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Insect & pest management during grain storage using
alternative fumigants
Dr. Guru P. N.
Scientist (Agricultural Entomology)
ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana
Email: guru.pn@icar.gov.in
In: Winter School on ‘Innovative Storage Solutions: The Best Way Forward for Reducing Post-Harvest Losses, and
Doubling Farmers’ Income’ Organised By ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana
(01 December 2022)
1
STORAGE
Small scale-
household
level, farm
level
Community
level, village
level,
temporary
storages
Large scale
storages,
warehouses,
buffer stocks
Few days
to few
weeks
Few
weeks to
few
months
Few
months
to years
For consumption, seed for sowing in next seasons, seed saving
▪ On the farm,
▪ At collection points serving a number of farms and
▪ At terminal points where grain is processed or moved forward in
larger bulks
2
Losses
Preventive
Curative
Qualitative
Quantitative
TYPES
FACTORS
MANAGE
ICAR-CIPHET, PH losses study, 2015
3
Quantitative loss
• Direct feeding insects cause loss in
weight of the stored grains
Qualitative loss
• Direct feeding on the grain
• Chemical changes in grain content
• Contamination of grains with moult
skin and body parts
• Vectors of grain diseases
• Loss of seed viability
Insect
damage in
storage
4
Temperature – indirect relation, the higher the
temperature the shorter the storage life
because of increased metabolism rates of
grains and pests
Grain moisture: speed up the spoilage,
favourable for microbes
Humidity – storage atmosphere should be of
70±5%RH
Storage time - Sound and scientific
management needed for the long term
storage
5
Storage
Required moisture
content
for safe storage
Potential problems
if requirement not
met
2 to 3 weeks 14–18 %
Molds,
discoloration,
respiration loss
8 to 12 months 12–13 % Insect damage
more than 1 year 9% or less Loss of viability
Rice
Safe storage conditions for grain
Proper drying of grains
before harvest
6
Moisture content requirement for
safe storage of grains
(27 °C, 70% RH)
Crop EMC
Maize shelled 13.5
Maize flour 11.5
Wheat 13.5
Wheat flour 12.0
Sorghum 13.5
Millet 16.0
Paddy 15.0
Rice 13.0
Pulses 15.0
Lentil, pea 14.0
Groundnut (shelled) 7.0
➢ The longer the grain needs
to be stored, the lower the
moisture content required.
➢ Safe storage moisture level
of 10-12 % for cereals and
7-9% for oil seeds (on wet
basis) effective for a safe
storage of 6-12 months.
GRAIN
MOISTURE
CONTENT
(IGMRI, Hapur)
7
Micro-organisms: generally recognized with
stored grain diseases and the mycotoxins
produced. Significant qualitative loss
Insects: generally feeds on grain internally
and externally. Cause both quantitative and
qualitative loss.
Birds: problems in open storage
Rodents: hard to manage pests, causing both
qualitative and quantitative losses. Presence
of uric acid in grains is the major indication of
their damage.
8
BIRDS
Aves
1. Old world and new world sparrows - Passer
spp. (Passeridae: Passeriformes)
2. Laughing dove - Spilopelia senegalensis
(Columbidae: Columbiformes)
3. Common myna or Indian myna -
Acridotheres tristis (Sturnidae: Passeriformes)
4. Pigeon - Columba livia (Columbidae:
Columbiformes)
5. Rose Ringed/ ring-necked Parakeet-
Psittacula krameri (Psittaculidae:
Psittaciformes)
6. House crow/ Indian, grey necked, Ceylon or
Colombo crow - Corvus splendens (Corvidae:
Passeriformes)
2
5
6
1
3
4
9
• Use of bird scarer like metallic sheets and ribbons
• Acoustic device (Bird scarer/ acetylene exploider)/
Firecrackers
• Barrier meshes
• Slow drying plastic jellies / Grease
• Ultra-sonic disturbances and recorded bird call (warning cries
and distress call)
• Cats -natural predators
• Repellents like methiocarb, methyl anthranilate and others.
Management
Preventive
Curative
Scientific handling
Avoid the spillage
10
RODENTS
To gnaw
Black rat - Rattus rattus
Brown rat - Rattus norvegicus
House mouse -
Mus musculus
Indian mole-rat/ Lesser bandicoot rat-
Bandicota bengalensis Indian gerbil - Tatera indica
Basis of their shelter, rats
can broadly be
divided in to two
groups.
A. House rats
B. Field rats
Squirrels Chipmunks Woodchucks/
Groundhog
11
Rodent Pest Management
CONTROL METHODS
NON-CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
NON-LETHAL CHEMICAL LETHAL CHEMICAL
Ultrasound and
electromagnetic devices
ACUTE TOXICANTS
DEATH QUICK
Eg. Zinc Phosphide
Associated problems: bait
shyness and poison
aversion
CHRONIC TOXICANTS
DEATH GRADUAL
Eg. All Anticoagulant
Rodenticides
MULTIPLE DOSES
Eg. Warfarin, Fumarin,
Coumatetralyl,
Chlorophacinone etc.
