Public policy

1. TOPICS
 Public policy
 Public policy is necessary in government
 Health policy
 Public health policy
 Health care policy
 Financial policy
 Tax policy
 Regulatory policy
 Access to capital
 Legal protection of property right
 Education policy
 Elementary education
 Secondary and Higher education
 Literacy and Formal education
 Emergency education
 Improving quality of education
 Science education
 Technical education
 Industrial Policy

2.  Cotton textile industry
 Engineering industry
 Chemical industry
 Foreign Policy
PUBLIC POLICY:
Public policy is the principled guide to action taken by the
administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a
manner consistent with law and institutional customs. The foundation of public
policy is composed ofnational constitutional laws and regulations. Further
substrates include both judicial interpretations and regulations which are generally
authorized by legislation. Public policy is considered strong when it solves
problems efficiently and effectively, serves justice, supports governmental
institutions and policies, and encourages active citizenship. [1]
Public policy is the means by which a government maintains order or addresses
the needs of its citizens, through actions defined by its constitution. If this
definition sounds vague or confusing, it's likely because a public policy is
generally not a tangible thing but rather is a term used to describe a collection of
laws, mandates, or regulations established through a political process.[2]
Public policy can be generally defined as a system of laws, regulatory measures,
courses of action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a
governmental entity or its representatives. Individuals and groups often attempt to
shape public policy through education, advocacy, or mobilization of interest
groups. Shaping public policy is obviously different in Western-style democracies
than in other forms of government. But it is reasonable to assume that the process
always involves efforts by competing interest groups to influence policy makers in
their favor. A major aspectof public policy is law. In a general sense, the law
includes specific legislation and more broadly defined provisions of constitutional
or international law. There are many ways that the law can influence how survivors

3. of violence against women are treated and the types of services they receive.
Likewise, legislation identifies areas in which research grants can be funded and
often determines the amount of funding allocated. Thus, it is not surprising that
public policy debates occur over proposed legislation and funding.
Meaning of public policy, RobertEye Stone terms public policy as "the
relationship of government unit to its environment. Thomas R. Dye says that
"public policy is whatever government chooses to do or not to do", Richard Rose
says that "public policy is not a decision, it is a course or pattern of activity.
In Carl J. Friedrich's opinion public policy is a proposedcourseof action of a
person, group or government within a given environment providing opportunities
and obstacles which the policy was proposed to utilize and overcome in an effort to
reach a goal or realize an objective or purpose.
Harold Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan (1970) define public policy “a projected
program of goals, values, and practices”. Therefore mentioned definition confuses
public policy with programs, making the latter seem overly extensive. A program
can be public policy, but not all public policies are programs. As has been pointed
out, public policy also includes instructions, decisions, laws, regulations, and other
symbolic systems that government sends out.
PUBLIC POLICY IS NECESSARY IN
GOVERNMENT
Governments enjoy a special role in public policy-making due to their unique
ability to make authoritative decisions on behalf of citizens, which are backed up
by legislation, laws, rules and regulations as well as sanctions for offenders in the
event of non- compliance. Thomas Dye’s definition also highlights the fact that
public policy- making involves a fundamental choice on the part of governments to
do something or to do nothing about a problem, and that decision is made by
elected representatives or government officials. Closely related to this point, Dye’s
definition also highlights the fact that a public policy is a conscious choice of a
government. That is government actions and decisions often yield unintended
consequences. Forexample, an effort to controlthe sale of a productdeemed to be
harmful for public consumption may increase smuggling and shootup its price –
people operate illegally on the black market. Governments often make policies

