Revolution of e vehicles

Revolution of e-
Vehicles
Haneesh K M
Associate Professor, Christ University,
Bangalore
30-08-2021, 14:30 IST
AICTE Training & Learning (ATAL) academy sponsored,
05 days National level online FDP on
"Revolution & Advances in e-Vehicles"

Electric
Vehicle
 a vehicle that uses one or
more electric motors for
propulsion.
 It can be powered by a collector
system, with electricity from
extravehicular sources, or it can be
powered autonomously by
a battery
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

Index
 Introduction
 Why EVs are the way forward?
 History of EVs
 Technological advancements
 International regulations
 EV plocies in India
 Challenges faced by Indian EV
market
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.

Global
Energy Use
 The industrial sector consumed
around 45% of global energy in 2018,
 The remainder was used within
residential and commercial buildings
(29%) and transport (21%).

Internal Combustion Engine
In an internal combustion engine (ICE), the ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within
the engine itself

Pollutants produced by vehicle exhausts
include
• carbon monoxide,
• hydrocarbons,
• nitrogen oxides,
• particles,
• volatile organic compounds and
• sulfur dioxide.
Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react
with sunlight and warm temperatures to
form ground-level ozone.
Ground-level ozone, a main ingredient in
smog, can cause upper respiratory
problems and lung damage.

Environmental
Pollution
The environmental effects of
transport is significant because transport
is a major user of energy and burns most
of the world's petroleum.
This creates air pollution, including nitrous
oxides and particulates, and is a significant
contributor to global warming through
emission of carbon dioxide.
Within the transport sector, road transport
is the largest contributor to global warming.

Before the IC
Engine era
 EVs were among the earliest automobiles, and
before the preeminence of light, powerful internal
combustion engines
 Electric automobiles held many vehicle land speed
and distance records in the early 1900s.
 They were produced by Baker Electric, Columbia
Electric, Detroit Electric, and others, and at one point
in history out-sold gasoline-powered vehicles.
 In 1900, 28 percent of the cars on the road in the
US were electric. EVs were so popular that even
President Woodrow Wilson and his secret service
agents toured Washington, D.C. in their Milburn
Electrics, which covered 60–70 mi (100–110 km) per
charge.

Early attempts
 Electric motive power started in 1827, when Hungarian priest Ányos Jedlik built the first
crude but viable electric motor, and in the next year, he used it to power a tiny car
 In 1835, professor Sibrandus Stratingh of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands,
built a small-scale electric car
 Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-
rechargeable primary cells
 American inventor Thomas Davenport built a toy electric locomotive, powered by a
primitive electric motor, in 1835.
 In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a
speed of four miles per hour (6 km/h).
 In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric
current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847
This Photo by Unknown author
is licensed under CC BY-SA.

Early 1900s
 The first mass-produced electric vehicles
appeared in America in the early 1900s.
 In 1902, the Studebaker Automobile
Company entered the automotive
business with electric vehicles, though it
also entered the gasoline vehicles market
in 1904.
 However, with the advent of cheap
assembly line cars by Ford, the popularity
of electric cars declined significantly.
Edison and a 1914 Detroit Electric model 47 (courtesy of
the National Museum of American History)

EVs in early 20th Century
 An EV and an antique car on
display at a 1912 auto show

Electric locomotives
 Due to the limitations of storage batteries at that time, electric cars
did not gain much popularity
 Electric trains gained immense popularity due to their economies
and achievable speeds.
 By the 20th century, electric rail transport became commonplace
due to advances in the development of electric locomotives.
 Over time their general-purpose commercial use reduced to
specialist roles as platform trucks, forklift trucks, ambulances,tow
tractors and urban delivery vehicles, such as the iconic British milk
float;
 the UK was the world's largest user of electric road vehicles.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

A new kind of railway
without steam or horses
– design drawing, 1879
The world’s first electric mine
locomotive, delivered in 1882
by Siemens & Halske for the
Zaukerode mine in Saxony

Mining, Goods movement, Passenger trains

Then what happened?
 Improved road infrastructure required a greater range than that offered
by electric cars, and the discovery of large reserves of petroleum
 wide availability of affordable gasoline/petrol, making internal
combustion powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances.
 Also, internal combustion powered cars became ever-easier to operate
thanks to the invention of the electric starter in 1912,
 As roads were improved outside urban areas, electric vehicle range
could not compete with the ICE.
 Finally, the initiation of mass production of gasoline-powered vehicles
by Henry Ford in 1913 reduced significantly the cost of gasoline cars as
compared to electric cars.
 In the 1930s, National City Lines, which was a partnership of General
Motors, Firestone, and Standard Oil of California purchased many
electric tram networks across the country to dismantle them and replace
them with GM buses

the best estimate put the figure
at around 1.32 billion cars,
trucks and buses in 2016
 IC engine

Today
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.
only two million electric vehicles are operating
today – 0.2 percent of the 1.2 billion on the road

Technological
advancements
 Invention of MOSFET in 1959
 Single chip microprocessor in 1971
 Faster switching, easier control
 IGBT made possible the use of Induction
motors

Lithium-ion
battery
 Rechargeable, first developed in 1985
 Commerical battery developed by Sony in 1991
 Specific energy density: 100 to 250 W·h/kg (360 to 900 kJ/kg)
 Volumetric energy density: 250 to 680 W·h/L (900 to 2230 J/cm³)
 pecific power density: 300 to 1500 W/kg (at 20 seconds and 285 W·h/L)
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

International
Regulations
 United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
 The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11
December 1997. Owing to a complex ratification
process, it entered into force on 16 February
2005. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the
Kyoto Protocol.
 Targets for six main greenhouse gases, namely:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2);
• Methane (CH4);
• Nitrous oxide (N2O);
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Bharat Stage 6 (BS6) emission norms

Key policies
and measures
for EV
deployment
Legislation: Legally binding commitments such as regulations and standards.
Targets: Announced government targets that are part of legislation, budgetary
commitments
Ambitions: Government goals or objectives as set out in a policy document
such as a deployment roadmap or strategy.
Proposals: Government goals released in public documents or embedded into
legislation designed to stimulate discussion as to their feasibility. These often
bring forward deadlines for phase out of gasoline or diesel vehicles
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under
CC BY-NC-ND.

Policy examples
Country Ambition or Targets Legislations
Germany
Ambition: 50% of urban buses to be electric by
2030. 7-10 million passenger electric LDV stock by
2030.
at least 30% share of passenger
electric LDV sales by 2030.
EU
Voluntary ZEV targets: 15% share of car sales by
2025 and 35% by 2030, and 15% share of van sales
by 2025 and 30% by 2030 by vehicle manufacturers.
CO2 emissions standards for new
heavy commercial vehicles to tighten
by 15% by 2025 and by 30% by 2030
China
Target: reduce fuel consumption by 14% 16%
compared to Stage II. 70% of passenger vehicles
electrified (of which 40% NEVs) in 2025 and 100% in
2035 (of which 50% NEVs and 95% of those are
BEVs).
20% share of passenger NEV sales by
2025.
India
FAME Phase II 2019-22 programme to support EV
target: 7 000 buses, 500 000 three-wheelers, 55 000
LDVs and 1 million two-wheelers.
CO2 emissions standard equivalent to
corporate average fuel economy of 113
gCO2/km for passenger LDVs in 2022.
Source: Global EV Policy Explorer – Analysis - IEA

Federal policy
 Several fiscal and non-fiscal measures have been put in place to facilitate
the adoption of electric mobility.
 National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 (NEMMP): It was
launched by DHI in 2013 as a roadmap for the faster manufacture and
adoption of EVs in India.
 FAME Phase I: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and
Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) Scheme (April 2015), to
promote the manufacture of electric and hybrid vehicle technology.
 It has mainly focused on four aspects – demand creation,
technology platform, pilot projects, and charging infrastructure.
For demand creation, incentives have mainly been disbursed in the
form of reduced purchase prices.
 FAME Phase II: Launched in 2019 for a period of three years, this
scheme has an outlay of US$1.36 billion to be used for upfront
incentives on the purchase of EVs as well as supporting the
development of charging infrastructure.

FAME II
amendments
 Amendments to FAME Phase II: On June 11,
2021, the Ministry of Heavy
Industry announced further amendments to the
FAME II scheme to give a boost to EV demand
among consumers.
 Under the revised policy, the subsidy per electric
two-wheeler (Indian-made), which is linked to the
battery size, has been increased to INR 15,000
(US$204.60) per Kilowatt-hour (KWh) from INR
10,000 (US$136.40) KWh.
 Furthermore, electric two-wheeler manufacturers
can now give discounts of up to 40 percent to
consumers, which is a significant raise from the
previous cap of 20 percent.

More support
 Ministry of Power: It has clarified that charging EVs is considered a service,
which means that operating EV charging stations will not require a license.
It has also issued a policy on charging infrastructure to enable faster adoption
of EVs.
 Ministry of Road Transport and Highways: It has announced that both
commercial as well as private battery-operated vehicles will be issued green
license plates. It has also notified that all battery operated, ethanol-powered,
and methanol-powered transport vehicles will be exempted from the
commercial permit requirement.
 Department of Science and Technology: It has launched a grand challenge
for developing the Indian Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging
Infrastructure.
 Niti Aayog: The National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery
Storage has been approved by the cabinet, and the inter-ministerial steering
committee of the Mission will be chaired by the CEO of Niti Aayog. The
Mission aims to create a Phased Manufacturing Program (PMP) for five
years till 2024, to support setting up large-scale, export-competitive integrated
batteries and cell-manufacturing giga plants in India, as well as localizing
production across the entire electric vehicle value chain.


States/union territories policy
 As of today, 27 states and UTs have formulated strategy plans for
transforming mobility to provide their citizens with safe, inclusive,
economic, and clean transport options.
 While some states like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have had a head start
due to preplanned public policies, targeted investor incentives, as well as
support infrastructure, other states too have drafted policies to stimulate
market demand and create infrastructure

Challenges
 The country is grappling with
several challenges such as range
anxiety, high prices of electric
vehicles (electric four-wheelers),
battery production capabilities,
electricity consumption, and a
shortage of charging stations. Out
of all these, the lack of robust
electrical charging infrastructure is
a significant setback.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.

Challenges to electric vehicle adoption
High purchase cost
• The price variation of electric cars is
from Rs. 9.5 lakhs (Mahindra E-
Verito) to Rs. 24 lakhs (Hyundai,
Kona, price Feb 2020)
Range anxiety
• The travel range variation of the
electric cars on full charging is from
181 km (Mahindra E-Verito:16 kWh)
to 452 km (Hyundai Kona Electric: 64
kWh)
Lack of charging infrastructure
• There are at present 250 public
charging stations in India (Market
Watch). For a one million EV per city
in India, an estimated number of 2
million charging stations (mix of both
fast and slow) will be required
The charging challenge
• Mahindra E Verito takes one and a
half hour to charge the vehicle with
fast charging. Congestion at charging
station is another challenge

Service and maintenance
• Still the repair and accessories availability
of the electric vehicle is in the nascent
stage and only when the market scales
up, such system will be well developed
Battery technology
• The decreasing per-kWh cost of batteries
is proceeding at the same time. However,
India relies on the imports of components
and the major know-how in this domain.
Battery cost will come down if Indian
innovation scales up
Battery manufacturing capabilities
• Market experts estimate that the EV
battery industry in India has a potential of
$300 billion by 2030. Currently, there are a
few manufacturers (ISRO-BHEL joint
effort, Amara Raja, HBL, Eon Electric and
Exide), but battery manufacturers
worldwide are eying the Indian market (
Sharma, 2019)
Power management
• India is a power-deficit country. For 1 Mn
EVs, assuming an average battery
capacity of 30 kWh, India requires around
15 Mn units (kWh) of electricity per day
(EESL’s findings
Challenges to electric vehicle adoption -continues