Associated problem is
development of resistance
SINGLE DOSE
Eg. Bromadiolone,
Brodifacoum,
Flocoumafen,
Difethialone
Trapping
Biological
control
Habitat
modification
Ultrasound and
electromagnetic
devices
Rodent Proofing
Sanitation
Electric fencing
Sterilant,
attractants,
repellents etc
12
▪ Aflatoxins (aflatoxicosis) – Aspergillus spp.
▪ Fumonisins – Fusarium spp.
▪ Ochratoxin – Penicillium verrucosum
MYCOTOXINS
Microbial contamination
Aflatoxin in maize Aflatoxin in groundnut
13
Management
▪ Right time harvesting/ optimum moisture content in grains
▪ Cleanliness is the prime important step
▪ Undisturbed conditions for a long time encourage
▪ Avoid formation of Heat/ hot spots
▪ Isolation of old stocks from new stocks
▪ Insects and mites are the vectors of microbes
▪ Temperature management -temperature below 20oC and
above 40oC with dry weather will discourage the
colonisation
▪ Dry heat at 65˚C for 6 days or dipping in hot water
treatment at 52–55˚C.
▪ Seeds can also be treated with fungicides such as Dithane
M-45 and Benlate at the rate of 3g per kg
14
Moth (पतंग)
Weevil (घुन)
Beetle (भंग कीट)
15
Major
insect pests
https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/99
3341/fsufs-06-993341-HTML-
r1/image_m/fsufs-06-993341-t001.jpg
16
Monitoring/
surveillance
Management/
Control
Identification/
diagnosis
Pre-requisites
management
17
DETECTION/ DIAGNOSIS
I. Conventional methods
Visual inspection
Probe sampling and trap method
Visual lures and pheromones
Berlese funnel method
Uric acid method
Hidden infestation detector
II. Modern methods
a. Conductance based methods
b. Olfactory based methods
c. Electromagnetic-spectrum based methods
Imaging
methods
Machine vision within visible domain, X-
ray imaging, Thermal imaging
Non-imaging
methods
Electronic grain probe insect counter
(EGPIC), Near-infrared spectroscopy
(NIRS)
d. Acoustic detection (Signal processing)
Window function and filtering, Acoustic spectrum
features, Acoustic temporal pattern features
TNAU traps
Probes
18
Low-cost insect trap
Used for safe storage of food grains during daily
consumption by the household
Suitable for bin holding 25 - 50 kg grains
1,50,000 units sold
Stack probe trap
UV light trap
https://www.mohantrap.com/
Acoustic Detection System
Probe & signal processing unit
Bin filled with Chickpea
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
GRAIN
PROTECTION
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
Improved
storage
structures
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
Silos are better option for bulk storage of grains due to their
various benefits like assured shelf life of grain for 2-3 years,
easier grain management, 1/3rd land requirement compared to
traditional warehouses and no risk of pilferage.
SILO STORAGE
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
Grain Dams/ Grain rings
Grain dams are the most economical way of storing grain. With its simple design and
rugged material it is ideally suited for all sizes of farmers
​General structure: Mesh - 6mm Galvanized Steel; PVC - 550gsm UV Stabilized PVC
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
Different hermetic bags available in Indian markets
▪ Concept of deoxygenation inside storage structure
▪ For instance: Depletion of O2 (< 3%) and elevation
of CO2 (> 50%) exposure for >24 h, 100% mortality
of most common insects
▪ Also termed as airtight storage or sealed storage or
sacrificial sealed storage
Cocoons
Reduction in O2 concentration,
elevate the CO2
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
ICAR-CIPHET_Hermetically sealed storage
structure for pulses (1 tonne capacity)
Test insect Stage of insect Concentration
Exposure/
residence time
Mortality
Callosobruchus
maculatus
Adult 15 % 24 h 100 %
Eggs 40 % 72 h 100 %
Larva 50 % 48 h 100 %
Adult 60 % 96 h 100 %
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
Silobag is made of a three layer HDPE (high density
polyethylene) film (white-black) with UV protection
Silo
Bag
• 3 layers of coextruded polyethylene, 250 microns thick.
• 2 white layers to make the bag weather proof and act as a UV Filter
• 3rd layer is black and protects the grain from the sunlight
Each bag is about 200 feet
long, 9 feet in diameter (60
meters x 3 meters) and can
store around 200 tonnes.
One acre can store
2,000 tonnes of
grain in silo bags.
01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
Thermal Technologies
• Heat or thermal treatment inhibits the activity of
lipoxygenase and lipase enzymes, thereby
decreasing the rancidity and moisture content of
the grains, expanding the shelf-life.
• Heat treatment of grains has been used to
denature proteins, modify aroma, taste and
structure of starch granules, and also to reduce the
microbial load.
Different thermal techniques
✓ Microwave,
✓ Radio frequency,
✓ Infrared,
✓ Ohmic heating,
✓ Oscillating magnetic field
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
27
Dielectric heating
▪ Short wavelength electromagnetic radiations,
which exhibit a protective effect on the grains
from insects, field fungi and storage fungi.
