Dr. Harold Clenet gave a presentation on the environmental conditions and resources for human exploration of Mars. He discussed Mars' history of exploration, key geophysical parameters like temperature and atmospheric pressure, and evidence that Mars once had liquid water. Clenet also examined current water reservoirs like the polar ice caps and hydrated minerals, constraints like weather and available building materials, and considerations for selecting a base site like terrain and resources. The presentation provided scientific context for understanding Mars' environment and constraints for future human missions.
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UEE12 Habiter Mars EPFL
1. PLANET MARS
Environmental conditions and human exploration
DR. HAROLD CLENET
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
Earth and Planetary Science Laboratory
harold.clenet@epfl.ch
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
2. OUTLINE
•
•
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
Mars exploration
• Why Mars?
• History of exploration
• Few geophysical parameters
Resources and constraints for human exploration
• Water
• Climate / radiation
• Building blocks
• Constraints for the base site
2
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
12. FEW GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Propriété
Valeur martienne
Distance au soleil AU
1.524
Valeur terrestre (Mars % Terre)
1
Rayon moyen
3 389,5 km
6 371,0 km (53,2 %)
Masse
6,4185×1023 kg
3,711 m/s2
5 027 m/s
1 sol ≈ 1,027 day ≈ 24.6 h
25,19°
6681 sols ≈ 686,971 d
5,9736×1024 kg (10,7 %)
9,780327 m/s2 (37,9 %)
11 186 m/s (44,9 %)
1 d = 24 h (102,75 %)
23,439281°
365d 6h 14m (188,1 %)
492 à 715 W/m2
1 321 à 1 413 W/m2
-63 °C ≈ 210 K
14 °C ≈ 287 K
-3 °C ≈ 270 K
58 °C ≈ 331 K
-133 °C ≈ 140 K
-89 °C ≈ 184 K
Gravité de surface à l'équateur
Vitesse de libération
Durée du jour solaire
Inclinaison de l'axe
Période orbitale
Rayonnement solaire
Température moyenne au sol
Température la plus élevée
Température la plus basse
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
13. FEW GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Atmospheric pressure
560 Pa (T=105 Pa)
Temperatures
-133°C / 27°C
No liquid water at surface conditions
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
13
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
14. OUTLINE
•
•
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
Mars exploration
• Why Mars?
• History of exploration
• Few geophysical parameters
Resources and constraints for human exploration
• Water
• Climate / radiation
• Building blocks
• Constraints for the base site
14
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
15. RESOURCES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR HUMAN EXPLORATION
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
15
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
16. EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
THEMIS IR Mosaic in the Warrego Valles area
Valley networks
HIRISE image Small Valley Networks in the Ancient
Southern Highlands (ESP_012519_1320)
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
16
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
17. EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
Lake deltas and fans
High rate of erosion for the
craters in the southern
hemisphere
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
17
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
18. EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
MOLA in the Kasei Valles area
Outflow channels
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
19. EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
Resurfacing of North planes
and rampart craters
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
21. ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Layered deposits on the North polar cap
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
22. ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
South Polar Ice Cap: 1.6 x 106 km3, which is equivalent to a global
water layer of approximately 11 meters thick
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
22
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
26. ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Minerals that need water
to be produced
Local detections: Clays in Nili Fossae region
Large scale detections: Clays in Mawrth Vallis
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
27. ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Terra Meridiani (Opportunity)
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
Interior Layered Deposits (ILD) in Valles Marineris (HRSC)
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
28. ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Sulfates in ILD
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
Sulfate over clays in Colombus crater
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
29. ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
COMMON HYDRATED MG-SULPHATE MINERALS
• Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) = 51% H2O
• Kieserite (MgSO4.H2O) = 14% H2O
• Hexahydrite (Mg(SO4) · 6H2O) = 47% H2O
• Bloedite (Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O) = 37% H2O
OTHER COMMON HYDRATED MINERALS
• Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) = 14% H2O
• Montmorillonite clay
(Al,Mg,Fe)8(Si4O10)3(OH)10.12H2O) = 26% H2O
Sulfates in ILD
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
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Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
33. CLIMATE / RADIATIONS
A=Glacial (permanent ice cap); B=Polar (covered by
frost during the winter which sublimates during the
summer); C=North (mild) Transitional (Ca) and C
South (extreme) Transitional (Cb); D= Tropical; E=
Low albedo tropical; F= Subpolar Lowland (Basins);
G=Tropical Lowland (Chasmata); H=Subtropical
Highland (Mountain)
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
33
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
34. CLIMATE / RADIATIONS
Wind speed:
60-90 km/h
But not the same effect as
on Earth!
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
34
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL