1. INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO
ADVANCES IN BUILDINGADVANCES IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

2. A.A. Several Technological advances occurred in theSeveral Technological advances occurred in the
late 19late 19thth
Century that combined to makeCentury that combined to make SkySky
Scraper DesignScraper Design and construction possible.and construction possible.
1.1. Ability to mass produce steel and high gradeAbility to mass produce steel and high grade
concrete.concrete.
2.2. Safe and efficient elevatorsSafe and efficient elevators
3.3. Development of improved techniques for analysingDevelopment of improved techniques for analysing
the structural loads and stresses.the structural loads and stresses.
However; Post 1990 , the scenario has begun toHowever; Post 1990 , the scenario has begun to
change. Building codes are being revised to caterchange. Building codes are being revised to cater
for high rise buildingfor high rise building

3. B.B. Construction Methods :Construction Methods :
1.1. The execution of high rise project is governed by the judicious use ofThe execution of high rise project is governed by the judicious use of
the various methods, which is turn dependent on the correct selectionthe various methods, which is turn dependent on the correct selection
of construction equipment.of construction equipment.
2.2. Commonly used equipment in high rise building construction site, areCommonly used equipment in high rise building construction site, are
1. Tower Cranes1. Tower Cranes
2. Hydraulic Placing boom and hoists.2. Hydraulic Placing boom and hoists.
3. Excavator3. Excavator
4. Wheel loader4. Wheel loader
5. Mobile Cranes5. Mobile Cranes
6. Piling rug6. Piling rug
3.3. Design co-ordinationDesign co-ordination
4.4. Constriction co-ordination .Constriction co-ordination .
5.5. Co ordination with local authorities.Co ordination with local authorities.
6.6. Monitoring and controlling.Monitoring and controlling.

4. C.C. Smart Buildings :Smart Buildings :
Sustainable, comfortable andSustainable, comfortable and
environmentally intelligent buildingenvironmentally intelligent building
that can have free form and usethat can have free form and use
innovative hybrid materials.innovative hybrid materials.
D.D. Strength of Dept. of BuildingStrength of Dept. of Building
Technology rests in its combinationTechnology rests in its combination
ofof creativity exploration, productcreativity exploration, product
development and integrative designdevelopment and integrative design
with technical and scientific depth.with technical and scientific depth.

5. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIESADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
RCC Frame,RCC Frame,
Cast in Situ WallsCast in Situ Walls
Pre-cast, Pre-Fab ConstructionPre-cast, Pre-Fab Construction

6. RCC Frame Structures :RCC Frame Structures :
 Generally buildings are constructed in two categories.Generally buildings are constructed in two categories.
 Framed Structure usually built with column and beamFramed Structure usually built with column and beam
and in filled brick walls.and in filled brick walls.
 Load bearing structure is usually built with 1 ½ brickLoad bearing structure is usually built with 1 ½ brick
thick both for external and internal walls.thick both for external and internal walls.
The Design of a structure presents two told problems :The Design of a structure presents two told problems :
 If has to be so constructed that it serves the needIf has to be so constructed that it serves the need
efficiently for which it was intended (Functional design)efficiently for which it was intended (Functional design)
 It has to be strong enough to resist the loads and forcesIt has to be strong enough to resist the loads and forces
to which it is subjected during its service (Structureto which it is subjected during its service (Structure
design)design)

7. The important aspects in the structural design areThe important aspects in the structural design are
1.1. To determine the loads / forces which the frame work will beTo determine the loads / forces which the frame work will be
required to support.required to support.
2.2. Selection of a suitable structural arrangement and materials ofSelection of a suitable structural arrangement and materials of
construction.construction.
3.3. Analyzing the internal stresses in the frame work.Analyzing the internal stresses in the frame work.
4.4. Proportioning the members of the frame work.Proportioning the members of the frame work.
General Design Consideration :General Design Consideration :
1.1. Aim Design :Aim Design :
To provide a safe and economic structure complying toTo provide a safe and economic structure complying to
the users requirement.the users requirement.
2.2. Method of Design :Method of Design :
Structure and structural elements shall normally beStructure and structural elements shall normally be
designed by limit state method.designed by limit state method.

8. Mix design with suitable materials, quality control,Mix design with suitable materials, quality control,
adequate detailing and good super vision are equallyadequate detailing and good super vision are equally
important.important.
3.3. Durability, Workmanship and Materials :Durability, Workmanship and Materials :
Quality of concrete, steel, other materials,Quality of concrete, steel, other materials,
workmanship, should be adequate for safety,workmanship, should be adequate for safety,
serviceability and durability.serviceability and durability.
Type of constructionType of construction
1.1. Load bearing (up to 1 or 2 floor)Load bearing (up to 1 or 2 floor)
2.2. Reinforced frame (RCC)Reinforced frame (RCC)
3.3. Composite construction For High rise structuresComposite construction For High rise structures
4.4. Steel framed constructionSteel framed construction
5.5. Concrete walls (shear walls) structures.Concrete walls (shear walls) structures.

14. Code of good practice for low rise simpleCode of good practice for low rise simple
load bearing masonry structures.load bearing masonry structures.
1.1. In order to counter horizontal acceleration ofIn order to counter horizontal acceleration of
earthquake ties have to be introduced at sill,earthquake ties have to be introduced at sill,
lintel and roof level.lintel and roof level.
2.2. Roofs of such masonry buildings shall be keptRoofs of such masonry buildings shall be kept
as light as possible.as light as possible.
3.3. Roofing of such buildings shall be designed andRoofing of such buildings shall be designed and
constructed as single diaphragmconstructed as single diaphragm
4.4. In Earthquake prone areas 50% of the wallsIn Earthquake prone areas 50% of the walls
shall be designed as shear walls minimizingshall be designed as shear walls minimizing
openings.openings.

15. Framed StructuresFramed Structures ::
1.1. In the case of framed structures the members of theIn the case of framed structures the members of the
structural system shall be designed so as to form astructural system shall be designed so as to form a
unitary moment resisting frame to counter earthquakeunitary moment resisting frame to counter earthquake
load and to suitably accommodate deflections.load and to suitably accommodate deflections.
2.2. In the case of stilt floor with free standing columns whichIn the case of stilt floor with free standing columns which
do not have any other structural members such as sheardo not have any other structural members such as shear
walls etc., they shall be designed according to loads andwalls etc., they shall be designed according to loads and
moments.moments.
The structural system should be simple and shallThe structural system should be simple and shall
have symmetry as far as possible with thehave symmetry as far as possible with the
followingfollowing ..
a)a) Design of corner members of the building to resist theDesign of corner members of the building to resist the
concentration of seismic forces.concentration of seismic forces.
b)b) The joints between various structural members shall beThe joints between various structural members shall be
suitably strengthened.suitably strengthened.
c)c) The structure shall offer balanced resistance. This shouldThe structure shall offer balanced resistance. This should
be achieved by keeping the center of resistance close tobe achieved by keeping the center of resistance close to
the center of mass of the building as far as possible.the center of mass of the building as far as possible.