Existing huge hydrocarbon-
based automobile industry
• Already a huge investment of
industry is existing in terms of
manufacturing, sourcing, distribution,
service and maintenance. There will
be inertia against such a disruptive
move to e vehicle adoption
Lifetime cost and disposal
cost
• There is still uncertainty over the
resale value and the battery
replacement cost after its limited
tenure, where the culture is to keep
the car in possession for decades
Greenhouse gases emissions
• The transport division is one of the
major providers to GHG, and a
switch to cleaner technology is the
need of the time
Challenges to electric vehicle adoption -continues

Charging
station
challenges
 India would need around 4 lakh charging stations to accommodate the demand for 20 lakh EVs on the roads
by 2026.
 Currently, the country has 1,800 charging stations as of March 2021.
 An independent study by CEEW Centre for Energy Finance indicates that it would need around 29 lakh
public charging stations by 2030 to support EV adoption under the base case target of NITI Aayog.
 Of these, about 21 lakh (71 percent) of chargers would be low-capacity chargers used for supporting two-
wheelers and three-wheelers.
 Besides setting up more charging stations, the lack of space is also a hurdle since people need a place to
charge their EVs.

Charging –
other hurdles
 Lack of support for grid development to cater to the increased load is another
major problem.
 As per an industry analysis, increased use of EVs by 2030 will shoot up the
electricity demand by 100 TWh.
 Then there are other challenges such as a lack of land, a lack of instruments to
lease government-owned and agency-owned land to set up the public charging
stations, and the lack of affordable renewable energy means charging EVs that is
weighing in on the already stressed electricity grid that runs on coal.

Solutions for Battery issues
 One of the biggest challenges for adoption of
electric vehicles in India is its price.
 Generally, 40% cost of the electric vehicle
consist of battery which makes it more
expensive than IC Vehicles.
 Possible Solutions to this problem are:
 •Separation of Ownership of Battery from
Vehicle
 •TCO Model being offered by manufacturers.
 •Battery Swapping

Separation of Ownership of Battery from Vehicle
•The batteries of vehicle could be purchased/leased separately from 3rd party
providers or OEMs.
•Batteries could be purchased according to the range requirements which
helps potential buyer to get cost optimal configuration.
•Standardised batteries with condition monitoring inbuilt using IoT.
Total Cost Ownership Model
•Under this model the consumer only needs to pay a certain amount of
money to the company and it will include most costs i.e. Cost of Vehicle and
cost of maintenance in future.
•This model could be adopted after doing Cost-benefit analysis.
•Eg. of Revolt Motors latest e-bikes.
•Eg. Electric public bus model is also based on TCO.
Battery Swapping
•Based on premise of removing battery cost from the equation; another type
of charging infrastructure is emerging called battery swapping.
•It mimics the 5-10 min convenience of fuel filling as battery swap also takes
a similar amount of time.
•Battery swapping can also reduce range anxiety issue as it would
convenient to get a charged battery at pre-determined distance intervals.
•IoT could be helpful in battery management system which will provide every
information about the batteries used in swapping stations.
•This model could be used for 2W, 3W and public transportation.

Charging
infrastructure
 In recent amendment in EV Policy:
 •One charging station will be
installed in a grid of 3Km* 3Km in
cities
 •Charging stations will be installed
in every 25 Km on both sides of
Highways
 •Fast charging station in every 100
Km for intercity travel.

Batteries
 •Availability of efficient batteries is also one of
the major concern for Indian market
 •Currently Li-ion Batteries are being used in
Electric Vehicles are largely imported. There
is need for indigenous manufacturing of such
batteries.
 •In Future there are possibility that the Li-ion
batteries will be replaced by
 •Flow Batteries
 •Metal Air Batteries
 •Good news is that the battery cost per kWh
is steadily falling over last decade.