4. based on a series of decisions that cumulatively contribute to an outcome. Eg:
health policy involves building health facilities, certifying personnel and treatment,
and financing healthcare provision among many other related actions. These
various interrelated decisions are often made by different individuals and agencies
within government such as the Cabinet, Ministries of Finance, Health and even
social welfare and by various departments and agencies within the ministries.
Public policy is important because policy choices and decisions made by those in
power affect nearly every aspectof daily life, including education, healthcare and
national security. Public policy decisions are made daily and cover all levels of
government. Some public policy decisions are made at the level of local
government, while others are made by county officials and policymakers at the
national and international levels. The policies set in place by officials at all level of
government establish rules, regulations and procedures that guide the actions of
citizens within their jurisdiction. Public policy decisions are primarily made to
improve the health, safety and well-being of citizens, and may set standards for
educational institutions, transportation operations and housing facilities. Some
public policy is concerned with short-term issues, suchas coordinating relief
efforts following natural disasters or to alleviate economic concerns produced bya
sudden downturn in the market.
Public policies are set in place primarily by elected officials, who are voted into
office for a set period of time by citizens. Public policy affects short-term issues as
well as complex and intractable issues that occurin multiple locations and are
carried out across generations. Public policy sets some societal norms for behavior,
and also strives to improve the quality of life for people.
Some policies is very necessary in Government:
 Health policy
 Financial policy
 Educational policy
 Industrial policy
 Foreign policy

5. HEALTH POLICY
Health policy is necessary in government. An authoritative statement of intent
adopted by government on behalf of the public with the aim of improving the
health and welfare of the populations (centrally determined basis for action).
What health agencies actually do rather than what governments would like them to
do (Observing outcomes of decision making).
 Public health policy
 Health care policy
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY:
 Heart of all political decisions is the allocation of value.
Easton(1965) : allocation of values is the process bywhich government choose
which values to grant and which to deny – the process ofmaking and altering
policies.
Competing demands on finite resources:
 Demands made by individuals and groups seeking particular policies.
 Resources help the government to respond to the demands being made (
money , building staff , time ).
 Supportrelates to the extent to which any government is authorised to pass
legislation.
A policy is a plan or courseof action:
 designed to define issues,
 influence decision-making
 promote broad community actions beyond those made by individuals.

6. POTENTIAL ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HEALTH
CARE:
 A regulator of health care agencies
 A stimulator of research.
 A protector of deprived and disadvantaged groups.
 A financier of health and health care programmes.
 A purchaser of health care services.
 A direct provider of services

7. [8]
FINANCIAL POLICY
Public finance is a study of income and expenditure of the government and the
central , state, and local level. Government has to perform certain functions in a
country such as to supply certain public or collective goods which individuals
cannot or do not singly perform. And this is the responsibility of the government to
provide those goods for which it needs revenue. [9]
Among the most successfulstrategies for encouraging entrepreneurship and small
business are changes in tax policy, regulatory policy, access to capital, and the
legal protection of property rights.
TAX POLICY:

8. Governments use taxes to raise money. But taxes increase the costof the activity
taxed, discouraging it somewhat. Therefore, policymakers need to balance the
goals of raising revenue and promoting entrepreneurship. Corporatetax rate
reductions, tax credits for investment or education, and tax deductions for
businesses are all proven methods for encouraging business growth.
REGULATORY POLICY:
"The simpler and more expedited the regulatory process, the greater the likelihood
of small business expansion," says Steve Strauss, a lawyer and author, who
specializes in entrepreneurship. Reducing the costof compliance with government
regulations is also helpful. Governments can, for example, provide one-stop
service centers where entrepreneurs can find assistance and allow electronic filing
and storage of forms.
ACCESS TO CAPITAL:
Starting a business takes money. There are required procedures and fees as well as
the initial costs ofthe new enterprise itself. Therefore, the most important activity a
government can undertake is to assist potential entrepreneurs with finding money
for start-ups. In the United States, the Small Business Administration (SBA) helps
entrepreneurs get funds. The SBA is a federal agency whose main function is
guaranteeing loans. Banks and other lenders that participate in SBA programs
often relax strict loan requirements because the government has promised
repayment if the borrower defaults. This policy makes many loans available for
risky new businesses.
LEGAL PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHT:
Small business can thrive where there is respect for individual property rights and a
legal system to protectthose rights. Without property rights, there is little incentive
to create or invest. [10]
EDUCATIONAL POLICY
Education policy are the principles and government policy-making in
educational sphere, as well as the collection of laws and rules that
govern the operation of education systems. Education occurs in many forms
for many purposes through many institutions. Examples include early childhood
education, kindergarten through to 12th grade, two and four year colleges or

9. universities, graduate and professional education, adult education and job training.
Therefore, education policy can directly affect the education people engage in at all
ages.
Examples of areas subject to debate in education policy, specifically from the field
of schools, include schoolsize, class size, school choice, schoolprivatization,
tracking, teacher education and certification, teacher pay, teaching methods,
curricular content, graduation requirements, schoolinfrastructure investment, and
the values that schools are expected to uphold and model.
Issues in education policy also address problems within higher education. The Pell
Institute analyzes the barriers experienced by teachers and students within
community colleges and universities. These issues involve undocumented students,
sex education, and federal grant aides.
Education policy analysis is the scholarly study of education policy. It seeks to
answer questions about the purposeof education, the objectives (societal and
personal) that it is designed to attain, the methods for attaining them and the tools
for measuring their success orfailure. Research intended to inform education
policy is carried out in a wide variety of institutions and in many academic
disciplines. Important researchers are affiliated with departments
of psychology, economics, sociology, and human development, in addition to
schools and departments of education or public policy.
[11]
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION:
The government has set a target in its education policy to bring all children from 6
to 10 years in elementary schools by 2015. The government has set the target but
no plan has been made to encourage the children to take admission in the schools.
This target of government to bring all children to schools by 2015 is unrealistic.
Because due to rising inflation the costof living is increasing day by day and most
of the population is living by hand to mouth. The poverty is increasing at a rapid
rate therefore, the number of children going to schoolis decreasing, and the
government cannot achieve this target unless the poverty is reduced to minimum.
In the policy the government has not been able to justify that how it is going to
achieve this target. To set this target is unrealistic and is not achievable with only
five years time frame.
SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION:

10. The government has aimed at providing the higher education for girls and the
development ofhigh schools and colleges in the localities where there are no or very
low amount ofhigher education schools orcolleges. This policy of government aims
at development of underdeveloped regions of the country and promotes the higher
education in these regions. The promotion of higher education is very critical for
raising the living standard of the country.
This policy has included grade XI and XII in school system which is common in
advanced countries as USA and UK. The policy is also aiming at developing skills
of the students to train them to perform different task and earn their living through
self employment and other vocational and technical education.
LITERACY AND FORMAL EDUCATION:
The government in its policy has set the target to increase the literacy rate to 85%
by 2015, this target set by the government is very ambitious and difficult to achieve.
The government has set the target but has not been able to provide the
implementation procedures to achieve this target. To achieve this target of 85%
literacy rate within five years is unrealistic. To improve the literacy rate, the
education of children as well as adult is required. And to make people go to school
is very difficult in current scenario where inflation is at its peak and costof living is
very difficult to meet. Therefore, the target set is not properly planed and it seems
that government has set the target without proper survey, research and planning.
More over the steps described by the government are vague and unclear they do not
provide a guide line how the government policy will work and how it will be
implemented.
EMERGENCY EDUCATION:
In the present situation which Pakistan is facing, the government has made a very
effective step in providing education to the students regarding emergency situation.
This education would be provided to the students of colleges and schools to train
them so they will be able to cope with the emergency or crisis situation. This is a
positive point in the education policy, and these types ofmeasures are not present in
the previous policy.
IMPROVING QUALITY OF EDUCATION:
The government in its policy is determined in improving the quality of education in
the country, forthis purposethegovernment has described various steps in the policy

11. including training of teachers so they would be able to provide quality education to
the students. The government has announced that the curriculum would be revised
and new and improved coursewould be taught to students so that they would beable
to get the latest education and would be able to compete with the international
students. The training of teachers would be helpful in providing latest education to
the students in accordance with the latest trends.
Quality of Text Books and learning education will be improved to raise the living
standards, in the policy the government has announced that new and improved text
books would be provided to the students in elementary and higher schools.
Improving the quality of education is an important step and will help in improving
the living standard. The policy is also aiming at improving the assessmentprocedure
of the exams to achieve fair and transparent system of assessment. [12]
SCIENCE EDUCATION:
Among the factors of the influence growth and development, science education is
by far the most important. Science education provides a sound base for scientific
research and technological development. In view of the vital role science education
play in national development it has been decided and a National Center of Science
Education has been established to promote and popularize science and technology
among masses through research and science fairs, museums, films etc to improve
science and technology teaching through research and innovation.
TECHNICAL EDUCATION:
Inspite the several efforts in the pastthe technical education is still not job
oriented. More ever there are hardly any arrangement for identifying the need and
providing training to 80% rural population to make them more productive to order
to strengthen this large sector of economy. In order to improve technical education
the productive oriented education and curriculum have been introduced relating to
the market requirement in all technical institutions.
INDUSTRIAL POLICY

