1. PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE & PAST PERFECT
TENSE
PREPARED BY :
AMIRAH IZZATI BINTI ISHAK
FATIN IZZATI BINTI MOHADZIR

2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
1. To expresses past action with no specific time
indicated.
2. The formula :
 Has/have + past participle of the verb
 Eg : has/have + (known/come/cheated/sent)

3. RULE 1
1. An action which took place in the past. The time of the
action is unknown.
 Eg : The applicant has received a favourable
reply from the company.
 Eg : The unemployed graduates have applied
for a bank loan to start their freshwater fish project.

4. 2. An action which started in the past , but it
effect has continued until the present and will
probably continue into the future.
 Eg : The consultant has trained many successful
businessmen.
 Eg : His strategies have worked from the start.

5. 3. Repeated actions in the past.
 Eg : I have regularly participated in the
Malaysian Halal Exhibition for the past
five years.
 Eg : The tourists have visited KLCC three
times.

6. RULE 2
1. The affirmative :
 Eg : The economist has used the consumer price
index as an indicator of the standard of living.
 Eg : Two foreign companies have agreed to invest
RM200 million in the mega project.

7. 2. The negative :
 Eg : The economist has not used/hasn’t used the
consumer price index as an indicator of the
standard of living.
 Eg : Two foreign companies have not agreed/
haven’t agreed to invest RM200 million in the
mega project.

8. 3. The interrogative :
 Eg : Has the economist used the consumer price
index as an indicator of the standard of living?
 Eg : Have the two foreign companies agreed to invest
RM200 million in the mega project?

9. RULE 3
Time expressions :
1. Since, for, yet, recently/lately, already, just, until
now/up to now/so far, ever and etc.
 Eg : Bank Negara has not renovated its exterior since
the day it was built.
 Eg : Recently/Lately, the price of oil has soared to a
record high.

10.  Eg : Have you ever been to the headquarters?
 Eg : Up to now/Until now/So far, Danial has
done the report five times.
 Eg : The business student has not submitted
her thesis proposal yet.

11. PAST PERFECT TENSE
1. Describes an action which took place before
another action in past.
2. The formula :
 Had + past participle of the verb
 Eg : had + (decreased / plunged / left)

12. RULE 1
1. Two situations or actions that happened in the past.
The verb of the earlier action is in the past
perfect, while the verb of the later action is in the
simple past.
 Eg : The management trainee had prepared the report
before she left for a seminar.
 Eg : After the supervisor had read the report, Miss Lily
Ong walked.

13. 2. A situation or action that happened before a
particular time in the past.
 Eg : Before the recent trip, he had never
travelled overseas.

14. RULE 2
1. The affirmative :
 Eg : Andy had explained the project to the
Dean before he went ahead with it.
 Eg : The party had already started when
they arrived.

15. 2. The negative :
 Eg : The team had not anticipated/ hadn’t
anticipated the problem when they started on the
project.
 Eg : They had not thought/hadn’t thought of a
solution to the problem when they met the
counselor.

16. 3. The interrogative :
 Eg : Had they received the green light before
they continued with the project?
 Eg : Had he gone to the market when she
arrived at his house?

17. RULE 3
Time expressions :
1. Before , after , as soon as , when , until and
by the time are time expressions used with
the past perfect tense.
 Eg : Adi had noticed the man before he
boarded the bus.

18.  E.g : After Asyraf had done his assignment, he
submitted it to his lecturer.
 E.g : I went home as soon as the rain had
stopped.
 E.g : By the time the police arrived, a large
crowd had gathered around the injured man.

19.  E.g : When the staff had spoken to the
Manager, he relayed the message to the
Chief of Staff.
 E.g : My father had refused to let me join the
trip until my lecturer convinced him it
was a study excursion.

20. INFO
 In most cases, the simple past tense is more
commonly used with before and after since
the time relationship is already clear.
 Some time expressions used in present perfect
tense can also be used with the past perfect
tense such as already , ever , never , still and
yet.

21. ~END~
Let’s do exercises! ^_^