▪ Since microwave works on the dielectric
effect, it only warms up the areas containing
dielectric fluids (e.g., water) causing regions of
hot spots.
MICROWAVES RADIO-FREQUENCY
Mechanism of heating by microwaves and radiofrequency
▪ A non-ionizing electromagnetic wave of upto 11
m wavelength with a frequency range of 1 to 300
MHz.
▪ commonly used food processing technology for
drying, baking, sterilization and pasteurization as
well as thawing of frozen foods
▪ Dissociative ions in foods also produce heat
through ionic conduction whereby the ions
oscillate forward and backward in the food
creating friction and heat.
Vadivambal et al., 2007 –
commercial treatments
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
28
Optimal
energy
usage.
Significant
reductions
in thermal
processing
times
Nutrient
retention
is also
high
Microwave
advantages
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
29
Moisture plays a role
Insect mortality depends on
• Passing load
• Microwave power
• Grain layer
• Grain moisture
• Types of insects
• Pre-conditioning
• Post treatments
• Packaging
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
30
Chemical Treatments
Insecticide fumigants
Carbon dioxide
Protectants
Natural products
Inert Dusts
Botanical
Derivatives
Plant powders
Plant Essential Oils
Physical treatments:
Modified/ Hermetic/
Controlled atmosphere
Low Pressure storage
Heating/ cooling: Mechanical,
Dielctric heating, Ionizing
Radiation, Ozone Treatment
Mechanical
methods
Mechanical devices
and traps
Biotechnological
Interventions
Biological Control
Parasitoids and Predators
Semiochemicals
Entomopathogens
Management options → 31
Prophylactic treatment
These insecticide treatments are to prevent the insect infestation and
cross infestation. However, insecticide should not be sprayed on food
grain directly
Curative treatment
Mixing of chemicals is only
recommended for the grains meant for
seed purpose only. Normally pyrethrum
dust is used as seed protectant
Aluminium phosphide @ 3 tablets of 3g
each i.e., 9g/tonne of grains
Name of the
chemical
Dilution Dosages with
diluted solution
Periodicity
Malathion 50% EC 1:100 3 L per 100 m2 15 days (21 days
in winter)
Deltamethrin 2.5%
WP
40 gms / L 3 L per 100 m2 90 days (3
months)
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
32
Pest management in stored
products
Prevention,
monitoring and
hygiene
Sprays –
space and
surface
Fumigation
33
Manual of fumigation for insect control
by E.J. Bond
Research Centre
Agriculture Canada
London, Ontario
Canada
Food and agriculture organization of the united
nations (FAO)
34
FUMIGANT
Pesticides available as gases, liquids
and in solid preparations but act on
insects and other pests in gaseous/
vapour phase
FUMIGATION
The action of releasing a toxic
chemical in the gaseous state to
control targeted pests
FUMIGANT CONCENTRATION
The actual amount of fumigant
present in the air space in any given
part of the structure/ enclosure
being fumigated at any given time
Expressed as ppm or g/m
FUMIGANTS ARE NON-SELECTIVE
PPA/DPPQS accredited persons
alone can undertake any
fumigation
FOR APPROVED FUMIGATOR
SERVICES
Certificates of training from NIPHM/
CFTRI/ IGMRI
https://plantquarantineindia.nic.in/pqispub/html/Accreditated.htm
35
Changes in gas
concentration during the
three phases of a typical
fumigation
A - Fumigant generation and
distribution
B - Exposure period
C - Aeration period
Gastight structure
Leaky structure
36
Fumigants : Regd. In India
Fumigant Formulations
Phosphine (Aluminium
phosphide)
56% & 6%
Tablets,
56% & 77.5%
Granules
Phosphine (Magnesium
phosphide)
56%
Methyl bromide 99% L, 98% (+2%
CPN)
EDCT 3:1 mixture
Formulation Gross weight (g) PH3 released (g)
AlP tablets, 56% 3 1
AlP powder, 56% 10
34
3
11
AlP powder,
77.5%
125-4400 56-2000
MgP plates, 56% 117 33
AlP : Regd. In India
37
Properties of Phosphine Gas
Chemical formula PH3
IUPAC name Phosphine, Phosphane
Boiling point -87.4°C
Freezing point - 133.5°C
Molecular weight 34.04
Specific gravity:
Gas (air 1)
Liquid (water 1)
1.214
0.746
Latent heat of vaporization 102.6 Cal/g
Solubility in water 26 ml/100 ml at 17°C
Lowest explosion point 1.79 percent by volume in air
Method of evolution as fumigant From the preparations of aluminium
phosphide
Odour Pure phosphine is odourless.
However, garlic or carbide odour is
detectable due to impurities such as
diphosphines and arsine.
38
NSPM-11 Methyl Bromide Fumigation
NSPM-12 Guidelines for Accreditation of Fumigation Agency for
undertaking Mbr Fumigation
NSPM-22 Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation
ISPM-15 Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade
Standard
no.