12. Government in a statement on industrial policy issued in 1948, declared that the
aim of its industrialization policy is an improvement in the standard of living of the
people brought about by harnessing to the maximum extent possible, the force and
treasurers of nature in the service of the people, by providing gainful and
legitimate employment and by assuring freedom from want, equality of
opportunity, dignity of labour and more equitable distribution of wealth. There has
been the goal of industrial development all along. However, industrial
development in Pakistan is going to be achieved by the joint efforts of he
government and private individuals.
The industrial share which Pakistan received at the time of independence was only
7% and consistence of small scale industries.
COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY:
The best example of the industry development through private enterprise
is the growth of textile industry of Pakistan. In 1947, Pakistan had on
only 16 cotton textile mills with an output of III mills of cotton cloth. In
1954, the country made so great progress in textile production that it
become self-sufficient in cloth. In 1960, the textile industry had become
an important foreign exchange earner of the country. Cotton textile
industry produce about 30% of the total industrial production or GNP. It
is the country’s largest and most developed industry, employing over
and decrease in textile production greatly affects the overall growth of
the industrial sector.
ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES:
Another shortcoming in the industrial development of the country was the lack of
engineering or machine making industry. A modest beginning in engineering or
machine and toolmaking industry was made in the production of agricultural and
textile machinery and in manufacturing sewing machine, turbines, compressors,
equipment for sugar and cement industries, bycles, electrical machinery and
appliances, machine tools etc. in 1968, a machine tool factory was set up at

13. Landhi, Karachi. It produces medium size machines tools including milling
machines, radical drilling and lathes machines.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
The chemical industries are the basic industries for industrial and agricultural
development of a country. Pakistan has abundant raw materials to produce
chemicals. Raw materials such as natural gas, coal, gypsum, and other minerals, in
industrial and agricultural waste producers are available in fairly large amount of
the production of a wide variety of chemicals. In 1960, certain basic chemical were
manufactured in insufficient quantities. Now several chemical industries are
functioning different places in Pakistan, having achieved self sufficiency in this
field.
FOREIGN POLICY
All national governments create policies and institute actions directed primarily
outside oftheir own countries. These public actions are foreign policies. The making
of the foreign policy is a necessary activity of the modern world. The Cento, Seato,
Tashkent Declaration, Simla Agreement, ECO, OIC are all examples of policy
actions. Problem with foreign policy issues are rooted in their dual nature. As such
policies are directed towards other nations, they seem intrinsically foreign and even
mystical. Understanding these policies requires a great deal of information, some of
which may be secret; an understanding of foreign language and customs and often a
special expertize only a few specialists might possess. However, these foreign policy
actions may directly effect the lives of the citizens of a country. Foreign policy
differs from other policies in terms of its domestic political considerations. Like
industrial, labour, or income tax policies, most foreign policy questions usually
involve the extended interplay of major interest groups in Pakistani society. [13]

14. REFRENCES:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy
[2] http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-public-policy-definition-
types-process-examples.html
[3] https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/policy/definition.shtml
[4] http://www.slideshare.net/denissanchawa/public-policy-an-
introduction
[5] http://www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/public-policy-23310782
[6] http://www.slideshare.net/nida19/ppt-on-understaing-policy
[7] http://www.ask.com/government-politics/public-policy-important-
14dc2408c7f30f82
[8] http://www.slideshare.net/Raza_Ali/102928417-
1introductiontohealthpolicy
[9] http://www.slideshare.net/ginish9841502661/chapter-9-
32670376?next_slideshow=1
[10]http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/06/20080
603235710eaifas2.015322e-02.html#axzz3q52L0C7t
[11]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy
[12] http://maazalisyed.blogspot.com/2010/01/critical-analysis-of-
pakistans.html
[13] Book of “An introduction to public policy with reference to
Pakistan” by Dr. Muhammad Hassan Shaikh