16. d)d) In the case of unsymmetry where the centers do not coincide,In the case of unsymmetry where the centers do not coincide,
the members shall be suitably designed for the torsionthe members shall be suitably designed for the torsion
generated by earthquake forces.generated by earthquake forces.
e)e) In the case of certain class of buildings having higher safetyIn the case of certain class of buildings having higher safety
requirement suitable measures like the frames shall be suitablyrequirement suitable measures like the frames shall be suitably
braced on the periphery and shear wall shall be introduced.braced on the periphery and shear wall shall be introduced.
f)f) Symmetry of the structural system may be maintained as far asSymmetry of the structural system may be maintained as far as
possible even in the case of buildings where geometricpossible even in the case of buildings where geometric
symmetry is not there.symmetry is not there.
g)g) All non structural members like plumbing, false ceiling, airAll non structural members like plumbing, false ceiling, air
conditioning ducts etc of the building shall be suitably anchoredconditioning ducts etc of the building shall be suitably anchored
in the position so as to resist earthquake forces.in the position so as to resist earthquake forces.
h)h) Structural glazing / curtain wall shall be designed andStructural glazing / curtain wall shall be designed and
constructed on the façade of the building so as to accommodateconstructed on the façade of the building so as to accommodate
deflection in the structural members safely. Suitable glass likedeflection in the structural members safely. Suitable glass like
tempered glass laminated glass shall only be used in thetempered glass laminated glass shall only be used in the
panels.panels.
i)i) In the case of piped gas supply, the pipes shall be embeddedIn the case of piped gas supply, the pipes shall be embedded
and passed through walls with adequate sleeves to avoid anyand passed through walls with adequate sleeves to avoid any
ruptures.ruptures.
j)j) External cladding on the walls with heavy material like granite,External cladding on the walls with heavy material like granite,
marble etc shall be suitably anchored with pins etc and theirmarble etc shall be suitably anchored with pins etc and their
load shall be accommodated for.load shall be accommodated for.

17. Sub Soil Exploration and SamplingSub Soil Exploration and Sampling
Adequate knowledge of the sub soilAdequate knowledge of the sub soil
characteristics for safe and efficientcharacteristics for safe and efficient
design of foundation.design of foundation.
The basic aim of a sub soilThe basic aim of a sub soil
exploration is to obtain the strataexploration is to obtain the strata
grapy and physical properties of thegrapy and physical properties of the
soils underlying the site.soils underlying the site.
Location of ground water level.Location of ground water level.

18. Methods of Tests :Methods of Tests :
1.1. Open Test : Suitable for shallow depth.Open Test : Suitable for shallow depth.
2.2. BoringBoring : Suitable for deep exploration: Suitable for deep exploration
(like tube, Augur borings)(like tube, Augur borings)
3.3. Sub surface sounding.Sub surface sounding.
Geophysical Methods.Geophysical Methods.
1)1) The samples collected should represent the nature of subsoil.The samples collected should represent the nature of subsoil.
2)2) S.B.C. of soils shall be arrived based on shear parameters as perS.B.C. of soils shall be arrived based on shear parameters as per
the relevant IS Code – 6403 – 1981.the relevant IS Code – 6403 – 1981.
Also necessary to conduct standard penetration test (or) plateAlso necessary to conduct standard penetration test (or) plate
bearing test to assess the safe pressure with regard tobearing test to assess the safe pressure with regard to
settlement.settlement.
3)3) The settlement aspect is to be examined carefully in the case ofThe settlement aspect is to be examined carefully in the case of
clayey soils.clayey soils.

19. Foundations :Foundations :
Depth of foundation is to be decidedDepth of foundation is to be decided
based on the soil strata from the trialbased on the soil strata from the trial
pits / explorations conducted.pits / explorations conducted.
Foundation are normally placed below theFoundation are normally placed below the
ground surface.ground surface.
The purpose of providing a foundation isThe purpose of providing a foundation is
to distribute the load over a layer area atto distribute the load over a layer area at
a uniform rate so that the pressurea uniform rate so that the pressure
does not exceed the allowable bearingdoes not exceed the allowable bearing
capacity of soil below :capacity of soil below :

20. Objects of Foundations :Objects of Foundations :
Foundations are provided for the followingFoundations are provided for the following
purposespurposes..
i.i. To distribute the total load coming on theTo distribute the total load coming on the
structure on a large area so as to bring downstructure on a large area so as to bring down
the intensity of load at its base below the safethe intensity of load at its base below the safe
bearing capacity of the sub – soil.bearing capacity of the sub – soil.
ii.ii. To support the structure.To support the structure.
iii.iii. To give enough lateral stability to theTo give enough lateral stability to the
structures against wind, rain, earthquake, etc.structures against wind, rain, earthquake, etc.
iv.iv. To prepare a level and hard surface forTo prepare a level and hard surface for
concreting and masonry work.concreting and masonry work.

21. V.V. To transmit the superimposed loads through sideTo transmit the superimposed loads through side
friction and end bearing in case of deep foundationfriction and end bearing in case of deep foundation
ViVi To distribute the non-uniform load of theTo distribute the non-uniform load of the
superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.
ViiVii To provide structural safety against undermining orTo provide structural safety against undermining or
scouring due to animals, flood water etc.,scouring due to animals, flood water etc.,
ViiiViii To prevent or minimize cracks due to movement ofTo prevent or minimize cracks due to movement of
moisture in case of weak or poor soils.moisture in case of weak or poor soils.

22. Foundation :Foundation :
1.1. Engineers need to know the character andEngineers need to know the character and
magnitude of forces in order to design andmagnitude of forces in order to design and
contact structures.contact structures.
2.2. One has toOne has to study the system of soil below thestudy the system of soil below the
earth surface at various levels under groundearth surface at various levels under ground
depending upon the past experience.depending upon the past experience.
3.3. Repairs to foundations are expensive. StructuresRepairs to foundations are expensive. Structures
should be founded an stable soils.should be founded an stable soils.
4.4. CertainCertain soil deposits wherein wetting of the soilsoil deposits wherein wetting of the soil
beyond a stress level causes steep reduction inbeyond a stress level causes steep reduction in
stiffness resulting from disruption of soilstiffness resulting from disruption of soil
structure.structure.

23. 55 Subject to rate of loading,Subject to rate of loading, disruption in soildisruption in soil
structure takes place at a faster pacestructure takes place at a faster pace than thethan the
development of new structural bondsdevelopment of new structural bonds whichwhich
Leeds to vertical deformation at locations ofLeeds to vertical deformation at locations of
high stress due to disturbance of soilhigh stress due to disturbance of soil
structures.structures.
66 Problems associated with foundation in clayProblems associated with foundation in clay
soils are well known.soils are well known.
7.7. Swelling clays create large uplift forces on theSwelling clays create large uplift forces on the
peripheral walls during rainy season. A reverseperipheral walls during rainy season. A reverse
situation may arise at region of moderatesituation may arise at region of moderate
rainfall when the central region of a buildingrainfall when the central region of a building
founded on clay soil is prone to swelling duringfounded on clay soil is prone to swelling during
dry spellsdry spells..

24. 1.1. Differential settlement due toDifferential settlement due to
unconsolidated fill.unconsolidated fill.
2.2. Differential settlement due to uplift ofDifferential settlement due to uplift of
shrinkage soil, shrink and expand withshrinkage soil, shrink and expand with
changes in moisture content.changes in moisture content.
3.3. Vertical and diagonal cracker are noticedVertical and diagonal cracker are noticed
on external walls.on external walls.
8.8. The problem ofThe problem of dampness in buildings requires adampness in buildings requires a
systematic approach to determine the causes ofsystematic approach to determine the causes of
leakageleakage, the source from which the moisture is derived, the source from which the moisture is derived
and measured which are likely to prove effect ion.and measured which are likely to prove effect ion.

