Here are some key industries and products that rely on injection molding: - Automotive: car parts like bumpers, dashboards, steering wheels - Consumer goods: toys, bottles, containers, appliances like hair dryers - Electronics: phone/laptop cases, computer components - Medical: syringes, valves, implants - Packaging: crates, bins, buckets

1. Plastics
Injection Molding
Safety helmet
Tooth brush
Toys Comb
Table Telephone

2. Injection molding
• There are two types of injection molding machines
– Manual molding machine (like orange juice machine)
– Automatic machine (like mincing machine)

3. Injection molding
• Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts from
both thermoplastics and thermosetting plastic materials.
• Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity
where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavity.

4. Injection molding

5. Injection molding

6. Injection molding

7. Injection molding
• The injection molding process requires the use of an
– Injection molding machine
– Raw plastic material (Granular/Powder form)
– Die
• The plastic is melted in the injection molding machine and then injected
into the mold, where it cools and solidifies into the final part.
Bins and boxes
Snow sled

8. Injection molding

9. Injection molding

10. Injection molding

11. Injection molding

12. Injection molding
• Injection molding is used to produce thin-walled plastic parts for a wide
variety of applications, one of the most common being plastic housings.
• These housings are used in a variety of products including household
appliances, consumer electronics, power tools, and as automotive
dashboards.
• Other common thin-walled products include different types of open
containers, such as buckets.
Tableware

13. Injection molding
• Injection molding is also used to produce several everyday items such as
toothbrushes or small plastic toys.
• Many medical devices, including valves and syringes, are manufactured
using injection molding as well.
Pulley

14. Injection molding
Doll

15. Injection molding
(Process)
Process:
• Clamping
• Injection
• Cooling
• Ejection
Syringe
Steering wheel
Hair dryer body

16. Injection molding
(Process)
Clamping:
• Prior to the injection of the material into the die, the two halves of the die
must first be securely closed by the clamping unit.
• One half of the die is attached to the injection molding machine and one
half is allowed to slide.
Bemis

17. Injection molding
(Process)
Clamping:
• The hydraulically powered clamping unit pushes the die halves together
and exerts sufficient force to keep the mold securely closed while the
material is injected.
• The time required to close and clamp the mold is dependent upon the
machine - larger machines (those with greater clamping forces) will require
more time.
Bike frame

18. Injection molding
(Process)
Clamping:
Clamp force:
• The force that is applied to a mold by the molding machine in order to keep
it securely closed while the material is injected.
• The clamp force is typically some factor of safety greater than the
separating force, which is the outward force exerted on the mold halves by
the injected material.
Bucket

19. Injection molding

20. Injection molding
(Process)
Clamping:
• This time can be estimated from the dry cycle time of the machine.
Dry cycle Time:
• The cycle time of a process that results from no material or workpiece
being used.
Mouse

21. Injection molding
(Process)
Clamping:
• The dry cycle time is typically a measure of machine performance that
indicates the time for the machine to perform the actions necessary to
manufacture a part, without the part actually being produced.
• This time will always be less than the actual cycle time.
Dashboard

22. Injection molding
(Process)
Injection:
• The raw plastic material, usually in the form of granulers, is fed into the
injection molding machine, and advanced towards the mold by the injection
unit.
• During this process, the material is melted by heat and pressure.
• The molten plastic is then injected into the mold very quickly and the
buildup of pressure packs and holds the material.
Glass frame

23. Injection molding
(Process)
Injection:
• The amount of material that is injected is referred to as the shot.
• The injection time is difficult to calculate accurately due to the complex
and changing flow of the molten plastic into the mold.
• However, the injection time can be estimated by the shot volume, injection
pressure, and injection power.
Bicycle pedals
Bottle caps

