13. F F F F TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH IL2
14. F F F F TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH IL2
15. F F F F TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH IL2
16. F F F F TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH TH IL2
17. TH TH TH THESE INCREASE IN # THESE DO NOT INCREASE IN #
18.
19. This binding action results in the release of two interleukins from the TH cell *IL4(BCGF) B cell Growth Factor , this results in mitosis of B cells, which soak it up
20. *IL5(BCDF) B cell differentiating Factor This results in B cells becoming differentiated Plasma cells- These are antibody producing cells
28. SO A SECONDARY RESPONSE IS QUICKER AND MORE EFFECTIVE BECAUSE THE HOST HAS MORE ANTIGEN SPECIFIC TH CELLS, B CELLS, AND ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR THE EPITOPE OF THE ANTIGEN.
29. THEREFORE MORE TH CELLS FIND THE MACROPHAGES SOONER AND MORE B CELLS FIND THE RIGHT TH CELLS SOONER AND MORE ANTIBODIES ARE PRODUCED SOONER.
30. THAT, COUPLED WITH THE FACT THAT YOU HAVE AB IN CIRCULATION PRODUCES MEMORY.
31.
32. Upon second exposure to antigen, a greater number of antigen reactive cells will be available to respond. ( both TH cells AND B cells– memory cells)
34. A SECOND ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL IS THE DENDRITIC CELL. THESE CELLS ARE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO ISOLATE. THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INGESTING AND PRESENTING EPITOPES FOUND IN MUCUS MEMBRANES AND OF VIRUSES IN PARTICULAR. IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT THESE CELLS MAY HARBOR HIV VIRUSES AND PRESENT THEM TO TH CELLS. WHICH LEADS US TO OUR NEXT TOPIC
35.
36. VIRAL INFECTIONS DIFFER FROM BACTERIAL INFECTIONS, BECAUSE OF THE MANNER IN WHICH VIRUSES REPLICATE. VIRUSES ARE OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES . THEY NEED TO INFECT HOST CELLS WITH THEIR DNA – (OR RNA IN THE CASE OF RETROVIRUSES)
39. ANTIBODIES CANNOT GET INSIDE OF CELLS TO BIND TO VIRUSES. ANTIBODIES ARE NOT COMPLETELY USELESS AGAINST VIRUSES THOUGH BECAUSE THEY CAN BIND TO VIRUSES IN CIRCULATION
43. TCYTO BODY CELL SELF PROTEIN – CLASS I FOREIGN PROTEIN – VIRUS SHELL
44. TCYTO BODY CELL SELF PROTEIN – CLASS I FOREIGN PROTEIN – VIRUS SHELL GRANULES OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
45.
46. SO THE JOB OF RIDDING THE BODY OF VIRUSES GOES TO THE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS. THEY KILL VIRUS INFESTED CELLS, CANCER CELLS, AND ANY CELLS THAT EXPRESS FOREIGN AND SELF CLASS I. THEY KILL CELLS ON CONTACT. THEY ARE ACTIVATED BY TH CELLS (USUALLY) THIS IS KNOWN AS CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY SINCE IT PRIMARILY INVOLVES CELLS – CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (AKA CD8 CELLS) OR KILLER T CELLS
49. -Blood was drawn from the mouse -T cells were found clumped together -scientists concluded that the vaccine Was too weak, as stronger antigen Concentrations did confer immunity
50.
51.
52.
53. REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE SO INTERFERONS, ANTI-ANTI- BODIES AND T SUPPRESSOR CELLS SERVE TO PREVENT OVERKILL – AN OVERPRODUCTION OF ANTI- BODIES AND CELLS.
54.
55. TDTH release interleukins that draw neutrophils, Basophils, and Esinophils to the site. - This results in inflammation
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