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Globalization and
Tourism
Lecture 2: A History of Tourism (1350 BCE to 1899)
CCGL9021

Guide:
Premodern Tourism
Modern Trade
Modern Tourism

What is Tourism?
“…taking a trip to a main destination outside [one’s]
environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose
(business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than
to be employed by a resident entity in the country or
place visited”
United Nations Economic and Social Affairs

~4,000 Years in 100 Minutes
Premodern Tourism
Modern Trade
Modern Tourism

Origins
Who Traveled?
Preconditions
Road Infrastructure
Roads of Note
Premodern Tourism

First peaceful tour* from Ancient Egypt to
Punt, by Queen Hatshepsut (1480 BCE)
Trade between Egypt and Punt dated back to
2500 BCE
Egyptian expeditions linked temples to
sources of stones
Origins (1/4)
Journey to Punt- First Tour?

Journey to Punt
• Punt- Frontier of Egyptian Empire; site of exotic goods
(ivory, resin, ebony)
• Frontiers tend to have more different climates and more
different goods.
More on the Voyage to Punt

Egyptian trade facilitated by the
environment.
Nile served as an efficient transportation
route, supporting trade and exploration.
Punt was a precolonial outpost
Egyptian trade to Punt was globalization
Origins (2/4)

Shang Dynasty (1350 -1050 BCE)
Ancestral emperor gods resided in the
environment
Zhou Dynasty (1050-771 BCE)
Beginning of Confucianism
Codified link between religion and place
Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE)
Mandarins asked to “seek ultimate truth
from landscape”
Origins (3/4)
Shang Capitol Site at Yin Xu (Near Beijing)
For More See Sofield and Li, 1998

Polynesian Migration (2000 BCE)
Sophisticated engineering, technology and
navigation
Not strictly tourism; not conducive to
tourism (push migration)
Origins (4/4)

From Goeldner and Richie:
1. Military
Deploy military
2. Government Officials
Administer government
3. Caravans (Traders)
Grow material base
Who Traveled? (European Focus)

Routine tourism depended on:
Currency
Coins and conventions
Codified Hospitality
e.g. Xenia
Technology & Infrastructure
Roads and ships
Preconditions
From Hellenic Faith

More on Road Infrastructure
Developed later than waterways
Initial advantage for Egyptian empire
Also relied on natural geography
Two-lane roads for Crete (2000 BCE) and
Mycenae (1600 BCE)
Road at Knossos (Crete) From World History Encyclopedia

Geography, Trade and Tourism
Stage 1:
Natural geography-) Scale of Trade -) Wealth
Stage 2
Technology X Natural Geography -) Scale of
Trade-) Wealth

From Casson, “Travel in the Ancient World”

Roman Road Network
From Nicholas Malniak
Roman Empire coincides with Roman Roads
Modern England to Modern Turkey/ North Africa
Roads:
Allow for central administration
Link Rome to a large resource network
Setup international travel on a continental
Scale, up to 100 miles a day with ‘subbed’ horses
People and goods follow the same path

Via Egnatia
Connects Adriatic Sea and Byzantium (Istanbul)
Construction began in 145 BCE
Impressive Scope (1,120 KM)
Traced geography of ‘least resistance’, but with
mountain passes.

As a subway network , Via Catherine Edwards

Roman Road Network Source
Roman road engineering overcame some
physical resistance

Hospitum in ancient Rome

Mansiones and Cauponae
Mansiones: State-run waystations
for travelers on official businesses
Cauponae: Private Taverns

3 Hospitality Systems
Reciprocal/ Private
Command/ Public
Mansion
Exchange/Private
(Caupona)

Royal Road | 500 BCE
~2,800
Kilometers

Han Road Network | 25 -220 BCE

Hawaiian Settlement ~300

Hawaiian Settlement ~300
Supported by engineering
(double hulled vessels) and
astronomy/navigation

The Silk ‘Road’ | 130 BCE- 1453

Developing the Silk Road
Past to Future

The Hajj
• Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Dates back to founding of Islam (630 CE)
• One of 5 Core Islamic tenants
• Coincides with the end of the lunar calendar
• Grows out of earlier traditions and
remembrances
• Non-hedonistic tourism
Source

Out of Eden Walk
Series Introduction

“Pilgrim Road”
Series Introduction

Marco Polo: The First West -) East Traveler?
The Legend: 13th century Venetian trader,
traveled to Yuan- Era China, worked as emissary
for Kublai Khan, returned to Europe, published
Travels of Marco Polo
Assessment
Frances Wood: neglected to mention foot
binding or the Great Wall; made clearly false
claims, probably a second-hand account.
Hans Vogel: TOMP has uniquely specific details,
corroborated by Chinese sources (and none
others)

The answer doesn’t matter too much
John of Plano Carpini
Traveler Route Remarks
John of Carpini Lyon -) Karakorum First papal mission to
Mongol empire
John of Monte
Carvino
Vatican -) Khanbaliq
(Beijing)
Missions to India and
China
William of Rubruck Constantinople -)
Karakorum
Famous
documentarian
Brother Benedict the
Pole
Breslau (Wroclaw) -)
Kanev
Franciscan emissary
to Mongolia
Andrew of Perugia Perugia -) Quanzhou Bishop of Quanzhou

Viking Conquests 860-995

Review: What is Globalization?
…process in which events, decisions, and activities in one
part of the world affect individuals and communities in
another part of the world
Anthony Giddens, 1990

Trade and Tourism
Premodern tourism emerged with trade and tourism and
changed with the physical expansion of the market

Guide:
Premodern Tourism
Modern Trade
Modern Tourism

800 Globalizing Years

Colonial Exploration 1492-1577

Magellan 1519-1522*

18th Century Slave Trade
Colony to Colony
Trade Flow

Colonial Trade
Mercantilist
Credit-Based
Charter-Based
Backed by Military
Specialized

Two Trading Systems
Facet Premodern Modern
Exchange Control Market-Based
Division of Labor Weak Intensifying
Technology Human-Powered Machine-Powered
Scale Continental Intercontinental
Important Norms Reciprocity Exchange
Dominant Logic(s) Multiple Comparative
Advantage

South: North:
Comparative Advantage 1/3

Opportunity Cost
Opportunity costs represent the potential benefits an individual, investor, or business misses out
on when choosing one alternative over another. Investopedia

Opportunity Cost, Comparative Advantage + Trade
Via Marginal Revolution

Slope = opportunity cost
The producer with the smaller opportunity cost of
producing a good has the comparative advantage
Comparative Advantage 2/3

Comparative Advantage 3/3

Review: Tourism is ‘Downstream’
Natural
Environment,
Technology, Norms,
Tourism

Questions?