24. Injection molding
(Process)
Injection:
Shot:
• The amount of material that is injected or poured into a mold.
• The shot volume includes the volume of all part cavities, as well as the feed
system which delivers the material.
• The amount of material forming the parts relative to the total shot volume
is the material yield.
• The shot volume must be less than the shot capacity of the machine being
used.
Car bumper

25. Injection molding
(Process)
Cooling:
• The molten plastic that is inside the mold begins to cool as soon as it makes
contact with the interior mold surfaces.
• As the plastic cools, it will solidify into the shape of the desired part.
• However, during cooling some shrinkage of the part may occur.
• The packing of material in the injection stage allows additional material to
flow into the mold and reduce the amount of visible shrinkage.
Body of TV

26. Injection molding
(Process)
Cooling:
• The mold can not be opened until the required cooling time has elapsed.
• The cooling time can be estimated from several
– Thermodynamic properties of the plastic and
– The maximum wall thickness of the part.
Kitchen ware

27. Injection molding
(Process)
Ejection:
• After sufficient time has passed, the cooled part may be ejected from the
mold by the ejection system, which is attached to the rear half of the mold.
• When the mold is opened, a mechanism is used to push the part out of the
mold.
• Force must be applied to eject the part because during cooling the part
shrinks and adheres to the mold.
Glass

28. Injection molding
(Process)
Ejection:
• In order to facilitate the ejection of the part, a mold release agent can be
sprayed onto the surfaces of the mold cavity prior to injection of the
material.
• The time that is required to open the mold and eject the part can be
estimated from the dry cycle time of the machine and should include time
for the part to fall free of the mold.
• Once the part is ejected, the mold
can be clamped shut for the next
shot to be injected.
Razor body

29. Injection molding
(Process)

30. Injection molding
(Process)

31. Injection molding
(Process)

32. Injection molding
• After the injection molding cycle, some post processing is typically
required.
• During cooling, the material in the channels of the mold will solidify
attached to the part.
• This excess material, along with any flash that has occurred, must be
trimmed from the part, typically by using cutters.

33. Injection molding
• For some types of material, such as thermoplastics, the scrap material that
results from this trimming can be recycled by being placed into a plastic
grinder, also called regrind machines or granulators, which regrinds the
scrap material into pellets.
• Due to some degradation of the material properties, the regrind must be
mixed with raw material in the proper regrind ratio to be reused in the
injection molding process.
Lighter

34. Injection molding
(Defects)
Flash:
• The occurrence of molten material seeping out of the mold cavity and
solidifying.
• Once the part is ejected, a thin layer of material will have formed attached
to the part along the parting line.
Causes:
• Injection pressure is too high.
• Clamp force is too low.
Pen

36. Injection molding
(Defects)
Warping:
• The permanent bending of a part that occurs when certain section of the
part shrink faster than others, as result of a non-uniform cooling rate.
Causes:
• Non-uniform cooling rate

37. Injection molding
(Defects)
Bubbles:
• Balloon shaped cavities.
Causes:
• Injection temperature too high
• Too much moisture in material
• Non-uniform cooling rate

38. Injection molding
(Defects)
Unfilled sections:
• Incomplete parts
Causes:
• Insufficient shot volume
• Flow rate of material too low
Bus lights
Bottle crate

39. Injection molding
(Defects)
Sink marks:
• When molten material is injected into a mold, voids can occur if certain
sections solidify first.
• The remaining material will fill these voids as it continues to cool and
shrink.
• This shrinkage causes marks on the part where the material sunk into the
void.

40. Injection molding
(Defects)
Sink marks:
Causes:
• Injection pressure too low
• Non-uniform cooling rate/Non-uniform wall thickness
Storage rack

41. Injection molding
(Defects)
Ejector marks:
• A part defect in the form of small indentations that are made where the
ejection system pushed the part out of the mold.
Causes:
• Cooling time too short
• Ejection force too high

42. Injection molding
Assignment:
Marks: 05 (Lab)
• Write the names of the industries along with products relying on injection
molding process for their products.