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Treatment Wetlands for Sustainable Sanitation in Central and Eastern Europe by Tjasa Bulc
1. SWS 2015 European Chapter Meeting
Wetlands โ indicators of the changing environment
Treatment wetlands for sustainable
sanitation in Central and Eastern
Europe
Griessler Bulc Tjaลกaa, Muller Richardb, Isteniฤ Darjaa
aUniversity of Ljubljana, Faculty for Health Sciences, Slovenia
bGlobal Water Partnership Central and Eastern Europe
Bled, 10. โ 13. 05. 2015
2. The Global Water Partnership (GWP) is a dynamic, not-for-profit action
network with over 3,000 Partner organisations in 172 countries around
the world. The network has 85 Country Water Partnerships and 13
Regional Water Partnerships.
3. 1. Introduction: GWP and sustainable
sanitation
โข GWP CEE Sustainable sanitation task force
โข Increased interest in low-cost on site wastewater
treatment systems
โข Survey the actual situation in treatment wetlands
โข Political, technical and legislation aspect
โข Preparation of expert book on nature based
technologies
โข Practical information on requirements, operation and
maintenance
โข Learning tool
4. 1. Introduction: Central and Eastern Europe
โข obmoฤjuโข 12 countries
โข Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Ukraine
โข 30% of population lives in settlements with less than
2000 inhabitants
โ This is >42 million people!
โ Only 9% connected to WWTP
5. 2. Materials and methods: TW database and
monitoring
โข obmoฤjuโข Questionnaire for sanitation experts from all CEE
countries
โข 1 person per country (from NGOs, Universities, private companies)
โข The questions included:
โข Geographical information of the country
โข Wastewater management in communities with <2000 PE
โข TW presence and status
โข Policy and legal aspects of TW
โข Obstacles and barriers for implementation
โข Answers were processed and additional explanations
were claimed if needed.
6. 3. Results: TW application
โข obmoฤjuโข Answers were received from 9 out of 12
countries
โข No answers from Poland, Lithuania, Moldova
โข Countries with long-term good experience
โข Czech Republic, Slovenia
โข Countries with bad, limited or no experience
โข Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria
โข Geographical, demographical and economic
conditions are suitable
โข Legislation not always favourable
7. 3. Results: TW application
Nr of small*
WWTP
Nr of TW % TW Guidelines/
standards
Bulgaria 57 5 9 No
Czech Republic 1550 690 45 Yes
Estonia 826 14 2 Yes
Hungary 270 10 4 Yes
Latvia 1020 10 1 No
Romania 82 0 0 No
Slovakia 382 5 1 Yes
Slovenia 190 80 42 No
Ukraine n.a. 65 / No
Average/total 4377 897 20%
*capacity <2000 PE
9. 3. Results: Knowledge foundation
โข obmoฤju
Figure: Number of scientific papers at Science Direct database published by
countries according to keywords. Data from 1991 to 2012 are gathered.
10. 3. Results: Main barriers
โข obmoฤjuโข Unawareness
โข National and local authorities
โข Local communities
โข Deficits in legislation
โข discharge limits,
โข lack of programmes and plans for WW treatment in
small settlements
โข Negative experiences
โข Malfunctioning TW (CZ, SK, H)
11. 3. Results: Additional barriers
โข obmoฤjuโข Land limitations
โข Competition with agricultural land
โข Hilly and mountainous area
โข Natural characteristics
โข Severe winters and cold summers in Estonia and
highlands of Romania
โข High groundwater levels
โข Institutional barriers
โข Market barriers
12. 3. Results: Solutions
โข Promotion of TW
โข Low-cost on-site solutions
โข Beneficial effect on economic, environmental and social wellbeing
โข Special importance in rural areas
โ Integration in water and nutrient needs in agriculture
โข Expert book on nature based technologies
โข Learning tool for expert communities
โข Translation to CEE languages
โข Workshops for different levels of stakeholders
โข Ministries, local communities etc.
โข Exchange of knowledge and good practices
13. 4. Conclusions
โข obmoฤjuโข Awareness rising at institutional and administrative level
โข Transfer of knowledge from expert to practice
โข Improvement of legislation
โข Demonstration of good examples
โข More effective systems with less surface demand (VF)