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2.  It is a group of sentences
SENTENCES
 It is a group of words

3.  It is a name of person, place or thing
 E.g.
 Boy ,city or chair etc.
 This is a boy
 We live in a city
 It is a chair

4.  There are two categories of noun
 Countable noun
 Those nouns which can be counted
 Examples
 I bought Sunday’s all paper

5.  Those noun which cannot be counted
 Examples
 Book is made of paper
 Gold is a precious metal

6.  Uncountable noun consist of:
 Material noun:
 Metals, substances etc.
 Abstract noun:
 Personification
 Collective noun:
 Plural (when verified)
 singular

7.  There are five types of noun
 Common noun:
 Boy, city, pen etc.
 Proper noun:
 Quaid-e-Azam, Ravi, Lahore etc.
 Collective noun:
 Army ,Team ,Jury etc.

8.  Abstract noun:
 Quality: honesty ,truth ,wisdom etc.
 Action : laughter ,judgment etc.
 State: childhood ,death ,sickness etc.
 Material noun:
 Iron ,gold ,milk, copper etc.

9.  It is a word that is use in place of noun
 EXAMPLES
 He is a boy
 She goes to school
 He bowls Anwar

10.  There are six types of pronoun
 Central pronoun
 Reciprocal pronoun
 Demonstrative pronoun
 Relative pronoun
 Interrogative pronoun
 Indefinite pronoun

11.  There are three types of pronoun
 Personal pronoun
 Possessive pronoun
 reflexive pronoun

12.  Personal pronoun
 Personal pronoun represents people or thing
 Personal pronoun consist of
 Subjective personal pronoun
 Example
 You are happy
 They won the match
 Objective personal pronoun
 Examples
 Sana knows her
 Haider gave him the letter

13.  Personal pronouns are
 I
 we
 You
 He
 She
 It
 They

14.  Possessive pronoun
 A pronoun used to express possession of
 ownership
 Examples
 This book is mine
 This garden is ours

15.  Possessive pronouns are
 Mine
 Our, Ours
 Your, Yours
 His
 Her, Hers
 Its
 Their, Theirs

16.  Reflexive pronoun
 We use reflexive pronoun when the
subject and object refer to same person
 Examples
 I cut myself
 Sana hurt himself
 She scratches herself

17.  Reflexive pronouns are
 Myself
 Ourselves
 Yourself
 Himself
 Themselves
 Oneself

18.  A pronoun used to talk about mutual
relationship
 Examples
 We give each other gift during the holidays
 Henna and Sana hate each other
 The students congratulated one another
after giving speeches

19.  Reciprocal pronoun are
 Each other
 One another

20.  A demonstrative pronoun points out the
object to which it refers
 Examples
 This is very yummy!
 These are the most comfortable
 That is not mine
 Bring me those

21.  Demonstrative pronouns are
 This
 These
 That
 Those

22.  A relative pronoun refers to same noun
going before it
 Examples
 The boy that stole my pencil is absent
 I wrote a letter to my friend who lives in
Lahore
 This is the book which I want to buy

23.  Relative pronouns are
 Who
 Whom
 Whose
 Which
 Where
 That
 why
 when

24.  Such pronouns are used to ask questions
 Examples
 What can I give you?
 Whose are these books?
 Whom do you wish to marry?
 Interrogative pronouns are
 Who
 Whom
 Whose
 How

25.  Those pronoun that are not definite in
meaning or used to denote unlimited
persons or things
 Examples
 Anything is possible if you believe
 Some are born great
 One must do one’s duty

26.  Indefinite pronouns are
 Everybody
 Anybody
 Some all
 One
 None
 Each
 Every
 Few

27.  There are four types of indefinite pronoun
 Types
 Universal indefinite pronoun
 Positive assertive pronoun
 Negative assertive pronoun
 Non assertive pronoun

28.  All the words using all , each and every are
known as universal indefinite pronoun
 Examples
 All the students present in the class
 Each of us has a book
 Every one of Pakistani is brave

29.  All the sentences using some, half, both,
one, complete is known as positive
assertive indefinite pronoun
 Examples
 Some achieve greatness by hard work
 One must take care of one’s results

30.  Paucal
 The word little,
less, least are
paucal and
uncountable
 Examples
 There is a little
water in the jug
 Mutal
 The words a few,
fewer, fewest are
mutal and
countable
 Examples
 There is a few
drops of water

31.  All the sentences using neither, no one,
nothing, none are known as negative
assertive indefinite pronoun
 Examples
 Neither of us pass the examination
 None of the girls is married
 Nothing is so sweet as honey

32.  All the sentences using somebody,
nobody, everybody, either is known as non
assertive indefinite pronoun
 Examples
 Either my two sisters is beautiful
 Every body listen to me

33.  A verb is a word that express an action or
a state of being
 Examples
 Hamid writes
 Saleem goes
 Haider is a good boy

34.  There are two categories of verb
 Finite verb
 In finite verb
 Finite verb
 A verb which shows time or limited by
number, person, and tense of the subject and
have present and past form is act as finite
verb
 Examples
 Haider plays the cricket
 We have written letters

35.  Infinite verb
 A verb which is not show time and not limited
by number, person and tense of the subject is
act as infinite verb
 ANOTHER DEFINATION
 All the verb containing ing and 3rd form are called
infinite verb
 Example
 we try to sing
 He ate bread
 He ate a burnt bread

36. FEATURES OF FINITE
VERB FEATURES OF INFINITE VERB
 Tense contrast
 Number concord
 Person concord
 Used as independent
clause
 Have do support
 Used in different
moods
 No Tense contrast
 No number concord
 No person concord
 Not used as
independent clause
 Does not have do
support
 Does not used in
different moods

37.  ING FORM  3RD FORM
 Not used as main verb
 Present participial is
used
 Incomplete or
continuous action
 Not used as an adjective
 Example
 He ate bread
 He wrote with a pen
 Used as main verb
 Past participial is used
 Complete or finished
action
 Used as an adjective
 Example
 He ate a burnt bread
 He wrote a written letter

38.  There are four types of verbs
 Primary verb (auxiliary verb)
 Single transitive verb
 Double transitive verb
 Intransitive verb
 Primary verb
 A verb which helps other verbs to form different
tenses
 Examples
 He does his duty well
 He has a lot of ideas
 Auxiliary verbs are
 Has, have, be, do (all its form) shall, can, must
(all its form)

39.  Single transitive verb
 The verb which demands one or more objects
for its clarification
 Example
 Ali took a pen
 The winner received a prize
 Your brother sent a message
 Note
 Fixed preposition is required for single
transitive verb

40.  Double transitive verb
 The verb that demands two or more than two objects
for its clarification
 Examples
 we grow crop
 They fly a kite
 They are boiling a water
 Intransitive verb
 The verb that demands no object for its clarification
of its meaning (state ,feelings, emotions)
 Example
 The cats mew
 Crops grow
 A kite flies

41.  It is a word used to modify the meaning of
all parts of speeches expects noun and
pronoun
 Example
 He walk slowly
 He writes very rapidly
 KINDS OF ADVERB
 There are three kinds of adverb
 Simple adverb
 Interrogative adverb
 Relative or conjunctive adverb

42.  Simple adverb consist of
 Adverb of time
 Adverb of time are: now, then, since, ago, soon
 Example
 I hope to come soon
 He died two years ago
 Adverb of place
 Adverb of place are: here, there, in, out, within,
hence
 Example
 You may go there
 We went inside the room and found nothing

43.  Adverb of number
 Adverb of number are: firstly, twice, thrice,
seldom, often, thirdly, etc.
 Examples
 He failed thrice
 He seldom comes to my house
 Adverb of manner
 Adverb of manner are: amiss, well, ill, as,
probably conveniently etc.
 Examples
 She worked carefully
 He did his work slowly but surely

44.  Adverb of quantity
 Adverb of quantity are: very , too, almost, little, half,
much
 Examples
 He is almost, but not quite, the cleverest boy in the
class
 He therefore left the school
 Adverb of negation
 Adverb of negation are: not, never
 Example
 He is no enemy
 I do not know him
 I have never heard him

45.  Interrogative adverb
 Such adverb that use to ask questions(how,
why, when)
 Example
 How carefully does he play?
 Where does he live?
 relative or conjunctive adverb
 Such adverbs that are used to combine two
sentences(when, where)
 Examples
 I cannot tell you when he will come
 I do not know where he kept my book