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ALGORITMA DAN
PEMROGRAMAN
KOMPUTER
Oleh:
Hendrianto Husada
MATERI KULIAH










PENDAHULUAN
KOMPONEN BAHASA C
OPERATOR BAHASA C
INPUT /OUTPUT
PERNYATAAN DASAR
FUNGSI
LARIK
STRING
POINTER
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
SAM PUBLISHING, TEACH YOURSELF
C IN 21 DAYS
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING
SERIES ,PROGRAMMING IN C
 BRIAN W.KERNIGHAN AND DENNIS
M. RICHIE ,The C programming
Language, PRENTICE HALL 1988

DAFTAR PUSTAKA


ROB MILES, C PROGRAMMING
SISTEM PENILAIAN
UTS
 UAS
 TUGAS
 ABSEN

PENDAHULUAN


MENGAPA MENGGUNAKAN C








SALAH SATU BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN GENERASI
KETIGA YANG PALING BANYAK DIGUNAKAN
KEMAMPUANNYA DAN FLEKSIBILITASNYA MEMBUAT
C MASIH MENJADI PILIHAN UNTUK HAMPIR SEMUA
BIDANG APLIKASI KHUSUSNYA PADA LINGKUNGAN
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT LUNAK
BANYAK APLIKASI DITULIS DALAM C ATAU C++
TERMASUK COMPILER UNTUK BAHASA
PEMROGRAMAN LAIN
BANYAK SISTEM OPERASI DITULIS DIDALAM BAHASA
C TERMASUK UNIX, DOS DAN WINDOWS
MENGAPA C




BERADAPTASI DENGAN PENGGUNAAN BARU DAN YANG
TERAKHIR ADALAH JAVA YANG DIGUNAKAN UNTUK
PEMROGRAMAN APLIKASI INTERNE T
MEMPUNYAI BANYAK KEKUATAN ( KEUNTUNGAN )
SEPERTI : FLEKSIBEL DAN PORTABEL ,MENGHASILKAN
DENGAN CEPAT, KODENYA COMPACT, BERORIENTASI
OBYEK UNTUK MEMBUAT DAN MEMANIPULASI STRUKTUR
YANG KOMPLEKS (CLASS DALAM C++),MEMPUNYAI
RUTIN-RUTIN TINGKAT RENDAH UNTUK MENGONTROL
PERANGKAT KERAS ( CONTOH : PORT INPUT DAN OUTPUT
DAN SISTEM OPERASI INTERUPSI ),MEMPUNYAI STANDAR
INTERNASIONAL ANSI C
LANGKAH-LANGKAH SUATU PROGRAM C MENJADI
EXECUTABLE FILE
KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN BAHASA C










HEADER FILES ( stdio.h )
PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVE ( # include )
FUNGSI UTAMA ( main ( ) )
KURUNG KURAWAL BUKA DAN TUTUP ( { } )
VARIABEL
PERNYATAAN
KOMENTAR
RETURN
KOMPONEN PROGRAM
PENGENAL




DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI NAMA VARIABEL , FUNGSI ,
KOMSTANTA
SYARAT-SYARAT PENGENAL :
 KARAKTER PERTAMA HARUS HURUF ATAU GARIS
BAWAH
 KARAKTER SELANJUTNYA BISA HURUF,ANGKA ATAU
GARIS BAWAH
 TIDAK BOLEH MENGGUNAKAN KATA KUNCI
 PANJANG KARAKTER 35
 UNIK
DEKLARASI & INISIALISASI VARIABEL

Deklarasi variabel : int x,y,z;
 Inisialisasi variabel : int x = 24;
 int i,j;
 char ch;
 double x,y,z,fred;
 unsigned long int Name_of_Variable;

Hello World Program


The source code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello Worldn");
return(0);
}
Data types
Name

Description

Size*

Range*

char

Character or small
integer

1 byte

signed: -128 to 127
unsigned: 0 to 255

short int
(short)

Short integer

2 bytes

signed: -32768 to 32767
unsigned: 0 to 65535

int

Integer

4 bytes

signed: -2147483648 to
2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295

long int
(long)

Long integer

4 bytes

signed: -2147483648 to
2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295

float

Floating point
number

4 bytes

3.4e +/- 38 (7 digits)

double

Double precision
8 bytes
floating point number

1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits)

long
double

Long double
precision floating
point number

1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits)

8 bytes
Variable types


Local variabel
Local variabel digunakan didalam suatu fungsi , dan hanya
digunakan didalam fungsi tersebut .