Title Scope of
IS 4810 :
1968
Specification for fumigation sheets and covers,
rubberized
PCD 13
(Petroleum, Coal and
Related Products
Department)
IS 13217 :
1991
Thermoplastics fumigation covers PCD 12
IS 7247 :
1974
Code of
practice
for
fumigati
on of
agricultu
ral
produce
Part 1 methyl bromide FAD 16 (Food and
Agriculture)
Part 2 Ethylene dibromide FAD 16
Part 3 aluminium phosphide FAD 16
Part 4 ethylene dichloride and
carbon tetrachloride mixture
FAD 16
Part 5 general requirements FAD 16
IS 7716 :
1975
Method for testing efficacy of fumigation for
disinfestation of grains in domestic bins
FAD 16
Refer to,
• Labels and standards
• Applicator manual
• SDS
39
40
Leak checkers /
personal monitors
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
41
Fumigants: Safety limits
Fumigant TLV-TWA* TLV-STEL
Phosphine 0.3 ppm
(0.0004 g/m3)
1 ppm
(1 mg/m3)
Methyl bromide 5 15
Ammonia 25 35
CO2 5000 30000
*Also known as OEL (occupational exposure level) or WEL (workplace
exposure level). In EU OEL: 0.1 ppm and 0.2ppm STEL (EU, 2006)
TLV-TWA: Time-Weighted Average
8h workday and 40 h workweek
TLV-STEL: Short-term exposure limits
Max. of 15 min
42
Residue limits (ppm)
Fumigant Codex alimentarius FSSA, 2006
Whole Milled Whole Milled
Phosphine 0.1 0.01 0 0
MBr 50 50 25 25
AlP brands in India
Brand Company
Celphos Sumitomo chemical india ltd
Quickphos UPL ltd
Sanphos Sandhya organic chemicals
Fieldphos Sarthi chem tech pvt ltd
Pestphos Intech organics lts
Synfume Agrosynth chemicals ltd
43
Fumigant Molecular weight Gas/ vapour
density
Vapour pressure Water solubility
Phosphine 34 1.2 29260 mm of Hg 0.35 g/L
Ethyl formate 74 2.56 200 14.5%
Methyl bromide 95 3.4 1824 13.4 g/L
Sulfuryl fluoride 102 3.5 13442 0.75 g/L
Phosphine merits 44
Live insects are found after fumigation:
Probable reasons
▪ Inadequate dose
▪ Inadequate exposure period
▪ Fumigant concentration not retained
adequately
▪ Insects are resistant to the fumigant
▪ Insects entered after fumigation
Post-application
procedures
▪ Monitoring of gas
concentrations
▪ Aeration of the fumigated
object
▪ Disposal of wastes
45
Fumigation sequence of work
❑ INSPECTION of premises to be fumigated and other preparations
❑ PLAN before execution
❑ SEALING of the object to be fumigated
❑ APPLICATION of the gas and closing of the premises
❑ MONITORING of the fumigated
❑ AERATION
❑ WASTE DISPOSAL
46
Fumigation sheets
▪ High gas tightness (including seams)
▪ Gas loss must be <1mg PH3/day/m2
▪ Resistance to tearing
▪ Light enough to handle (≤150gsm)
▪ Resistance to UV light, temperature (for
outdoor use)
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
47
Phosphine is flammable at
24.9 g/m3 or 17900 ppm or 1.8% v/v
Flash point
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
48
Use phosphine judiciously
▪ Follow good fumigation practices
▪ Ensure effective sealing and gas retention
▪ Use gas monitor giving reliable readings
▪ Adequate exposure period is must
▪ Achieve target terminal/ end concentration
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
49
Fumigants – Scenario in present day
Fumigants Global status
Phosphine Worldwide use
Methyl bromide QPS and CUE
Sulfuryl fluoride Many countries
Ethyl formate Several countries
HCN Europe
Ethane dintrile Australia, New
Zealand
Propylene oxide USA, Japan
50
 Methyl bromide (CH3Br)
 Phosphine (PH3)
 Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2)
 Propylene oxide (C3H6O)
 Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
 Ethyl formate (CH3CH2OCHO)
 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
 Carbon disulfide (CS2)
 Ethane dinitril=Cyanogen (C2N2)
 Ozone (O3)
 Carbon dioxide at normal and high pressure
(CO2)
 Nitrogen (N2)
51
Chemical alternatives
Contact pesticides
Gaseous treatments
IGRs (Chitin-synthesis inhibitors)
Semiochemicals (Pheromones, attractants, repellents)
Botanicals
52
Alternative fumigants to MB, and their
principal strengths and weaknesses
Strengths
Weaknesses
Fumigants
Registration;
Acceptance
Ozone depletor; Residues
Methyl Bromide
Naturally occurring
Registration
Carbon bisulphide
Rapid action
Sorption; Registration
Ethyl formate
Sterilant
Carcinogenic; Residues;
Flammable; Infrastructure
Ethylene oxide
Very rapid
Sorption; Unstable;
Registration
Hydrogen cyanide
Low sorption; penetration
Registration; ineffective for
eggs
Sulfuryl fluoride
Sterilant
Flammable; Infrastructure;
Registration; Sorption
Propylene oxide
Registration; Cheep;
Penetration
Flammable; Corrosive; Slow
action; Resistance
Phosphine
Prof. Shlomo Navarro
53
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aarti-
Nimesh/publication/338792006_Post-
Harvest_Stored_Product_Insects_and_Their_Management/links/
5e2aaff7299bf152167887d5/Post-Harvest-Stored-Product-
Insects-and-Their-Management.pdf
01-12-2022
guru.pn@icar.gov.in
54
THANK YOU
Dr. Guru P. N.
