Compiled the evolution and few basics. The history of development is also included.

1. H R A M A S U B R A M A N I A N
( H R S )
An awareness

2. EVOLUTION OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKES
Started with solid wheels
No brakes. Only the bullock is controlled to slow
down or stop the cart.
Horse drawn cart. Faster than bullock carts.
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3. EVOLUTION OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKES
Since the speed is more, it was difficult to slow
down or stop the cart within the distance.
They realised the need for an external force to
slow down or stop the cart.
They designed a wooden block and a lever as a
brake for the cart.
The wooden block wear was more and required
to replace very often.
The metal ring gave comparatively uniform
friction than simple wooden wheels.
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4. EVOLUTION OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKES
As you know, you need more contact area of
friction to reduce the wear.
Instead of holding the wheel periphery, holding a
drum is simpler.
They designed a metal band and a lever as a
brake for the cart.
Friction materials were developed and pasted
inside the band to make brakes more effective.
Instead of single band, hinged two piece bands
were developed, next.
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5. EVOLUTION OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKES
These technology were used for quite some time.
Even today, bullock carts are used without brake
which you can see, in Chennai itself.
Instead of wooden wheels, tyres are used today.
That makes the bullock’s life easier.
If it is two wheeled cart, the load on the bullock /
horse is more.
With four wheels, more load can be pulled.
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6. WHY DO YOU NEED BRAKES?
Newton’s law of motion
First Law:
Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of
motion unless an external force is applied to it.
Second Law:
The relationship between an object’s mass m, its acceleration a, and the
applied force F is F=ma
Third Law:
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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7. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU APPLY BRAKES?
The simple answer: They slow you down or stop
The complex answer: The common misconception is that brakes squeeze
against the drum or disc, the pressure of squeezing action is what slows
you down.
This, in fact, is only part of the equation.
Brakes are essentially a mechanism to change the energy types.
When you are travelling at speed, your vehicle has kinetic energy.
When you apply the brakes, the pads or shoes that press against the rotor or
drum convert that energy into thermal energy through friction.
The cooling of brakes dissipates the heat and the vehicle slows down.
First law of thermodynamics or law of conservation of energy.
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8. BRAKING SYSTEM
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9. BASICS OF BRAKE SELECTION
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10. Static Front Axle weight (FAW)
Static Rear axle weight (RAW)
Gross Vehicle weight (W)
Height of CG (h)
Wheel Base (L)
Brake applied at ‘a’ deceleration
Weight transfer from rear to front
=(W x a x h)/L
Dynamic Front Axle weight FAW + W.a.h/L
Dynamic Rear Axle weight RAW – W.a.h/L
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DYNAMIC WEIGHT TRANSFER
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11. TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM
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Cable Operated
Solid Bar Operated
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12. TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM
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Single Circuit Hydraulic Dual Circuit Hydraulic
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13. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE – HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
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14. BRAKING SYSTEM
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15. TYPES OF BRAKES & THEIR FUNCTION
Drum Brake
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16. TYPES OF BRAKES & THEIR FUNCTION
Drum Brake
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Single Leading
Forward Rotation Reverse Rotation
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17. TYPES OF BRAKES & THEIR FUNCTION
Drum Brake
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Double Leading
Forward Rotation Reverse Rotation
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18. TYPES OF BRAKES & THEIR FUNCTION
Drum Brake
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Double Leading
Forward Rotation Reverse Rotation
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19. TYPES OF BRAKES & THEIR FUNCTION
Drum Brake
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Duo Servo
Forward Rotation Reverse Rotation
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20. TYPES OF BRAKES
Disc Brake
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21. TYPES OF BRAKES
Disc Brake
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22. WHY DISC BRAKE?
Brakes are generally
Speed Sensitive
Load Sensitive
Temperature Sensitive
Compared to drum brakes, disc brakes are,
Less speed sensitive
Less temperature sensitive
Less load sensitive.
Consistent performance even at high temperature and speed
Drum brake – curved Mu
Disc brake – flat Mu
Positive clamping
Faster response
Self adjusting
Self cleaning
Minimal regular maintenance
Easier lining change
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23. HOW DISC BRAKE WORKS?
When brake is applied, the
hydraulic pressure from the
master cylinder pushed the
piston, thus moving the pad
against the rotor. Once the
pad is pressed against the
rotor, the reaction force acts
on the caliper body and slides
in the opposite direction
moving the fist. Thus the pad
on the other side of the rotor
is pressed against the rotor.
Thus a clamp force is
generated the rotor is slowed
down or stopped from
rotation.
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When the brake is released, the pressure is released. The reaction force becomes
zero and the pads move away from the rotor leaving an air gap. Thus the rotor starts
rotating again.
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24. REQUIREMENTS
Safety Critical Parts of an Automobile
Tyre
Steering
Brakes
o Reliability
o Consistency
o Directional Stability
o Heat Dissipation
o Fade Resistance
o Less Weight
o Serviceability
o Longer Life
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25. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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26. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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27. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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28. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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29. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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30. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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31. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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32. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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33. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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34. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
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END
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