Static variabel
Ditentukan dengan suatu keyword static pada deklarasi variabel.
Perbedaan dari non-static local variable adalah variabel static
tidak bisa dihilangkan dengan keluar dari fungsi.



Global variabel
Suatu deklarasi global variable kelihatannya normal, tetapi terletak
diluar suatu fungsi program . Oleh karena itu ia bisa di akses oleh
semua fungsi .
OPERATOR-OPERATOR C
ARITMATIKA
 INCREMENT/ DECREMENT
 RELASI
 LOGIKA
 BITWISE
 PENUGASAN
 LAINNYA

OPERATOR ARITMATIK
OPERATOR PENUGASAN
Increment and Decrement
Operators
awkward

easy

easiest

x = x+1;

x += 1

x++

x = x-1;

x -= 1

x--
INC/DEC
PRE INCREMENT ( ++ X)
 POST INCREMENT ( X++)
 PRE DECREMENT ( --X )
 POST DECREMENT ( X--)

Example
Arithmetic operators
int i = 10;
int j = 15;
int add = i + j; //25
int diff = j – i; //5
int product = i * j; // 150
int quotient = j / i; // 1
int residual = j % i; // 5
i++; //Increase by 1
i--;
//Decrease by 1



Comparing them
int i = 10;
int j = 15;
float k = 15.0;
j/i=?
j%i=?
k/i=?
k%i=?
The Answer
j / i = 1;
j % i = 5;
k / i = 1.5;
k % i It is illegal.
Note: For %, the operands can only be integers.

The Answer
j / i = 1;
j % i = 5;
k / i = 1.5;
k % i It is illegal.
Note: For %, the operands can only be integers.

OPERATOR LOGIKA &
RELASI


What is “true” and “false” in C
In C, there is no specific data type to represent “true” and “false”. C
uses value “0” to represent “false”, and uses non-zero value to stand
for “true”.



Logical Operators
A && B
=>
A || B
=>
A == B
=>
A != B
=>

A and B
A or B
Is A equal to B?
Is A not equal to B?
A >B
A >= B
A <B
A <= B


=>
=>
=>
=>

Is A greater than B?
Is A greater than or equal to B?
Is A less than B?
Is A less than or equal to B?

Don’t be confused
&& and || have different meanings from & and |.
& and | are bitwise operators.
OPERATOR RELASI
int i = 10; int j = 15; int k = 15; int m = 0;
if( i < j && j < k) =>
if( i != j || k < j) =>
if( j<= k || i > k) =>
if( j == k && m) =>
if(i)
=>
if(m || j && i )
=>
int i = 10; int j = 15; int k = 15; int m = 0;
if( i < j && j < k) => false
if( i != j || k < j) => true
if( j<= k || i > k) => true
if( j == k && m) => false
if(i)
=> true
if(m || j && i )
=> true
Did you get the correct answers?
OPERATOR BITWISE
OPERATOR BITWISE
GESER KANAN
 GESER KIRI
 OPERATOR KOMPLEMEN (~)

INPUT/OUTPUT
PRINTF
 SCANF
 PUTS

printf()
Fungsi printf() dapat diperintahkan untuk mencetak
integers, floats and string .
 syntax yang umum adalah
printf( “format”, variabel);


Contoh :
int stud_id = 5200;
char * name = “Mike”;
printf(“%s ‘s ID is %d n”, name, stud_id);


Why “n”
It introduces a new line on the terminal screen.

escape sequence

a
b
f
n
r
t
v

alert (bell) character
backspace
formfeed
newline
carriage return
horizontal tab
vertical tab


?
’
”
000
xhh

backslash
question mark
single quote
double quote
octal number
hexadecimal number


Format Identifiers
%d
decimal integers
%x
hex integer
%c
character
%f
float and double number
%s
string
%p
pointer



How to specify display space for a variable?
printf(“The student id is %5d n”, stud_id);
The value of stud_id will occupy 5 characters space in the
print-out.
FUNGSI PUTS ( )
FUNGSI PUT ( )
PERNYATAAN DASAR
PERNYATAAN BERSYARAT
 PERNYATAAN PENGULANGAN
 PERNYATAAN BREAK DAN
CONTINUE
 PERNYATAAN NOL
 PERNYATAAN MAJEMUK