Battery
Chemistry
 •Batteries are not standardized in
current EV market. Many players in
the market however the
standardisation is still lacking.
•Battery Chemistry
 •NCA- Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide
 •LCO- lithium cobalt oxide
 •LMO- lithium Manganese oxide,
 •NMC- Nickel Manganese Cobalt,

Electric vehicle industry
in India: Growth targets
 The Indian automotive industry is the fifth largest in
the world and is slated to be the third largest by
2030.
 “Shared, Connected, and Electric”
 India has a relative abundance of renewable energy
resources and availability of skilled manpower in the
technology and manufacturing sectors.
 Studies project that the Indian EV market will grow at
a CAGR of 36 percent till 2026.

India’s PLI Scheme for
ACC Battery Storage
Manufacturing
 On May 12, 2021, India’s central cabinet approved
the proposal for the implementation of Production
Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme ‘National Programme
on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage’
(NPACC).
 An outlay of INR 18,100 crore (US$2.49 billion) has
been earmarked by the government towards the
scheme, which is intended to establish local
manufacturing capacity of 50 Giga Watt Hour (GWh)
of ACC and five GWh of Niche ACC capacity.

Industry response
 Recently, the American electric vehicle and clean
energy company Tesla Inc. marked its entry into India
by incorporating its subsidiary, Tesla India Motors and
Energy Pvt Ltd, in Bengaluru
 In February 2021, Ather Energy, India’s first
intelligence EV manufacturer moved its US$86.5
million factory from Bengaluru (Karnataka) to Hosur
(Tamil Nadu). Ather Energy’s factory is said to have
an annual production capacity of 0.11 million two-
wheelers.
 In March 2021, Ola Electric, the subsidiary of the
unicorn Indian ride-hailing start-up,
also announced that it would be setting up the
world’s largest electric scooter plant in Hosur (which
is a two and a half-hour drive from Bengaluru) over
the next 12 weeks, at a cost of US$330 million, and
aiming to produce 2 million units a year. By 2022, Ola
Electric wants to scale up production to pump out 10
million vehicles annually or 15 percent of the world’s
e-scooters.

 There have also been positive developments in the expansion of charging infrastructure across the country – states
like Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Telangana are setting impressive targets for the deployment of
public charging infrastructure to increase uptake of electric vehicles in the country.
 Recently, Sterling and Wilson Pvt Ltd (SWPL), India’s leading engineering, procurement, and construction company
announced its entry into the electric mobility segment in India. It has signed a 50-50 joint venture with Enel X, to be
incorporated on April 1, 2021, to launch and create innovative charging infrastructure in India.

Market
in 2021
 In FY 2020, EV sales for two-wheelers in India increased by 21 percent.
 For EV buses, the sales for the same period increased by 50 percent. In contrast, the market
for electric cars remained grim, registering a five percent decline. As for total EV sales, after
suffering an initial setback in 2020, sales appear to be slowly picking up.
 In January 2021, 15,910 units of EVs were sold in India, and out of these, the maximum units
were sold in Uttar Pradesh, followed by Bihar and Delhi.

References
 1. Electric vehicle - Wikipedia
 2. Electric Vehicle Industry in India: Investment Outlook and Market Profile
(india-briefing.com)
 3. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in India: Need of the hour and
challenges in way - The Financial Express..
 4. India Electric Vehicle Battery Market Size, Analysis 2021-2026
(imarcgroup.com)
 5. India's electric vehicle sales to grow at 26% in FY21-23: Fitch Solutions |
Business Standard News (business-standard.com)

 Prof. Parag Jose, Christ University
 Prof. Druvakumar, Govt.
Polytechnic, Harapanahalli
 E-Mobility R&D center, Christ
University
haneesh.km@christuniversity.in
9731121921

Revolution of e vehicles

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Revolution of e vehicles

Similar to Revolution of e vehicles (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Revolution of e vehicles