2. • Provides low concentration of F to teeth over
a long period of time
• Circulates through the blood stream and is
incorporated into developing teeth
• After eruption, F contacts teeth directly
through salivary secretions
• Most of them have topical effect
5. • Most common form of systemic fluoride
administration
• 1ppm
• controlled or adjustment of the concentration of F in
a communal water supply so as to achieve maximum
caries reduction and a clinically insignificant level of
fluorosis
• 50% to 70% reduction in caries without
damage to teeth or other structures
• Practicable and effective public health
measure
6. Grand Rapids – Muskegon study
Newburgh – Kingston study
The Brantford- Sarnia- Stratford fluoridation caries study
Evanston – Oak Park study
Tiel- Culemborg fluoridation study
7. • Empiric formula by GALAGAN & VERMILLION
ppm F = 0.34/E
where E = - 0.038+0.0062x T
9. • 500 ml of water collected in a
dry polythene container
• 2 CC of 6N HCL added
• Stored at 4C
• Estimated by
1) F electrode coupled with
standard pH meter
2) Scot Sanchis method
10. • Most recent and universally accepted
• 2 pH meters used Orion 901 microprocessor ion
analyzer and Orion 407
• Specific ion meter
• Conc. of F calculated by:
a) Typical calibration curve
b) by applying electrode
potential equation
c) Direct ppm reading
11. • Based on the reaction btw F & the red
zirconium alizarin lake
• F forms colorless complex ion – liberates
alizarin sulphuric acid
• F inc – color changes from yellow to red
• Comparing the color with the standard
12. • Lack of centralized water
supply system
• Require support of health
authorities and government
15. • Principle:
4% saturated solution of NaF is produced and
injected at the desired concentration at th e
water distribution source with the aid of a
pump
• high hard water level used
• Suitable for small towns
16.
17. • Principle:
NaF in the form of powder is introduced into a
dissolving basin with the aid of an automatic
mechanism to ensure maintanence of the
correct supply of F according to the amount of
water to be delivered
• Handling of F, obstruction of pipes
• Medium sized town
18.
19. • Principle:
• Volumetric pump permitting the addition of a
given quantity of hydrofluorosilicic acid in
proportion to the amount of water treated
• Construction using polyvinyl chloride
• medium sized and large town
20.
21. • Maintenance and control
• Control at water treatment plants
• Control of the quality of analysis
• Control of the quality of water in network
• Control of the quality of the F used
22.
23. DEFLUORIDATION
• It is the process of removing excess naturally
occurring F from drinking water in order to
reduce the prevalence and severity of dental
fluorosis
• Based on ion exchange or adsorption
• Based on addition of chemicals to water
25. • Was developed by National Environmental
Research Institute at Nagpur in 1974 and
reported by Bulusu in 1988
• This process comprises of addition in
sequence of sodium aluminate, lime and
bleaching powder to F water followed by
flocculation, sedimentation & filtration
• Useful both as domestic and community water
supplies
28. SALIENT FEATURES
• No regeneration of media required
• no handling of acids and alkalis
• Only readily available chemicals used
• Adaptable for domestic use
• Simplicity of design, construction, operation
• Highly efficient
• Little wastage of water
• Minimum mechanical and electrical equipment
29. INDICATIONS
Absence of acceptable low F source within
transportable distance
Desalination necessary when total solids
exceed 1500mg/L
Raw water F ranging from 1.5mg to 20mg F /l
30.
31. SALT FLUORIDATION
• It is the controlled addition of F, usually Na or
K F, during the manufacture of salt for human
consumption
• Alternative method of prevention caries on a
large scale
• Introduced by Wespi in 1948,
Switzerland
32. • IDEAL: 200, 250 and 350 mg of F per kg of salt
• PRODUCTION:
batch processing
continous processing
33. ADVANTAGES
• Does not require community water supply
• Permits individuals to accept or reject
• Non F salt can be made available
34. LIMITATIONS
• large variation in salt intake
• Amount of intake decreased
• Difficult when water sources are fluoridated
• Requires modern technology
• hypertension
36. • Addition of measured quantity
of fluoride to bottled or
packaged milk to be drunk
by children
• Started by Ziegler, in 1953
37. • Dental health status
• Other fluoride source
• Urine analysis
• Milk distribution
• Fluoridating the milk
38. • May be prescribed to induvidual persons, or
may be part of school or home based public
health programme
• Prescribed by pediatrician or the dentist
43. • Results from rapid excessive ingestion of F at
one time
• Severity depends on the amount of F ingested,
wieght and age of the individual
• Most frequent is Nausea
45. • Results from long term ingestion of small
amount of F
• Dental F > 2 times optimal
• Skeletal F 10- 25 mg/day
46. DENTAL FLUOROSIS
• Is caused by excessive intake of F during tooth
development
• 2/3times- White flecks or chalky opaque areas
• 4times- brown pitted corroded appearance
• Mottled enamel
• Hypoplastic areas
47.
48. • Occurs from ingestion of F for long periods of
time
• First in Madras
• Water F levels over 8 ppm