PERNYATAAN BERSYARAT
PERNYATAAN IF
 PERNYATAAN IF ELSE
 PERNYATAAN SWITCH
 PERNYATAAN IF /IF ELSE
BERSARANG

PERNYATAAN BERSYARAT
PERNYATAAN IF & IF - ELSE
IF

if (expression){
statement …
}

IF ELSE
if (expression) {
statement …
}else{
statement …
}
IF
IF ELSE
CONTOH
PERNYATAAN IF ELSE
BERSARANG
if (expression) {
statement…
} else if (expression) {

statement…
} else{
statement…
}


An example
if(score >= 90){
a_cnt ++;
}else if(score >= 80){
b_cnt++;
}else if(score >= 70){
c_cnt++;
}else if (score>= 60){
d_cnt++
}else{
f_cnt++
}
IF/IF ELSE BERSARANG
PERNYATAAN SWITCH


The switch statement
switch (expression) 
{
case item1:
statement;
break;
case item2:
statement;
break;
default:
statement;
break;
CONTOH
NESTED SWITCH
PERNYATAAN
PENGULANGAN
PERNYATAAN FOR
 PERNYATAAN WHILE
 PERNYATAAN DO WHILE
 PERNYATAAN PENGULANGAN
BERSARANG ( NESTED LOOP )
 PERNYATAAN PENGULANGAN TAK
HENTI

PERNYATAAN
PENGULANGAN FOR


for statement
for (expression1; expression2; expression3){
statement…
}
expression1 initializes;
expression2 is the terminate test;
expression3 is the modifier;
DIAGRAM ALUR
PERNYATAAN FOR
CONTOH


An example
int x;
for (x=0; x<3; x++)
{
printf("x=%dn",x);
}
First time:

x = 0;

Second time:

x = 1;

Third time:

x = 2;

Fourth time:

x = 3; (don’t execute the body)
PERNYATAAN WHILE


The while statement
while (expression) {
statement …
}
while loop exits only when the expression is false.



An example
int x = 3;
while (x>0) {
printf("x=%d n",x);
x--;
}
for <==> while
for (expression1;
expression2;
expression3){
statement…
}

equals

expression1;
while (expression2)
{
statement…;
expression3;
}
DO WHILE
Do while
PERNYATAAN
PENGULANGAN TAK HENTI
1.











2.

for ( ; ; )
{
Pernyataan ;
}
while ( 1 )
{
Pernyataan;
}





3

do
{
Pernyataan;
} while (1 ) ;
PERNYATAAN PENGULANGAN
BERSARANG
NESTED FOR
PERNYATAAN FOR
BERSARANG
PERNYATAAN BREAK
PERNYATAN YANG DIGUNAKAN
UNTUK KELUAR DARI SUATU
PERNYATAAN PENGULANGAN
 PERNYATAAN YANG DIGUNAKAN
DIDALAM SWITCH UNTUK
MENGAKHIRI SUATU PILIHAN

PERNYATAAN BREAK
PERNYATAAN BREAK
PERNYATAAN BREAK
PERNYATAAN BREAK
PERNYATAN CONTINUE


PERNYATAAN YANG DIGUNAKAN
UNTUK MELEWATKAN ( SKIP )
SUATU ITERASI DAN
MELANJUTKAN KE ITERASI
SELANJUTNYA
PERNYATAAN CONTINUE
PERNYATAAN CONTINUE
PERNYATAN GOTO


PERNYATAAN UNTUK MELOMPAT
KE SUATU SUB PROGRAM TETAPI
TIDAK DIREKOMEN UNTUK
MENGGUNAKAN GOTO
PERNYATAAN NULL
Jika anda meletakkan tanda titik koma pada
suatu baris , anda membuat suatu
pernyataan null

yaitu suatu pernyataan yang tidak
melakukan suatu aksi apapun.

Syntax
:

;

PERNYATAAN MAJEMUK
Suatu pernyataan majemuk disebut juga
block, block adalah sekelompok dua atau
lebih

pernyataan diantara dua kurung
kurawal.

