1. Poverty Measurement and Analysis Suresh Babu International Food Policy Research Institute

3. Nutrition Security Dietary Intake Macro-nutrients Micro-nutrients Health Status Access to food Household income/ expenditures on food Maternal & child care practices Quality & quantity of care Health environment & services Access & quality of health, sanitation & water Immediate Causes Labor productivity Adult development

5. Political & legal institutions Political commitment, legal structures for implementing food laws Potential resources Poverty /natural resources availability/ agricultural technology Resource control, ownership, use Resource use & pricing policies Sources: Adapted from UNICEF (1998); Haddad (1999); and Smith and Haddad (2000) Basic Causes

8. What do we mean by “Poverty”? The primary focus is on individuals or groups suffering from multiple deprivations Core Poor Education poor Health Poor Security Poor Income Poor

14. Minimum daily caloric requirements by sector and gender Urban Rural Age categories Male Female Male Female 0 to 1 year 820 820 820 820 >1 to 2 years 1,150 1,150 1,150 1,150 >2 to 3 years 1,350 1,350 1,350 1,350 >3 to 5 years 1,550 1,550 1,550 1,550 >5 to 7 years 1,850 1,750 1,850 1,750 >7 to 10 years 2,100 1,800 2,100 1,800 >10 to 12 years 2,200 1,950 2,200 1,950 >12 to 14 years 2,400 2,100 2,400 2,100 >14 to 16 years 2,600 2,150 2,600 2,150 >16 to 18 years 2,850 2,150 2,850 2,150 >18 to 30 years 3,150 2,500 3,500 2,750 >30 to 60 years 3,050 2,450 3,400 2,750 >60 years 2,600 2,200 2,850 2,450 Source: Caloric requirements are from WHO (1985, Tables 42 to 49). Notes: Requirements used are for men weighing 70 kilograms and for women weighing 60 kilograms. Urban individuals are assumed to need 1.8 times the basal metabolic rate (BMR), while rural individuals are assumed to need 2.0 times the average BMR. Children under one year of age are assigned the average caloric need of children either 3–6, 6–9, or 9–12 months old.

15. Poverty lines and spatial price indexes by region Region Food poverty line Reference poverty line Ultra poverty line Relative price index Metropolitan 50.18 129 .19 75.36 1.000 Lower urban 45.94 101 .72 67.52 0.787 Lower rural 44.29 85 .38 64.71 0.661 Upper urban 45.19 67.51 0.785 Upper rural 40.36 53.37 0.641 101.36 82.81 Notes: Poverty lines are monthly, per capita figures in Egyptian pounds. The Metropolitan poverty line is used as a base line to create the relative price index, which is simply the ratio of each region's reference poverty line to the base line.

20. Head-count of Absolute Poverty for Bangladesh - - - - 52.9 33.6 - 50.0 46.8 Rural Urban 1991/ 1992 - n.a. 33.4 43.8 n.a. - 49.7 35.9 - 48.0 44.0 Rural Urban 1988/ 1989 - n.a. 30.6 41.3 n.a. 47.1 29.1 45.9 30.8 51.6 66.8 51.0 56.0 Rural Urban 1985/ 1986 - n.a. 42.6 50.0 n.a. 49.8 39.5 53.8 40.9 n.a. n.a. 57.0 66.0 Rural Urban 1983/ 1984 - n.a. 48.4 65.3 n.a 79.1 50.7 - 71.8 65.3 73.8 66.0 Rural Urban 1981/ 1982 55.9 37.8 n.a. 63.2 71.3 n.a. 65.3 62.5 - - 82.9 81.4 (5.6) Rural Urban 1973/ 1974 Muqtada (1986) Sen & Islam (1993) Hossain & Sen (1992) Rahman & Haque (1988) Ravallion & Sen (1994) Ahmed et al. (1991)+ BBS Graph* Fitting Method + Sector Year

22. Example of Poverty Gap Calculation Income of4 individuals in a sample: 1,2,3,4 Poverty line = Z = 3; n=4 PG = [(3-1)/3 + (3-2)/3]/4 = [(2/3) + (1/3)]/4 = [(3/3)/4] = ¼ or 0.25 Poverty gap index does not capture differences in severity of poverty.