25. TYPES OF FOUNDATIONSTYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

34. Settlement of Structures :Settlement of Structures :
Principal causes of occurrence of cracks :Principal causes of occurrence of cracks :
 Moisture changesMoisture changes
 Thermal variationsThermal variations
 Elastic deformationElastic deformation
 CreepCreep
 Chemical reactionsChemical reactions
 Foundation movement and settlement of soilFoundation movement and settlement of soil
 VegetationVegetation

35. B.B. Principal causes of settlement :Principal causes of settlement :
To design the foundation to minimumTo design the foundation to minimum
settlement and as uniform as possible.settlement and as uniform as possible.
C.C. By Static LoadsBy Static Loads
1. Elastic deformation.1. Elastic deformation.
2. Plastic flow.2. Plastic flow.
3. Consolidation of saturated clay beds.3. Consolidation of saturated clay beds.

36. b)b) By Dynamic Loads :By Dynamic Loads :
Settlement from this cause can occur in all kindsSettlement from this cause can occur in all kinds
of soilsof soils
Settlements are due to action of stress wavesSettlements are due to action of stress waves
from inertia forces.from inertia forces.
c)c) By Lowering ground waterBy Lowering ground water..
1.1. In some cases, the settlements due to thisIn some cases, the settlements due to this
cause are brought about by changes in thecause are brought about by changes in the
stress conditions instress conditions in underlying soil.underlying soil.
2.2. In other cases the lowering of the ground waterIn other cases the lowering of the ground water
–table–table brings about settlement due to soilbrings about settlement due to soil
shrinkage.shrinkage.

37. Composite Construction :Composite Construction :
 A composite column consists of steel or cast Iron care withA composite column consists of steel or cast Iron care with
reinforcement placed around it and put together in concrete.reinforcement placed around it and put together in concrete.
 Maximum area of core must be limited to 20% of gross areaMaximum area of core must be limited to 20% of gross area
of the construction.of the construction.
 Minimum of 75 mm clearances between core and helicalMinimum of 75 mm clearances between core and helical
reinforcement (or) 50 mm clearance between core and tiesreinforcement (or) 50 mm clearance between core and ties
to be maintained.to be maintained.
 Composite columns are normally provided in case of longComposite columns are normally provided in case of long
loads and where the size restriction is severe.loads and where the size restriction is severe.
IS 456 has the recommendations :IS 456 has the recommendations :
The allowable axial load P on a Composite column consistingThe allowable axial load P on a Composite column consisting
of structural steel or a cast Iron column increase in concreteof structural steel or a cast Iron column increase in concrete
with both longitudinal and spiral reinforcementwith both longitudinal and spiral reinforcement..

38. Introduction :Introduction :
1.1. Over the last five years there has been a massive worldOver the last five years there has been a massive world
wide tall building construction boom.wide tall building construction boom.
2.2. Many innovations in design and construction and theMany innovations in design and construction and the
tallest building in the world has became 50% taller thantallest building in the world has became 50% taller than
previous record.previous record.
3.3. Man is a gregarious being It has always been a humanMan is a gregarious being It has always been a human
aspiration to create taller and taller structure.aspiration to create taller and taller structure.
Improvements in concrete mixes have made highImprovements in concrete mixes have made high
rise construction more attractiverise construction more attractive, pre-cast concrete, pre-cast concrete
member are also used.member are also used.
HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

39. 44 Several technological advances occurred in theSeveral technological advances occurred in the
late 19late 19thth
century that combined to make skycentury that combined to make sky
scraper design and construction possible.scraper design and construction possible.
5.5. Mainly ability to mass produce steel , the safeMainly ability to mass produce steel , the safe
and efficient elevators, development ofand efficient elevators, development of
improved techniques, for measuring andimproved techniques, for measuring and
analyzing structural loads and stress.analyzing structural loads and stress.
The following recommendations may be treatedThe following recommendations may be treated
as code of god practice as regards seismicas code of god practice as regards seismic
design of the structural system of the building.design of the structural system of the building.

40. Innovative Designs.Innovative Designs.
1.1. Post Tensioned Slab.Post Tensioned Slab.
a. In this case,a. In this case, the pre stressing steel isthe pre stressing steel is
stressed after the concrete is caststressed after the concrete is cast. In. In
practical buildings, constructions, postpractical buildings, constructions, post
tensioned slab systems are used.tensioned slab systems are used.
b.b. Post tensioned system can be eitherPost tensioned system can be either
bonded or un bonded. The choice of bondedbonded or un bonded. The choice of bonded
or un bonded post tensioning systemor un bonded post tensioning system
involves the technical characteristics andinvolves the technical characteristics and
differences inherent in each type of tendondifferences inherent in each type of tendon
and the economics related to thoseand the economics related to those
differences.differences. The important technicalThe important technical
considerations are strength andconsiderations are strength and
corrosion protectioncorrosion protection..

41. c.c. The main advantages of P.T. slabs overThe main advantages of P.T. slabs over
conventional R.C. in situ floors are due toconventional R.C. in situ floors are due to
increased clear spans thinner slabs, lighterincreased clear spans thinner slabs, lighter
structures, reduced cracking reduced storagestructures, reduced cracking reduced storage
height, rapid construction etc.height, rapid construction etc.

42. 22 Tall concrete ApartmentTall concrete Apartment
Buildings and composite officeBuildings and composite office
BuildingsBuildings..
a.a. Tall residential towers have given rise to theTall residential towers have given rise to the
need for new structural systems.need for new structural systems.
b.b. Many tall office towers around the world useMany tall office towers around the world use
composite steel/concrete system.composite steel/concrete system.
c.c. Structural SystemsStructural Systems..
The advantages of concrete of lower cost,The advantages of concrete of lower cost,
speed of construction, ease of finishing, firespeed of construction, ease of finishing, fire
proof characteristics and structural stiffness areproof characteristics and structural stiffness are
well known.well known.

43. d.d. Composite structural system.Composite structural system.
1.1. Using both steel and concrete for columns.Using both steel and concrete for columns.
2.2. Steel structure could be built at its normalSteel structure could be built at its normal
speed .speed .
3.3. Concrete encasement of the exterior columnConcrete encasement of the exterior column
provided structural rigidity and fire proofing.provided structural rigidity and fire proofing.
4.4. Composite structure was economicalComposite structure was economical
5.5. 75 storey; 300 meters tall chase plaza in75 storey; 300 meters tall chase plaza in
Houston (N.A.)Houston (N.A.)
6.6. Steel has the beneficial material property likeSteel has the beneficial material property like
durability, flexibility and high strength to weightdurability, flexibility and high strength to weight
ratio.ratio.
7.7. Steel is reusable, recyclable and consumes lessSteel is reusable, recyclable and consumes less
energy.energy.

44. High Rise Building Boom in INDIA.High Rise Building Boom in INDIA.
1.1. ““Wind Engineering” is emerging inWind Engineering” is emerging in
India ever since the need for tallerIndia ever since the need for taller
and slender buildings came intoand slender buildings came into
picture.picture.
2.2. Wind Loads on the structuralWind Loads on the structural
frames are required for the designframes are required for the design
of beams; columns lateral bracingof beams; columns lateral bracing
and foundations.and foundations.