Scientist (Agricultural Entomology)
ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana
Email: guru.pn@icar.gov.in
Mob: 8073129511
55

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Guru P N_Innovative storage techniques_CIPHET.pdf

  • 1. Insect & pest management during grain storage using alternative fumigants Dr. Guru P. N. Scientist (Agricultural Entomology) ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana Email: guru.pn@icar.gov.in In: Winter School on ‘Innovative Storage Solutions: The Best Way Forward for Reducing Post-Harvest Losses, and Doubling Farmers’ Income’ Organised By ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana (01 December 2022) 1
  • 2. STORAGE Small scale- household level, farm level Community level, village level, temporary storages Large scale storages, warehouses, buffer stocks Few days to few weeks Few weeks to few months Few months to years For consumption, seed for sowing in next seasons, seed saving ▪ On the farm, ▪ At collection points serving a number of farms and ▪ At terminal points where grain is processed or moved forward in larger bulks 2
  • 4. Quantitative loss • Direct feeding insects cause loss in weight of the stored grains Qualitative loss • Direct feeding on the grain • Chemical changes in grain content • Contamination of grains with moult skin and body parts • Vectors of grain diseases • Loss of seed viability Insect damage in storage 4
  • 5. Temperature – indirect relation, the higher the temperature the shorter the storage life because of increased metabolism rates of grains and pests Grain moisture: speed up the spoilage, favourable for microbes Humidity – storage atmosphere should be of 70±5%RH Storage time - Sound and scientific management needed for the long term storage 5
  • 6. Storage Required moisture content for safe storage Potential problems if requirement not met 2 to 3 weeks 14–18 % Molds, discoloration, respiration loss 8 to 12 months 12–13 % Insect damage more than 1 year 9% or less Loss of viability Rice Safe storage conditions for grain Proper drying of grains before harvest 6
  • 7. Moisture content requirement for safe storage of grains (27 °C, 70% RH) Crop EMC Maize shelled 13.5 Maize flour 11.5 Wheat 13.5 Wheat flour 12.0 Sorghum 13.5 Millet 16.0 Paddy 15.0 Rice 13.0 Pulses 15.0 Lentil, pea 14.0 Groundnut (shelled) 7.0 ➢ The longer the grain needs to be stored, the lower the moisture content required. ➢ Safe storage moisture level of 10-12 % for cereals and 7-9% for oil seeds (on wet basis) effective for a safe storage of 6-12 months. GRAIN MOISTURE CONTENT (IGMRI, Hapur) 7
  • 8. Micro-organisms: generally recognized with stored grain diseases and the mycotoxins produced. Significant qualitative loss Insects: generally feeds on grain internally and externally. Cause both quantitative and qualitative loss. Birds: problems in open storage Rodents: hard to manage pests, causing both qualitative and quantitative losses. Presence of uric acid in grains is the major indication of their damage. 8
  • 9. BIRDS Aves 1. Old world and new world sparrows - Passer spp. (Passeridae: Passeriformes) 2. Laughing dove - Spilopelia senegalensis (Columbidae: Columbiformes) 3. Common myna or Indian myna - Acridotheres tristis (Sturnidae: Passeriformes) 4. Pigeon - Columba livia (Columbidae: Columbiformes) 5. Rose Ringed/ ring-necked Parakeet- Psittacula krameri (Psittaculidae: Psittaciformes) 6. House crow/ Indian, grey necked, Ceylon or Colombo crow - Corvus splendens (Corvidae: Passeriformes) 2 5 6 1 3 4 9
  • 10. • Use of bird scarer like metallic sheets and ribbons • Acoustic device (Bird scarer/ acetylene exploider)/ Firecrackers • Barrier meshes • Slow drying plastic jellies / Grease • Ultra-sonic disturbances and recorded bird call (warning cries and distress call) • Cats -natural predators • Repellents like methiocarb, methyl anthranilate and others. Management Preventive Curative Scientific handling Avoid the spillage 10
  • 11. RODENTS To gnaw Black rat - Rattus rattus Brown rat - Rattus norvegicus House mouse - Mus musculus Indian mole-rat/ Lesser bandicoot rat- Bandicota bengalensis Indian gerbil - Tatera indica Basis of their shelter, rats can broadly be divided in to two groups. A. House rats B. Field rats Squirrels Chipmunks Woodchucks/ Groundhog 11
  • 12. Rodent Pest Management CONTROL METHODS NON-CHEMICAL CHEMICAL NON-LETHAL CHEMICAL LETHAL CHEMICAL Ultrasound and electromagnetic devices ACUTE TOXICANTS DEATH QUICK Eg. Zinc Phosphide Associated problems: bait shyness and poison aversion CHRONIC TOXICANTS DEATH GRADUAL Eg. All Anticoagulant Rodenticides MULTIPLE DOSES Eg. Warfarin, Fumarin, Coumatetralyl, Chlorophacinone etc. Associated problem is development of resistance SINGLE DOSE Eg. Bromadiolone, Brodifacoum, Flocoumafen, Difethialone Trapping Biological control Habitat modification Ultrasound and electromagnetic devices Rodent Proofing Sanitation Electric fencing Sterilant, attractants, repellents etc 12