Contoh
:



CONTOH PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
 /* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table */
 main()
{
 int fahr;
 for (fahr = 0; fahr <= 300; fahr = fahr + 20)
 { printf("%3d %6.1fn", fahr,
(5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));
 }

if (n > 0)

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

if (s[i] > 0) {

printf("...");

return i;

}
 else /* WRONG */

printf("error -- n is negativen");

for (x = 0; x < 100, x++) ;
 for (ctr = 2; ctr < 10; ctr += 3) ;
 for (x = 0; x < 10; x++)
for (y = 5; y > 0; y--)
puts("X");

record = 0;
 while (record < 100)
{
 printf( "nRecord %d ", record );
 printf( "nGetting next number..." );
}

CONTOH


record = 0;
while (record < 100)
{
printf( "nRecord %d ", record );
printf( "nGetting next number..." );
}
CONTOH
KATA KUNCI  KEY WORD
FUNGSI






FUNGSI ADALAH SEKELOMPOK
PERNYATAAN PERNYATAAN YANG
BERSAMA-SAMA MELAKUKAN TUGAS
FUNGSI DISEBUT JUGA SUBRUTIN
/SUBPROGRAM
CIRI-CIRI FUNGSI:MEMPUNYAI NAMA,
INDEPENDEN,MELAKUKAN SUATU TUGAS
KHUSUS,DAPAT MENGEMBALIKAN
SUATU NILAI KE PROGRAM
PEMANGGILNYA
FUNGSI
BUILT IN FUNCTION
 USER DEFINED FUNCTION

BUILT IN FUNCTION
PRINTF , SCANF
 COS,SIN ,SQRT : MATH.H

USER DEFINED FUNCTION
FUNGSI LUAS LINGKARAN
 FUNGSI VOLUME BOLA
 FUNGSI KONVERSI SUHU

LANGKAH-LANGKAH
PENGGUNAAN FUNGSI
DEKLARASI FUNGSI
 PEMANGGILAN FUNGSI
 DEFINISI FUNGSI

DEKLARASI FUNGSI
DISEBUT JUGA FUNGSI PROTOTIPE
 SYNTAKS:
tipe_return nama_fungsi ( daftar
parameter)
contoh:
int kubus(s);

DEFINISI FUNGSI
PEMANGGILAN FUNGSI
ARRAY/LARIK






LARIKARRAY ADALAH SEKUMPULAN
VARIABEL YANG MEMPUNYAI NAMA SAMA
TETAPI INDEKSNYA BERBEDA
SETIAP VARIABEL YANG TERDAPAT DIDALAM
SUATU LARIKARRAY DISEBUT ELEMEN DARI
LARIK TERSEBUT
JENIS LARIKARRAY DIDALAM C TERBAGI
ATAS : DIMENSI SATU, DIMENSI DUA , DIMENSI
TIGA
DEKLARASI LARIK
INISIALISASI LARIKARRAY
MENGAKSES ELEMEN
SUATU LARIKARRAY
SUATU ELEMEN LARIK DAPAT
DIAKSES DENGAN MEMBERIKAN
INDEKS ELEMEN SETELAH NAMA
LARIKARRAY
 double salary = balance [ 9 ] ;

Contoh
Output :
OUTPUT
LARIK BERDIMENSI DUA
INISIALISASI LARIK
BERDIMENSI DUA
OUTPUT
POINTER


POINTER ADALAH SUATU VARIABEL
YANG MENYIMPAN ALAMAT
VARIABEL LAIN
DEKLARASI POINTER
OPERASI-OPERASI DALAM
MENGGUNAKAN POINTER







MENDEFINISIKAN VARIABEL POINTER
MEMBERIKAN ALAMAT SUATU
VARIABEL PADA POINTER
MENGAKSES NILAI DARI ALAMAT
VARIABEL YANG TERDAPAT PADA
VARIABEL POINTER
DILAKSANAKAN DENGAN OPERATOR *
INISIALISASI POINTER
CONTOH
OUTPUT
CONTOH
POINTER DAN LARIK
POINTER ARITMATIK
++
 -+

STRING


STRING ADALAH SEKUMPULAN
KARAKTER YANG DIAKHIRI
DENGAN KARAKTER NULL
DEKLARASI DAN
INISIALISASI STRING
CONTOH
MEMANIPULASI STRING
MENENTUKAN PANJANG SUATU
STRING
 MENGCOPY DAN
MENGGABUNGKAN STRING
 MEMBANDINGKAN STRING
 MENCARI STRING
 MENGUBAH STRING
 MENGUJI KARAKTER

Books recommended






The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan
and Dennis Ritchie. Second edition. Prentice-Hall,
1988. (C Bible)
The C++ Programming Language, Bjarne
Stroustrup. Third edition. Addison-Wesley, 1997.
(C++ Bible)
Advanced Programming in the UNIX
Environment, W. Richard Stevens, AddisonWesley, 1992. (APUE)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
TERIMA KASIH

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