45. Earth Quake :Earth Quake :
3.3. Earth Quake loads are another type of lateralEarth Quake loads are another type of lateral
load which is considered for design as well.load which is considered for design as well.
4.4. However, considering the rare chance of simulHowever, considering the rare chance of simul
tanuous occurrence of both earth quake andtanuous occurrence of both earth quake and
high wind, both won’t be combined together inhigh wind, both won’t be combined together in
any structural design.any structural design.
Conclusion :Conclusion :
Construction of high rise buildings involves aConstruction of high rise buildings involves a
number of disciplines besides civil Engg.number of disciplines besides civil Engg.
Structural engineering, Plumbing, fire protectionStructural engineering, Plumbing, fire protection
etc., close and continuous coordination betweenetc., close and continuous coordination between
all the concerned.all the concerned.

46. Advanced Construction TechniquesAdvanced Construction Techniques
in High rise structures.in High rise structures.
Seismic Design :Seismic Design :
1.1. Seismic design and their application inSeismic design and their application in
construction practice have contributed a positiveconstruction practice have contributed a positive
sense of confidence with which to face thesense of confidence with which to face the
problem.problem.
2.2. A structure is designed to resist the verticalA structure is designed to resist the vertical
acceleration 1g by virtue of its weight only.acceleration 1g by virtue of its weight only.

47. 3.3. As such most of the seismic designs take intoAs such most of the seismic designs take into
consideration only the Horizontal component ofconsideration only the Horizontal component of
ground acceleration due to an earth quake.ground acceleration due to an earth quake.
4.4. Codes use the lateral stress formula for arrivingCodes use the lateral stress formula for arriving
addl. Stresses, that are likely to disturbs theaddl. Stresses, that are likely to disturbs the
structure during a shock.structure during a shock.
5.5. Magnitude of lateral stresses would be aMagnitude of lateral stresses would be a
function of a number of factors.function of a number of factors.

48. a.a. The ground acceleration due to an expectedThe ground acceleration due to an expected
shock during the design life of the project.shock during the design life of the project.
b.b. The weight of the structure.The weight of the structure.
c.c. Type of construction.Type of construction.
6.6. During an Earth quake, when the groundDuring an Earth quake, when the ground
tends to move in one direction, the lateraltends to move in one direction, the lateral
force exerts a shearing effect on the buildingforce exerts a shearing effect on the building
above and hence referred asabove and hence referred as “base“base shear”shear”

49. Base Shear face = F = a/g WBase Shear face = F = a/g W
Where a = (ground acceleration)Where a = (ground acceleration)
Values (0.15&0.02)Values (0.15&0.02)
g = acceleration due tog = acceleration due to
gravitygravity
w = Weight of the structure.w = Weight of the structure.

50. General guidelines to minimize theGeneral guidelines to minimize the
risk of building.risk of building.
Foundation :Foundation :
1.1. Structures built on loose soil/weak rocksStructures built on loose soil/weak rocks
will have to withstand greater riskwill have to withstand greater risk
compared to founded on solid bed rock.compared to founded on solid bed rock.
This is due to that soil particles undergoThis is due to that soil particles undergo
a lot of compaction during seismic shocksa lot of compaction during seismic shocks
there by causing settlement.there by causing settlement.

51. 2.2. Foundation should be excavatedFoundation should be excavated
to same level as far as possible ofto same level as far as possible of
continuous type.continuous type.
3.3. Super structure should beSuper structure should be
thoroughly tied up with thethoroughly tied up with the
foundation by introducing keys/orfoundation by introducing keys/or
reinforcement to offer max.reinforcement to offer max.
resistance against sliding at thatresistance against sliding at that
level.level.

52. Roof :Roof :
1.1. Minimize the lateral shapes.Minimize the lateral shapes.
2.2. Projection beyond the roof level shouldProjection beyond the roof level should
be altogether avoided or kept minimum.be altogether avoided or kept minimum.
General :General :
1.1. All the parts of same building – theAll the parts of same building – the
foundation superstructure and the roof,foundation superstructure and the roof,
should be firmly find together so thatshould be firmly find together so that
entire structure act as a unit during aentire structure act as a unit during a
shock.shock.

53. 2.2. Uniform height should be given toUniform height should be given to
structure.structure.
3.3. Architectural fancies like parapets,Architectural fancies like parapets,
cantilevers, arches and domes etc.,cantilevers, arches and domes etc.,
should be avoided.should be avoided.
Behavior of concrete structures :Behavior of concrete structures :
1.1. Ability of the structure to sustain largeAbility of the structure to sustain large
deformation.deformation.
2.2. Rigid structure attracts higher loadsRigid structure attracts higher loads
than a flexible structure under seismicthan a flexible structure under seismic
condition.condition.
3.3. Concrete being brittle is in capable ofConcrete being brittle is in capable of
sustaining large deformation withoutsustaining large deformation without
correctly detailed steel reinforcementscorrectly detailed steel reinforcements

54. 4. Basic principle of earth quake resistant4. Basic principle of earth quake resistant
design in to ensure ductility (ability todesign in to ensure ductility (ability to
deform without rupture) of structure todeform without rupture) of structure to
absorb large deformation withoutabsorb large deformation without
damage.damage.
5.5. Ductility of concrete structures can beDuctility of concrete structures can be
ensured by proper detailing theensured by proper detailing the
reinforcement as per the relevant cods,reinforcement as per the relevant cods,
IS 4326 – 1993 and 13920.IS 4326 – 1993 and 13920.
6.6. Structure should be constructed to theStructure should be constructed to the
standard specification.standard specification.
7.7. Trained persons to be preferred forTrained persons to be preferred for
construction.construction.

55. Strong column and weak beamStrong column and weak beam
conceptsconcepts
When a structure a subjected toWhen a structure a subjected to
Lateral roads as in case of wind orLateral roads as in case of wind or
earth quake forces its behavior isearth quake forces its behavior is
governed not only by strength ofgoverned not only by strength of
beam & column, but also by capacitybeam & column, but also by capacity
of beam column joints to sustainof beam column joints to sustain
large lateral deformation.large lateral deformation.

56. Foundation :Foundation :
1.1. Shallow footings weaken their seismicShallow footings weaken their seismic
resistance.resistance.
2.2. Un even settlement of footings due to groundUn even settlement of footings due to ground
movement, especially at shallow depth, maymovement, especially at shallow depth, may
lead to premature structural failure.lead to premature structural failure.
3.3. Multi storages – structure with cellars (UnderMulti storages – structure with cellars (Under
Ground) may survive Earth quake better thanGround) may survive Earth quake better than
those on shallow isolated footings.those on shallow isolated footings.
4.4. Best way of building earth quake resistantBest way of building earth quake resistant
structure is proper supervising at every stage ofstructure is proper supervising at every stage of
planning, design and construction.planning, design and construction.