  • 13. ▪ Aflatoxins (aflatoxicosis) – Aspergillus spp. ▪ Fumonisins – Fusarium spp. ▪ Ochratoxin – Penicillium verrucosum MYCOTOXINS Microbial contamination Aflatoxin in maize Aflatoxin in groundnut 13
  • 14. Management ▪ Right time harvesting/ optimum moisture content in grains ▪ Cleanliness is the prime important step ▪ Undisturbed conditions for a long time encourage ▪ Avoid formation of Heat/ hot spots ▪ Isolation of old stocks from new stocks ▪ Insects and mites are the vectors of microbes ▪ Temperature management -temperature below 20oC and above 40oC with dry weather will discourage the colonisation ▪ Dry heat at 65˚C for 6 days or dipping in hot water treatment at 52–55˚C. ▪ Seeds can also be treated with fungicides such as Dithane M-45 and Benlate at the rate of 3g per kg 14
  • 18. DETECTION/ DIAGNOSIS I. Conventional methods Visual inspection Probe sampling and trap method Visual lures and pheromones Berlese funnel method Uric acid method Hidden infestation detector II. Modern methods a. Conductance based methods b. Olfactory based methods c. Electromagnetic-spectrum based methods Imaging methods Machine vision within visible domain, X- ray imaging, Thermal imaging Non-imaging methods Electronic grain probe insect counter (EGPIC), Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) d. Acoustic detection (Signal processing) Window function and filtering, Acoustic spectrum features, Acoustic temporal pattern features TNAU traps Probes 18
  • 19. Low-cost insect trap Used for safe storage of food grains during daily consumption by the household Suitable for bin holding 25 - 50 kg grains 1,50,000 units sold Stack probe trap UV light trap https://www.mohantrap.com/ Acoustic Detection System Probe & signal processing unit Bin filled with Chickpea 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
  • 22. Silos are better option for bulk storage of grains due to their various benefits like assured shelf life of grain for 2-3 years, easier grain management, 1/3rd land requirement compared to traditional warehouses and no risk of pilferage. SILO STORAGE 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
  • 23. Grain Dams/ Grain rings Grain dams are the most economical way of storing grain. With its simple design and rugged material it is ideally suited for all sizes of farmers ​General structure: Mesh - 6mm Galvanized Steel; PVC - 550gsm UV Stabilized PVC 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
  • 24. Different hermetic bags available in Indian markets ▪ Concept of deoxygenation inside storage structure ▪ For instance: Depletion of O2 (< 3%) and elevation of CO2 (> 50%) exposure for >24 h, 100% mortality of most common insects ▪ Also termed as airtight storage or sealed storage or sacrificial sealed storage Cocoons Reduction in O2 concentration, elevate the CO2 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
  • 25. ICAR-CIPHET_Hermetically sealed storage structure for pulses (1 tonne capacity) Test insect Stage of insect Concentration Exposure/ residence time Mortality Callosobruchus maculatus Adult 15 % 24 h 100 % Eggs 40 % 72 h 100 % Larva 50 % 48 h 100 % Adult 60 % 96 h 100 % 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
  • 26. Silobag is made of a three layer HDPE (high density polyethylene) film (white-black) with UV protection Silo Bag • 3 layers of coextruded polyethylene, 250 microns thick. • 2 white layers to make the bag weather proof and act as a UV Filter • 3rd layer is black and protects the grain from the sunlight Each bag is about 200 feet long, 9 feet in diameter (60 meters x 3 meters) and can store around 200 tonnes. One acre can store 2,000 tonnes of grain in silo bags. 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in
  • 27. Thermal Technologies • Heat or thermal treatment inhibits the activity of lipoxygenase and lipase enzymes, thereby decreasing the rancidity and moisture content of the grains, expanding the shelf-life. • Heat treatment of grains has been used to denature proteins, modify aroma, taste and structure of starch granules, and also to reduce the microbial load. Different thermal techniques ✓ Microwave, ✓ Radio frequency, ✓ Infrared, ✓ Ohmic heating, ✓ Oscillating magnetic field 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 27
