2. Meiosis
• The form of cell division by which gametes,
with half the number of chromosomes, are
produced.
• Diploid (2n) → haploid (n)
• Meiosis is sexual reproduction.
• Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).
II
3. Meiosis
• Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm
or egg).
egg)
• Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
chromosomes
• Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
Male: spermatogenesis
Female: oogenesis
• Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some
chromosomal differences.
4. Spermatogenesis
n=23
human
sex cell
sperm
n=23
n=23
2n=46
haploid (n)
n=23
diploid (2n) n=23
n=23
meiosis I meiosis II
5. Interphase I
• Similar to mitosis interphase.
• Chromosomes replicate (S phase).
• Each duplicated chromosome consist of two
identical sister chromatids attached at their
centromeres.
centromeres
• Centriole pairs also replicate.
6. Interphase I
• Nucleus and nucleolus visible.
chromatin nuclear
membrane
cell membrane
nucleolus
7. Meiosis I (four phases)
• Cell division that reduces the chromosome
number by one-half.
• four phases:
phases
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. anaphase I
d. telophase I
8. Prophase I
• Longest and most complex phase (90%).
• Chromosomes condense.
• Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes
come together to form a tetrad.
tetrad
• Tetrad is two chromosomes or four
chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).
10. Homologous Chromosomes
• Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are
paternal
similar in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling
the same inherited traits.
• Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same
position on homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
a. 22 pairs of autosomes
b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
11. Homologous Chromosomes
eye color eye color
locus locus
hair color hair color
locus locus
Paternal Maternal
12. Crossing Over
• Crossing over (variation) may occur between
nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata.
chiasmata
• Crossing over: segments of nonsister
over
chromatids break and reattach to the other
chromatid.
chromatid
• Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing
over.
over
13. Crossing Over - variation
nonsister chromatids Tetrad
chiasmata: site variation
of crossing over
15. Prophase I
spindle fiber centrioles
aster
fibers
16. Metaphase I
• Shortest phase
• Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
plate
• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
2. Variation
3. Formula: 2n
Example: 2n = 4
then n = 2
thus 22 = 4 combinations
17. Metaphase I
OR
metaphase plate metaphase plate
18. Question:
• In terms of Independent Assortment
-how many different combinations of
sperm could a human male produce?
19. Answer
• Formula: 2n
• Human chromosomes: 2n = 46
n = 23
• 223 = ~8 million combinations
20. Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes separate and
move towards the poles.
• Sister chromatids remain attached at their
centromeres.
centromeres
28. Telophase II
• Same as telophase in mitosis.
mitosis
• Nuclei form.
• Cytokinesis occurs.
• Remember: four haploid daughter cells
produced.
gametes = sperm or egg
30. Meiosis
n=2
sex cell sperm
n=2
n=2
2n=4
haploid (n)
n=2
diploid (2n) n=2
n=2
meiosis I meiosis II
31. Variation
• Important to population as the raw
material for natural selection.
• Question:
What are the three sexual sources of
genetic variation?
32. Answer:
1. crossing over (prophase I)
2. independent assortment (metaphase I)
3. random fertilization
Remember: variation is good!
33. Question:
• A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid)
at the beginning of meiosis would, at its
completion, produce cells containing how
many chromosomes?
chromosomes
35. Karyotype
• A method of organizing the chromosomes of a
cell in relation to number, size, and type.
36. Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
zygote
• A zygote is a fertilized egg
sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote
37. Question:
• A cell containing 40 chromatids at the
beginning of meiosis would, at its completion,
produce cells containing how many
chromosomes?
chromosomes