57. 1.1. Foundation (Isolated footing, Rafts)Foundation (Isolated footing, Rafts)
2.2. Detailing (Beam column Joints, StressDetailing (Beam column Joints, Stress
Reversal, ductility)Reversal, ductility)
3.3. Planning (Floating and staggeredPlanning (Floating and staggered
column, location of lift walls & Cellar)column, location of lift walls & Cellar)
4.4. Restrictions on structural Heights.Restrictions on structural Heights.
5. Spaces around structures to avoid5. Spaces around structures to avoid
sequential collapses.sequential collapses.
6.6. Building MaterialsBuilding Materials
Certain Aspects to be appraised forCertain Aspects to be appraised for
construction practicesconstruction practices..

58. 7. Stilt floors7. Stilt floors
8. Water Tanks on roof top.8. Water Tanks on roof top.
9. Masonry structures (Load bearing9. Masonry structures (Load bearing
walls / infield)walls / infield)
Structural System under lateralStructural System under lateral
Loads for high rise structures.Loads for high rise structures.
1.1. Lateral LoadsLateral Loads
1. Wind Loads1. Wind Loads
2. Earth Quake Loading.2. Earth Quake Loading.

59. 2.2. Serviceability :Serviceability :
1.1. Lateral deflection of structure is lateral drift.Lateral deflection of structure is lateral drift.
Which is the relative magnitude of lateralWhich is the relative magnitude of lateral
displacement at the top of building with respectdisplacement at the top of building with respect
to the height.to the height.
2.2. Relative Vertical defection :Relative Vertical defection :
In tall buildings relative vertical movementIn tall buildings relative vertical movement
between exterior and interior columns orbetween exterior and interior columns or
between column and shear or core walls whichbetween column and shear or core walls which
may occur due tomay occur due to
a.a. Thermal expansion/contraction of exteriorThermal expansion/contraction of exterior
columnscolumns

60. b.b. Different axial load stresses inDifferent axial load stresses in
column and shear cores leading tocolumn and shear cores leading to
creep deformation of members.creep deformation of members.
c. Differential settlement of foundationc. Differential settlement of foundation
for shear core and adjacent column.for shear core and adjacent column.
Structural SystemsStructural Systems
1.1. Frame Buildings.Frame Buildings.
2.2. Shear Wall buildingsShear Wall buildings
3.3. Staggered wall – Beam SystemStaggered wall – Beam System

61. 4. Shear wall acting with frames.4. Shear wall acting with frames.
5. Single framed tube.5. Single framed tube.
6. Tube – in – tube.6. Tube – in – tube.
FrameFrame
In a framed type structure the lateralIn a framed type structure the lateral
displacements (Drift) may be true parts.displacements (Drift) may be true parts.
1.1. Due to Bending in the column andDue to Bending in the column and
beams.beams.
2.2. Due to axial deformation of columns.Due to axial deformation of columns.

62. Shear WallsShear Walls
 Shear walls are plane elements made up ofShear walls are plane elements made up of
reinforced concrete thin walls having lengthreinforced concrete thin walls having length
and thickness providing lateral stiffness.and thickness providing lateral stiffness.
 Concrete shear walls may be cast in situ orConcrete shear walls may be cast in situ or
pre-cast.pre-cast.
 pre-cast panel walls are also used within apre-cast panel walls are also used within a
concrete or steel frame to provide lateralconcrete or steel frame to provide lateral
resistances.resistances.
 The ductile shear walls used in Earth quakeThe ductile shear walls used in Earth quake
resistant design have to be detailed carefully.resistant design have to be detailed carefully.
 Coupling beams should have diagonalCoupling beams should have diagonal
reinforcement to develop shear resistance.reinforcement to develop shear resistance.

63.  To design shear walls for the lateral loadTo design shear walls for the lateral load
resistance and also satisfy the ductilityresistance and also satisfy the ductility
demand during cyclic loading.demand during cyclic loading.

64. Since the BendingSince the Bending
moments are not large themoments are not large the
steel may be evenlysteel may be evenly
distributed across thedistributed across the
length with marginallength with marginal
increase near the edges,increase near the edges,
to such walls the steelto such walls the steel
requirement for flexurerequirement for flexure
may be satisfied bymay be satisfied by
providing the minimumproviding the minimum
steel moreover, in suchsteel moreover, in such
walls the elasticwalls the elastic
deformation can be madedeformation can be made
to absorb major portion ofto absorb major portion of
seismic energy.seismic energy.
Behavior of Low Rise Shear WallBehavior of Low Rise Shear Wall..

65. Shear Walls with OpeningsShear Walls with Openings
Windows, doors and service ducts require openings to be provided in shear walls. Irrational shear wallsWindows, doors and service ducts require openings to be provided in shear walls. Irrational shear walls
warrant finite element studies for evaluating internal forces. An example of irrational shear wall is shownwarrant finite element studies for evaluating internal forces. An example of irrational shear wall is shown
in Fig (a).in Fig (a). The staggered arrangement of openings may seriously limit the shear transferThe staggered arrangement of openings may seriously limit the shear transfer
between the openings Fig (b) shows a shear wall supported on sloping legs.between the openings Fig (b) shows a shear wall supported on sloping legs. Such irregularitySuch irregularity
may lead to deflection opposite to the direction of motion. Such structures -------- disaster.may lead to deflection opposite to the direction of motion. Such structures -------- disaster.

66. Coupled Shear WallsCoupled Shear Walls
Many shear walls contain one or more rows of openings.Many shear walls contain one or more rows of openings.
Examples are shear cores, lift wells, stair wells etc. TheExamples are shear cores, lift wells, stair wells etc. The
walls are connected by beams which are short and deep.walls are connected by beams which are short and deep.
AnAn realized shear wall structure and its deformationsrealized shear wall structure and its deformations
due to lateral loading is shown.due to lateral loading is shown.

67. The overturning moment Mo, is resisted byThe overturning moment Mo, is resisted by
a)a) a moment induced in wall1a moment induced in wall1
b)b) A moment induced in wall 2 andA moment induced in wall 2 and
c)c) Equal and opposite axial forces T generated in both wallsEqual and opposite axial forces T generated in both walls
(One in compression and the other in tension).(One in compression and the other in tension).
The corresponding equilibrium equation isThe corresponding equilibrium equation is

68. Over view of Foundation for TALL BuildingsOver view of Foundation for TALL Buildings..
 A structural Engineer has a variety of choices for theA structural Engineer has a variety of choices for the
material to build on top;material to build on top;
 The geotechnical engineer has to deal with the materialThe geotechnical engineer has to deal with the material
that lies below the structure.that lies below the structure.
 GenerallyGenerally structures built on soft ground soil sufferedstructures built on soft ground soil suffered
damage many times more than similar structures ondamage many times more than similar structures on
hard rocky foundation. Structures standing onhard rocky foundation. Structures standing on
alluvial soil received greater shaking due to loweralluvial soil received greater shaking due to lower
elastic modulus of soil than rock. Also structureselastic modulus of soil than rock. Also structures
standing on soft soil has dynamic interaction withstanding on soft soil has dynamic interaction with
soilsoil..
 It is a fact that short buildings on rock, tall buildings onIt is a fact that short buildings on rock, tall buildings on
deep alluvial soil may exhibit a very large amplification ofdeep alluvial soil may exhibit a very large amplification of
the ground motion in the structure causing it’s damage orthe ground motion in the structure causing it’s damage or
even collapse.even collapse.

70. Types of Foundation.Types of Foundation.
 Choice for the type of foundation to be adopted depends onChoice for the type of foundation to be adopted depends on
both the structure and the ground.both the structure and the ground.
 Choice of Foundation TypeChoice of Foundation Type

71. TYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATIONSTYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS

72. Raft verses pile raftRaft verses pile raft
 Provision of deep foundation is no guaranty for tallProvision of deep foundation is no guaranty for tall
structures founded in seismic areas.structures founded in seismic areas.
 The soil beneath may get liquefied resulting in lateralThe soil beneath may get liquefied resulting in lateral
instability by shearing of the piles in the liquefied zone orinstability by shearing of the piles in the liquefied zone or
by overhearing at the pile cap structure interface.by overhearing at the pile cap structure interface.

73. Pre-Cast ConstructionPre-Cast Construction
 Wide spread utilization of new materials, constructionWide spread utilization of new materials, construction
methods and equipment.methods and equipment.
 Flat slab / Hallow concrete core slab construction enhancedFlat slab / Hallow concrete core slab construction enhanced
the speed and economy.the speed and economy.
 Modern elevators with latest facility.Modern elevators with latest facility.
 Panel to panel connection of framing members shall bePanel to panel connection of framing members shall be
ensured so as to enable the structure to resist earthquakeensured so as to enable the structure to resist earthquake
load as a single unit.load as a single unit.
 Suitable jointing procedure and workmanship shall beSuitable jointing procedure and workmanship shall be
adopted between various interlocking prefab panels toadopted between various interlocking prefab panels to
avoid weak connections.avoid weak connections.
 Suitable anchoring systems like dowel bars, hooks etc shallSuitable anchoring systems like dowel bars, hooks etc shall
be used to prevent dislocation of panels under the action ofbe used to prevent dislocation of panels under the action of
seismic loads in the quake prone areas.seismic loads in the quake prone areas.

74.  Isolation of the structure from its foundation may beIsolation of the structure from its foundation may be
achieved by using suitable rubber bearings so as to cutachieved by using suitable rubber bearings so as to cut
transmission of seismic forces to the structure from thetransmission of seismic forces to the structure from the
ground. This method shall be employed for buildings of 3 toground. This method shall be employed for buildings of 3 to
15 storeyes to dampen earthquake loads. In such systems15 storeyes to dampen earthquake loads. In such systems
the frames shall be suitable braced.the frames shall be suitable braced.

75. Structural SystemsStructural Systems
 Steel is now giving way to composite steel – concrete megaSteel is now giving way to composite steel – concrete mega
column.column.
 The mass and the rigidity of concrete provides twice theThe mass and the rigidity of concrete provides twice the
dampening effects compared to steel, reducing forces duedampening effects compared to steel, reducing forces due
to wind and the cost of construction.to wind and the cost of construction.
 Improvement in concrete mixes have made high riseImprovement in concrete mixes have made high rise
construction more attractive.construction more attractive.
 Self compacting concrete is increasingly used.Self compacting concrete is increasingly used.
 Structural concrete has better resistances to fire.Structural concrete has better resistances to fire.
 Flat Slab construction reduces the distance between floors,Flat Slab construction reduces the distance between floors,
increase the number of floors for a particular height.increase the number of floors for a particular height.
 Modern forming system greatly increase constructionModern forming system greatly increase construction
productivity.productivity.
 Advances in concrete pumping, self climbing placer boomsAdvances in concrete pumping, self climbing placer booms
help in fast delivery of concrete.help in fast delivery of concrete.

76. Pre-cast concretePre-cast concrete
 The use of pre-cast concrete results in significant costThe use of pre-cast concrete results in significant cost
savings along with speed of construction, durability,savings along with speed of construction, durability,
versatility and ease of maintenance.versatility and ease of maintenance.
Comparative Costs – In situ and Pre-castComparative Costs – In situ and Pre-cast

77. Pre-cast hollow core slabsPre-cast hollow core slabs
 Reinforced / Prestressed Hallow core slabs are the mostReinforced / Prestressed Hallow core slabs are the most
widely use pre-cast flooring in the develop world.widely use pre-cast flooring in the develop world.
 Manufactured in a factory by long line slip-forming.Manufactured in a factory by long line slip-forming.
 The depth of hollow core slabs range between 150 mm toThe depth of hollow core slabs range between 150 mm to
500mm, used for spans ranging from 3mm to 20 meters.500mm, used for spans ranging from 3mm to 20 meters.

78.  They are primarily used as a floor or roof deck systems,They are primarily used as a floor or roof deck systems,
economical and efficient.economical and efficient.
 The top surface can be prepared for the required floorThe top surface can be prepared for the required floor
finish.finish.
 The under side can be used as a finished ceiling asThe under side can be used as a finished ceiling as
installed, by painting or by applying acousticalinstalled, by painting or by applying acoustical
spray.spray.
 For a given loading and fire endurance rating, span lengthFor a given loading and fire endurance rating, span length
and slab thickness may be optimized.and slab thickness may be optimized.
 Span-depth ratio of 45 is common for floor & 4 roofs.Span-depth ratio of 45 is common for floor & 4 roofs.
 Hollow cores are also used as air heating ducts or for airHollow cores are also used as air heating ducts or for air
conditioning system.conditioning system.
 Hollow core slabs have been used in the advancedHollow core slabs have been used in the advanced
countries.countries.
 Hollow core units have been used in only one project inHollow core units have been used in only one project in
India – IT Park building at Bangalore. Where the units areIndia – IT Park building at Bangalore. Where the units are
prefabricated at the siteprefabricated at the site

79.  The weight of the Hollow core slabs is reduced as comparedThe weight of the Hollow core slabs is reduced as compared
to solid slabs, reducing size of columns and foundation,to solid slabs, reducing size of columns and foundation,
making more economical.making more economical.

80. Double Tee Sections :Double Tee Sections :

81.  Pre-cast double tee Sections are used for simply supportedPre-cast double tee Sections are used for simply supported
spans up to 25mtrs as floor / roof element.spans up to 25mtrs as floor / roof element.
 The slabs consisting of this section are manufactured inThe slabs consisting of this section are manufactured in
steel moulds with high degree of dimensional stability andsteel moulds with high degree of dimensional stability and
surface finish.surface finish.
 Double tees are also used as wall panels.Double tees are also used as wall panels.
 These are extensively used in the U.S for parking garages.These are extensively used in the U.S for parking garages.
 Pre-cast concrete panel 50mm thick with integratedPre-cast concrete panel 50mm thick with integrated
structural reinforcement and special lattice girdersstructural reinforcement and special lattice girders
are used as permanent formwork. Double pre-cast concreteare used as permanent formwork. Double pre-cast concrete
panels for walls.panels for walls.
 After erection of Pre cast plank , slab top reinforcement isAfter erection of Pre cast plank , slab top reinforcement is
placed and concreted in situ. Plank and the in situ concreteplaced and concreted in situ. Plank and the in situ concrete
jointly act as monolithic slab.jointly act as monolithic slab.