  • 28. Dielectric heating ▪ Short wavelength electromagnetic radiations, which exhibit a protective effect on the grains from insects, field fungi and storage fungi. ▪ Since microwave works on the dielectric effect, it only warms up the areas containing dielectric fluids (e.g., water) causing regions of hot spots. MICROWAVES RADIO-FREQUENCY Mechanism of heating by microwaves and radiofrequency ▪ A non-ionizing electromagnetic wave of upto 11 m wavelength with a frequency range of 1 to 300 MHz. ▪ commonly used food processing technology for drying, baking, sterilization and pasteurization as well as thawing of frozen foods ▪ Dissociative ions in foods also produce heat through ionic conduction whereby the ions oscillate forward and backward in the food creating friction and heat. Vadivambal et al., 2007 – commercial treatments 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 28
  • 30. Moisture plays a role Insect mortality depends on • Passing load • Microwave power • Grain layer • Grain moisture • Types of insects • Pre-conditioning • Post treatments • Packaging 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 30
  • 31. Chemical Treatments Insecticide fumigants Carbon dioxide Protectants Natural products Inert Dusts Botanical Derivatives Plant powders Plant Essential Oils Physical treatments: Modified/ Hermetic/ Controlled atmosphere Low Pressure storage Heating/ cooling: Mechanical, Dielctric heating, Ionizing Radiation, Ozone Treatment Mechanical methods Mechanical devices and traps Biotechnological Interventions Biological Control Parasitoids and Predators Semiochemicals Entomopathogens Management options → 31
  • 32. Prophylactic treatment These insecticide treatments are to prevent the insect infestation and cross infestation. However, insecticide should not be sprayed on food grain directly Curative treatment Mixing of chemicals is only recommended for the grains meant for seed purpose only. Normally pyrethrum dust is used as seed protectant Aluminium phosphide @ 3 tablets of 3g each i.e., 9g/tonne of grains Name of the chemical Dilution Dosages with diluted solution Periodicity Malathion 50% EC 1:100 3 L per 100 m2 15 days (21 days in winter) Deltamethrin 2.5% WP 40 gms / L 3 L per 100 m2 90 days (3 months) 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 32
  • 33. Pest management in stored products Prevention, monitoring and hygiene Sprays – space and surface Fumigation 33
  • 34. Manual of fumigation for insect control by E.J. Bond Research Centre Agriculture Canada London, Ontario Canada Food and agriculture organization of the united nations (FAO) 34
  • 35. FUMIGANT Pesticides available as gases, liquids and in solid preparations but act on insects and other pests in gaseous/ vapour phase FUMIGATION The action of releasing a toxic chemical in the gaseous state to control targeted pests FUMIGANT CONCENTRATION The actual amount of fumigant present in the air space in any given part of the structure/ enclosure being fumigated at any given time Expressed as ppm or g/m FUMIGANTS ARE NON-SELECTIVE PPA/DPPQS accredited persons alone can undertake any fumigation FOR APPROVED FUMIGATOR SERVICES Certificates of training from NIPHM/ CFTRI/ IGMRI https://plantquarantineindia.nic.in/pqispub/html/Accreditated.htm 35
  • 36. Changes in gas concentration during the three phases of a typical fumigation A - Fumigant generation and distribution B - Exposure period C - Aeration period Gastight structure Leaky structure 36
  • 37. Fumigants : Regd. In India Fumigant Formulations Phosphine (Aluminium phosphide) 56% & 6% Tablets, 56% & 77.5% Granules Phosphine (Magnesium phosphide) 56% Methyl bromide 99% L, 98% (+2% CPN) EDCT 3:1 mixture Formulation Gross weight (g) PH3 released (g) AlP tablets, 56% 3 1 AlP powder, 56% 10 34 3 11 AlP powder, 77.5% 125-4400 56-2000 MgP plates, 56% 117 33 AlP : Regd. In India 37
  • 38. Properties of Phosphine Gas Chemical formula PH3 IUPAC name Phosphine, Phosphane Boiling point -87.4°C Freezing point - 133.5°C Molecular weight 34.04 Specific gravity: Gas (air 1) Liquid (water 1) 1.214 0.746 Latent heat of vaporization 102.6 Cal/g Solubility in water 26 ml/100 ml at 17°C Lowest explosion point 1.79 percent by volume in air Method of evolution as fumigant From the preparations of aluminium phosphide Odour Pure phosphine is odourless. However, garlic or carbide odour is detectable due to impurities such as diphosphines and arsine. 38
