This document provides an overview of biochemistry and cells. It discusses that cells use the same basic biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides which are made up of smaller subunits called monomers linked together. It also describes that cellular processes are powered by ATP which contains high-energy bonds. Additionally, it outlines the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes like bacteria are single-celled and smaller while eukaryotes can be single or multicellular and have membrane-bound organelles.
2. -Simplest bacterium to the human
being all use the same types of
biomolecules and they all use energy
- Activities within a cell are similar to
the transportation system of a city
3.
4. Chemical foundations of Biochemistry
-Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of
carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives
- cellular apparatus of living organism is made up of
carbon compounds
- the reactions of molecules are based on the reaction
of their respective derivatives
5.
6. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that is the energy currency of the cell,
contains both ester and anhydride linkages involving phophoric acid.
7. The Beginning of Biology : Origin of Life
-Earth and its water are the source and mainstay of life.
How and when did Earth come to be?
-Bigbang theory – widely accepted cosmological theory on how
Earth began
- all matter in the universe was originally confined to a
comparatively small volume of space. Result of tremendous
explosion this “primordial fireball” started to expand with great
force.
- the average temperature of the universe has been
decreasing ever since as a result of the explosion and lower
temperature forms stars and planet.
8. U ver se com
ni posi t i on
Si m e : hydr ogen, hel i um l i t hi un
pl ,
Rest of chem cal el em s ar e f or m i n 3 w
i ent ed ays:
1.) Ther monucl ear r eact i ons t hat nor m l y t akes
al
pl ace i n st ar s
2.) Expl osi on of st ar s
3.) By act i on of cosm c r ays out si de t he st ar s si nce
i
t he f or m i on of gal axy.
at
-Ver y l i t t l e or no f r ee (O exi st ed i n t he ear l y
2)
st ages
- The gases ar e usual l y pr esent i n t he at m ospher e of
ear t h: N 3, H
H 2S, C , C 2, C 4, N H and H .
O O H 2, 2, 2O
11. Macromolecules
- proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides
- monomers (smaller molecules) that are linked to
produce marcomolecules called polymers
- ex of monomers : amino acid, nucleotides,
monosaccharides
- amino acid + amino acid (polymerization) = proteins
- nucleotides + nucleotides = nucleic acids (RNA and
DNA)
- sugar monomers + sugar monomers (polymerization)
= polysaccharides
12.
13.
14. -Proteins of the class called enzymes display catalytic activity which
increase the rates of chemical reaction compared with uncatalyzed.
- The specific sequence of the amino acid present determines the
properties of all types of proteins including enzymes.
- Present day cells, the sequence of amino acids in proteins is
determined by the sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acids.
-DNA serves as a coding material.
- Genetic code is the relationship between the nucleotide sequence in
nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins.
-- information for the structure and function of all living things is
passed from one generation to the next.
15.
16. The Biggest Biological Distinction (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes
- karyon, kernel nuts, literally means “before the nucleus”
- bacteria and cyanobacteria
- single-celled organisms
- small (1 to 3 angstrom)
Eukaryotes
- “true nucleus”
- multicellular or single-celled
- yeasts and paramecium ( single celled)
- animals and plants (multicellular organisms)
- large (10 to 100 angstrom)
17.
18. Organelles – part of the cell that has a distinct function which is
surrounded by its own membrane within the cells.