82. Pre-cast stair cases :Pre-cast stair cases :
 Pre-cast stair cases are viable for high rise buildings.Pre-cast stair cases are viable for high rise buildings.
 Fixing may be in corporate but may also be drilled andFixing may be in corporate but may also be drilled and
fixed on site.fixed on site.
 Typically, the two halves of the concrete stair are jointedTypically, the two halves of the concrete stair are jointed
with a proprietary high strength mortar material in corporawith a proprietary high strength mortar material in corpora
ting a large percentage of steel fibers .ting a large percentage of steel fibers .
 The monolith unit formed with the in-situ joint has no interThe monolith unit formed with the in-situ joint has no inter
mediate support between floor levels, results in verymediate support between floor levels, results in very
elegant method of constructions.elegant method of constructions.

83. Pre-CastPre-Cast
1.1. Construction with pre-cast Joists and filler blocks shouldConstruction with pre-cast Joists and filler blocks should
confirm to IS 6061 Part I and II.confirm to IS 6061 Part I and II.
2.2. Cast is situ construction as per IS 456 – 1978 inCast is situ construction as per IS 456 – 1978 in
composite construction with steel Joists, R.C. slabs andcomposite construction with steel Joists, R.C. slabs and
shear connectors.shear connectors.
3.3. Ribbed slabs spanning in two directions at right anglerRibbed slabs spanning in two directions at right angler
may also be treated as solid slabs provided that spacingmay also be treated as solid slabs provided that spacing
of Ribs is not more than 12 times Flange thickness.of Ribs is not more than 12 times Flange thickness.
4.4. Size and Position of Ribs.Size and Position of Ribs.
In situ ribs should not be less than 6.5cm wide. SpacingIn situ ribs should not be less than 6.5cm wide. Spacing
at centre not greater than 1.5 meters apart, depthat centre not greater than 1.5 meters apart, depth
excluding topping should not be more than four timesexcluding topping should not be more than four times
their width.their width.
5.5. Hollow Blocks :Hollow Blocks :
Can be of any suitable material as per IS code 3951-Can be of any suitable material as per IS code 3951-
1975.1975.

85. High Performance Concrete (HPC)High Performance Concrete (HPC)
Strength of concrete 40 MP a to 85 MP aStrength of concrete 40 MP a to 85 MP a
Advantages :Advantages :
 Long term economy, durability and service life.Long term economy, durability and service life.
 Low maintenance and repair cost.Low maintenance and repair cost.
 Small cross section, reduction in number, size of element.Small cross section, reduction in number, size of element.
 Reduced formwork area, cost.Reduced formwork area, cost.
 Reduced cover to reinforcement.Reduced cover to reinforcement.
 Slender members, ease in construction and transport.Slender members, ease in construction and transport.
 HPC is denser than that of a standard concrete thusHPC is denser than that of a standard concrete thus
increasing the corrosion resistance and durability.increasing the corrosion resistance and durability.

86. Mix Proportioning for HPC :Mix Proportioning for HPC :
 Optimum cement and admixture quantitiesOptimum cement and admixture quantities
involving more trial batches.involving more trial batches.
 Admixture cement compatibility to beAdmixture cement compatibility to be
scrutinized for high strength and durability.scrutinized for high strength and durability.
 Water cement Ratio is usually limited to 0.35.Water cement Ratio is usually limited to 0.35.
 Cement quantity ranging 300 to 400 kg / cumCement quantity ranging 300 to 400 kg / cum
 HPC must be cured as soon as possible onHPC must be cured as soon as possible on
initial setting of concrete.initial setting of concrete.

87. Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)
1.1. Self Compacting concrete is a mix that can beSelf Compacting concrete is a mix that can be
compacted into every corner of a formwork,compacted into every corner of a formwork,
purely by means of its own weight and withoutpurely by means of its own weight and without
vibration.vibration.
2.2. SCC is produced from normal concretingSCC is produced from normal concreting
materials and complies with the strength gradesmaterials and complies with the strength grades
in the Code.in the Code.
3.3. The mix may incorporate steel and/orThe mix may incorporate steel and/or
polypropylene fibers.polypropylene fibers.
4.4. Coarse aggregate may be up to 40 mm. SandCoarse aggregate may be up to 40 mm. Sand
can be finer than normal as the material lesscan be finer than normal as the material less
than 150 microns may help increase cohesion,than 150 microns may help increase cohesion,
thereby resisting segregation.thereby resisting segregation.

88. 5. Cement and fillers (GGBS of Fly ash) are required5. Cement and fillers (GGBS of Fly ash) are required
for cohesion and stability in larger proportionsfor cohesion and stability in larger proportions..
6.6. Super plasticizers are essential to ensure flowSuper plasticizers are essential to ensure flow
characteristics and workability retention.characteristics and workability retention.
7.7. Properties of SCC (flowability, workability etc)Properties of SCC (flowability, workability etc)
are determined by special test methods.are determined by special test methods.
8.8. SCC can be effectively used in heavilySCC can be effectively used in heavily
reinforced elements, underwater structures etc.reinforced elements, underwater structures etc.
9.9. SCC is now being used in many high riseSCC is now being used in many high rise
buildings particularly for the components withbuildings particularly for the components with
high density reinforcement such as rafthigh density reinforcement such as raft
foundations columns etc.,foundations columns etc.,

90. PRE FAB STRUCTURESPRE FAB STRUCTURES
Introduction :Introduction :
Prefabricated construction being a new technique some ofPrefabricated construction being a new technique some of
the essential requirement of prefabricated components andthe essential requirement of prefabricated components and
elements are discussed.elements are discussed.
Since the aim of prefabrication is to effect economySince the aim of prefabrication is to effect economy
improvement in quality and speed in construction, theimprovement in quality and speed in construction, the
selection of proper materials for prefabrication is anselection of proper materials for prefabrication is an
important factor.important factor.
Prefab structures like Project House, Farm Tanks, Resorts,Prefab structures like Project House, Farm Tanks, Resorts,
School Buildings, Store Shed, Industrial Shed, WareSchool Buildings, Store Shed, Industrial Shed, Ware
Houses, and many more are under construction usingHouses, and many more are under construction using
prefab system.prefab system.

91.  Prefab shelters are constructed in track and panel systemPrefab shelters are constructed in track and panel system
with advantages of simplicity in construction.with advantages of simplicity in construction.
 Requires very light foundation.Requires very light foundation.
 Durable, comfortable and affordable.Durable, comfortable and affordable.
 Light weight, High strength, Earth quake safe.Light weight, High strength, Earth quake safe.
 Easy to transport; easy to eruct.Easy to transport; easy to eruct.
 Can be dismantled and reassembled at any other location.Can be dismantled and reassembled at any other location.
 Basic Materials used for the wall panels and roof are 10,Basic Materials used for the wall panels and roof are 10,
12, and 16 mm panel (Cement Bonded partial board)12, and 16 mm panel (Cement Bonded partial board)
 The particle boards are weather fire and termite resistant.The particle boards are weather fire and termite resistant.
 Best suited for exterior application due to their strengthBest suited for exterior application due to their strength
and durability.and durability.
 Assembly of panel walls and the roofs are done with coldAssembly of panel walls and the roofs are done with cold
roll formed anticorrosive G.I. profiles specially designed toroll formed anticorrosive G.I. profiles specially designed to
give adequate strength to the structures.give adequate strength to the structures.

