control over the task which the testees are expected to perform Egypt is hot said Chris look said Cindy there’s the Great Pyramid and there’s Uncle Al with three water bottles said Chris hi kids he said hi Uncle Al do you have our next clue asked Cindy yes I do he said here it is E X A M P L E  More comprehensible Not challenge the testees VII. Objective tests: mechanics

43. Type 2 EXAMPLE Put the correct punctuation mark in each box:  We are going to go on a treasure hunt,  said Aunt Angie   Yeah!  said Chris and Cindy  Aunt Angie has the first clue for the treasure hunt. Chris and Cindy read it   I think I know!  said Cindy  “ We are going to go on a treasure hunt,” said Aunt Angie. “ Yeah!” said Chris and Cindy. Aunt Angie has the first clue for the treasure hunt. Chris and Cindy read it. “ I think I know!” said Cindy. VII. Objective tests: mechanics

45. Spelling Type 1 : Dictation VII. Objective tests: mechanics

51. Type 4 : Error-recognition items The students are required to identify (according to its letter) the part of the sentence in which a word has been misspelt . Example: A B C 1. The dissatisfied woman / refused to admit / that there was D sufficent /coffee for everyone. A B 2. Don’t be decieved/ by the new procedure : / it hardly C D differs from/ the old corrupt system. VII. Objective tests: mechanics

53. VIII. Objective tests: style and register Presented by Ngoc Loan Mechanics Style Register Punctuation Spelling

59. Disadvantage IX. Controlled writing Presented by Thanh Xuan Controlled Writing Advantage Control students’ freedom of expression in their written work Increase the reliability of the scoring Cause some inhibition for certain students

60. Types Types of Controlled Writing 1. Using the notes, write a similar paragraph 2. Using the notes, write complete sentences 3. Rewrite the paragraph 4. Form a paragraph from the finished sentences. 5. Finish incomplete sentences or ideas in any appropriate way 6. Write a sentence to precede the given statement

61. Although – horses – animals, - useful – a lot. For example, - horses – people – cattle. Some horses – hunting – pull things. Type 1: Using the notes, write a similar paragraph Although dogs are only animals, they are very useful and help people a lot. For example, certain dogs help farmers to look after their sheep. Some dogs are useful for hunting and others help to secure people. Elementary level

62. Then/ she/ have / breakfast/her friends/ canteen. Example: Every morning/ she/ go / school/ 6 o’clock. Every morning, she goes to school at 6 o’clock. Elementary or intermediate level?

64. Each Olympic Games opens. An athlete appears. He holds a torch. It has been carrying from Mount Olympus in Greece. Before (-ing) which Leave the testees free to join the sentences in the way they consider appropriate. should not provide the testees with linkers Note!

66. It is very hot in a small room. There is only one fan in the room, but it is broken.  Demonstrate an awareness of the communicative nature of language in general and cohesive devices in particular. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Moreover, it’s impossible to open the windows.

67. Testing writing skill is as important as other skills in English language teaching. SUMMARY Controlled writing Setting the composition. Grading the composition. Treatment of written errors. Testing composition writing. Objective tests The ability to manipulate sentences and paragraphs, and use language effectively. The ability to write for a specific purpose with a specific audience in mind. The types of composition should be suitable with students’ level a good topic should be specific try to avoid unreliability style register. vary according to the students’ level of attainment. Increase the reliability of the scoring mechanics Punctuation and spelling