  • 39. NSPM-11 Methyl Bromide Fumigation NSPM-12 Guidelines for Accreditation of Fumigation Agency for undertaking Mbr Fumigation NSPM-22 Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation ISPM-15 Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade Standard no. Title Scope of IS 4810 : 1968 Specification for fumigation sheets and covers, rubberized PCD 13 (Petroleum, Coal and Related Products Department) IS 13217 : 1991 Thermoplastics fumigation covers PCD 12 IS 7247 : 1974 Code of practice for fumigati on of agricultu ral produce Part 1 methyl bromide FAD 16 (Food and Agriculture) Part 2 Ethylene dibromide FAD 16 Part 3 aluminium phosphide FAD 16 Part 4 ethylene dichloride and carbon tetrachloride mixture FAD 16 Part 5 general requirements FAD 16 IS 7716 : 1975 Method for testing efficacy of fumigation for disinfestation of grains in domestic bins FAD 16 Refer to, • Labels and standards • Applicator manual • SDS 39
  • 40. 40
  • 41. Leak checkers / personal monitors 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 41
  • 42. Fumigants: Safety limits Fumigant TLV-TWA* TLV-STEL Phosphine 0.3 ppm (0.0004 g/m3) 1 ppm (1 mg/m3) Methyl bromide 5 15 Ammonia 25 35 CO2 5000 30000 *Also known as OEL (occupational exposure level) or WEL (workplace exposure level). In EU OEL: 0.1 ppm and 0.2ppm STEL (EU, 2006) TLV-TWA: Time-Weighted Average 8h workday and 40 h workweek TLV-STEL: Short-term exposure limits Max. of 15 min 42
  • 43. Residue limits (ppm) Fumigant Codex alimentarius FSSA, 2006 Whole Milled Whole Milled Phosphine 0.1 0.01 0 0 MBr 50 50 25 25 AlP brands in India Brand Company Celphos Sumitomo chemical india ltd Quickphos UPL ltd Sanphos Sandhya organic chemicals Fieldphos Sarthi chem tech pvt ltd Pestphos Intech organics lts Synfume Agrosynth chemicals ltd 43
  • 44. Fumigant Molecular weight Gas/ vapour density Vapour pressure Water solubility Phosphine 34 1.2 29260 mm of Hg 0.35 g/L Ethyl formate 74 2.56 200 14.5% Methyl bromide 95 3.4 1824 13.4 g/L Sulfuryl fluoride 102 3.5 13442 0.75 g/L Phosphine merits 44
  • 45. Live insects are found after fumigation: Probable reasons ▪ Inadequate dose ▪ Inadequate exposure period ▪ Fumigant concentration not retained adequately ▪ Insects are resistant to the fumigant ▪ Insects entered after fumigation Post-application procedures ▪ Monitoring of gas concentrations ▪ Aeration of the fumigated object ▪ Disposal of wastes 45
  • 46. Fumigation sequence of work ❑ INSPECTION of premises to be fumigated and other preparations ❑ PLAN before execution ❑ SEALING of the object to be fumigated ❑ APPLICATION of the gas and closing of the premises ❑ MONITORING of the fumigated ❑ AERATION ❑ WASTE DISPOSAL 46
  • 47. Fumigation sheets ▪ High gas tightness (including seams) ▪ Gas loss must be <1mg PH3/day/m2 ▪ Resistance to tearing ▪ Light enough to handle (≤150gsm) ▪ Resistance to UV light, temperature (for outdoor use) 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 47
  • 48. Phosphine is flammable at 24.9 g/m3 or 17900 ppm or 1.8% v/v Flash point 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 48
  • 49. Use phosphine judiciously ▪ Follow good fumigation practices ▪ Ensure effective sealing and gas retention ▪ Use gas monitor giving reliable readings ▪ Adequate exposure period is must ▪ Achieve target terminal/ end concentration 01-12-2022 guru.pn@icar.gov.in 49
  • 50. Fumigants – Scenario in present day Fumigants Global status Phosphine Worldwide use Methyl bromide QPS and CUE Sulfuryl fluoride Many countries Ethyl formate Several countries HCN Europe Ethane dintrile Australia, New Zealand Propylene oxide USA, Japan 50
  • 51.  Methyl bromide (CH3Br)  Phosphine (PH3)  Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2)  Propylene oxide (C3H6O)  Carbonyl sulfide (COS)  Ethyl formate (CH3CH2OCHO)  Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)  Carbon disulfide (CS2)  Ethane dinitril=Cyanogen (C2N2)  Ozone (O3)  Carbon dioxide at normal and high pressure (CO2)  Nitrogen (N2) 51
  • 52. Chemical alternatives Contact pesticides Gaseous treatments IGRs (Chitin-synthesis inhibitors) Semiochemicals (Pheromones, attractants, repellents) Botanicals 52
  • 53. Alternative fumigants to MB, and their principal strengths and weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses Fumigants Registration; Acceptance Ozone depletor; Residues Methyl Bromide Naturally occurring Registration Carbon bisulphide Rapid action Sorption; Registration Ethyl formate Sterilant Carcinogenic; Residues; Flammable; Infrastructure Ethylene oxide Very rapid Sorption; Unstable; Registration Hydrogen cyanide Low sorption; penetration Registration; ineffective for eggs Sulfuryl fluoride Sterilant Flammable; Infrastructure; Registration; Sorption Propylene oxide Registration; Cheep; Penetration Flammable; Corrosive; Slow action; Resistance Phosphine Prof. Shlomo Navarro 53
  • 55. THANK YOU Dr. Guru P. N. Scientist (Agricultural Entomology) ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana Email: guru.pn@icar.gov.in Mob: 8073129511 55