92. Design Criteria :Design Criteria :
 Structure with wind condition of 55m/sec, seismic zone VStructure with wind condition of 55m/sec, seismic zone V
and temperature 0 to 50and temperature 0 to 5000
C.C.
 Material of double skin insulated wall panels and single skinMaterial of double skin insulated wall panels and single skin
insulated false ceiling.insulated false ceiling.
 Corrugated GI sheets have a minimum galvanizing loadingCorrugated GI sheets have a minimum galvanizing loading
of 220gsmof 220gsm
 All other GI profiles shall have minimum galvanizing of 120All other GI profiles shall have minimum galvanizing of 120
gsm conforming. IS 277 – 2003.gsm conforming. IS 277 – 2003.
 Wall shall be made in sandwich panel system using 2 nos.Wall shall be made in sandwich panel system using 2 nos.
10 mm thick cement Flat sheets / boards (As-best-as free)10 mm thick cement Flat sheets / boards (As-best-as free)
conforming to IS 14276 – 1995 & 14862.conforming to IS 14276 – 1995 & 14862.
 RoofRoof shall be with galvanized corrugated sheet of 0.63mmshall be with galvanized corrugated sheet of 0.63mm
thick conforming to IS 277 – 2003, having minimumthick conforming to IS 277 – 2003, having minimum
220gsm galvanizing laid over a frame work of trusses,220gsm galvanizing laid over a frame work of trusses,
columns, and purlins (rectangular Hallow steel section)columns, and purlins (rectangular Hallow steel section)
fixed using suitable fasteners like J hooks.fixed using suitable fasteners like J hooks.

93. 1.1. Trusses made of Rectangular Hollow section 66 x 33 xTrusses made of Rectangular Hollow section 66 x 33 x
2.9 mm2.9 mm
2.2. Trusses supported on column – using section 96 x 48 xTrusses supported on column – using section 96 x 48 x
3.2 mm conforming to IS 4923 – 1977.3.2 mm conforming to IS 4923 – 1977.
3.3. Purlins made of sections – 66 x 33 x 2.9 mmPurlins made of sections – 66 x 33 x 2.9 mm
Doors :Doors :
a.a. Frame shall be made from pressed steel fore sided frameFrame shall be made from pressed steel fore sided frame
using CR steel of size 75 x 45 x 1.5 mm thick conformingusing CR steel of size 75 x 45 x 1.5 mm thick conforming
to IS 513 – 1994.to IS 513 – 1994.
b.b. Shutter made out of 32 mm thick flush door as for ISShutter made out of 32 mm thick flush door as for IS
2202 – 1999 and steel rectangular hallow box profile of2202 – 1999 and steel rectangular hallow box profile of
1.25 mm thick as per IS1.25 mm thick as per IS
Windows and VentilatorsWindows and Ventilators
Shall be made from pressed steel using CR Steel of 1.5Shall be made from pressed steel using CR Steel of 1.5
mm thickness of size 75 x 45 mm profile conforming tomm thickness of size 75 x 45 mm profile conforming to
IS 513 – 1004.IS 513 – 1004.

104. Partial Prefab & Cast in situPartial Prefab & Cast in situ
R.C Walls StructuresR.C Walls Structures
 Where RC Walls are intended to carry verticalWhere RC Walls are intended to carry vertical
loads, they should be generally designed inloads, they should be generally designed in
accordance with columns.accordance with columns.
 The minimum thickness of wall should not be lessThe minimum thickness of wall should not be less
than 100mm.than 100mm.
 The load carrying capacity of the walls should beThe load carrying capacity of the walls should be
calculated as for columns.calculated as for columns.
 When the effective height of wall exceeds 12When the effective height of wall exceeds 12
times wall thickness slenderness effects should betimes wall thickness slenderness effects should be
considered as in columns.considered as in columns.
 The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement toThe minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to
gross concrete area should be 0.0012 for Hysdgross concrete area should be 0.0012 for Hysd
barsbars

105.  Spacing should be three times walls thicknessSpacing should be three times walls thickness
nor 450 mm for both vertical and horizontal.nor 450 mm for both vertical and horizontal.
 Minimum ratio of Horizontal reinforcement toMinimum ratio of Horizontal reinforcement to
gross concreted area should be 0.0020 for Hysdgross concreted area should be 0.0020 for Hysd
bass. Buildings shall be designed and constructedbass. Buildings shall be designed and constructed
to resist the effects of design lateral forces.to resist the effects of design lateral forces.
 The design lateral force shall be disturbed to theThe design lateral force shall be disturbed to the
various floor levels.various floor levels.
 The design base shear VB as computed shall beThe design base shear VB as computed shall be
distributed along the height of the buildingdistributed along the height of the building

108. SCS SYSTEMSCS SYSTEM
The Evolution of Building Technology
Unique pre-engineered custom-made lost-in-place
formwork system consisting of Modular Wall Formwork
Panels.
Components of SCS System
Fiber Cement Board
Light Gauge Galvanized Steel Studs
Reinforced Concrete
Expanded Polystyrene

109. Target market segments – advantages for specific applications
Apartments
Villas
Hotels
Commercial Buildings
Malls
High rise building
APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

110. USP
What are our USP’s…..?
PROVEN SYSTEM :
Tried and tested, established in several countries
SPEED : Walls erected in at least 1/3 rd less the time compared
to conventional construction
QUALITY : Plumb, line and level, proper edges, no cracks or
defects
DURABILITY : Earthquake resistant
NO BRICKWORK : No worry about brickwork quality, soaking in
water, mortar, shortage of good masons
NO PLASTERING : No messy mixing at site, workmanship
issues, curing, repairing cracks
TECHNICAL SUPPORT : Full back-up engineering and
structural design support

111. A proven system – Tried & Tested in several countries

112. PRECAST SLABS

113. Faster construction with pre-fab wall panels

114. Elevation features incorporated during panel manufacturing

115. SCS – From Villas to Commercial Buildings, Apartments and High Rises

116. SCS MODULAR Systems – Cost Effective, Relocatable, Flat-Pack System

117. Manufacturing Facility in IndiaManufacturing Facility in India

118. Advantages & Benefits:Advantages & Benefits:
1.1. Speedier “DesignSpeedier “Design 
Execution” phase inExecution” phase in
project executionproject execution
2.2. Elimination of tedious,Elimination of tedious,
time-consumingtime-consuming
manpower intensivemanpower intensive
processesprocesses
3.3. High quality JamesHigh quality James
Hardie fibre cementHardie fibre cement
boards guarantee longboards guarantee long
life of the structurelife of the structure
A.A. Faster return on capitalFaster return on capital
investedinvested
B.B. Lower dependency onLower dependency on
unorganized labor &unorganized labor &
increased reliability onincreased reliability on
completion schedulescompletion schedules
C.C. Reduced maintenance /Reduced maintenance /
repairsrepairs

119. Advantages & Benefits:Advantages & Benefits:
4.4. Inlaid plumbing &Inlaid plumbing &
electrical lines, superiorelectrical lines, superior
quality finish surfacequality finish surface
eliminates plasteringeliminates plastering
5.5. Bill of quantities definedBill of quantities defined
before start of workbefore start of work
6.6. Thinner walls but asThinner walls but as
strong as those madestrong as those made
from conventionalfrom conventional
methodsmethods
D.D. Faster availability ofFaster availability of
super structure forsuper structure for
finishing & other valuefinishing & other value
addition worksaddition works
E.E. Better predictability ofBetter predictability of
costs & hence bettercosts & hence better
controlcontrol
F.F. Increased floor areaIncreased floor area