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Hypertensive Retinopathy
- 10. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Generalised narrowing of the retinal arterioles
- 11. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Focal narrowing of the retinal arterioles – Copper and Silver Wiring
- 14. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Gunn’s sign & right-angled crossing Bonnet’s sign
- 15. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Gunn’s sign, right-angled crossing & Bonnet’s sign Salus’ sign?
- 17. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Early malignant Dot and blot haemorrhages Hard and soft exudates Diffuse arteriolar narrowing Arterio-venous crossing defects
- 18. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Advanced malignant Macular star Pailloedema
- 19. Hypertensive Retinopathy - Classification <20% Malignant abnormalities encountered in Grades I through III, as well as swelling of the optic nerve head and macular star IV 25% Malignant abnormalities seen in Grades I and II, as well as retinal haemorrhages, hard exudation, and cotton-wool spots III 33% Non-malignant narrowing of the retinal arteries in conjunction with regions of focal narrowing and arterio-venous nipping II 50% Non-malignant minimal narrowing of the retinal arteries I A:V ratio Alternative description Description Grade
- 20. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 2
- 21. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 3
- 22. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 4