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Atomic Theory

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Gas Liquid Solid Total disorder Lots of empty space Disorder Some space Particles closer together Order Particles fixed in position
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Atomic theory
Dalton’s Postulates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dalton’s Laws ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dalton’s Laws 3. The Law of Multiple Proportions: “ If two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one of the elements that can combine with a given mass of the other element are related by factors of small whole numbers” For example, water has an oxygen-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 7.9:1. Hydrogen peroxide, another compound consisting of oxygen and hydrogen, has an oxygen-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 15.8:1. The ratio of these two ratios gives a small whole number.
MODERN ATOMIC THEORY
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Symbol Atomic Mass Atomic Number Charge (if ion)
H Hydrogen 1 1 Protons: 1 Neutrons: 0 Electrons: 1
Na Sodium 23 11 Protons: 11 Neutrons: 12 Electrons: 11
Rhenium Re 186 75 Protons: 75 Neutrons: 111 Electrons: 75
Rhenium isotope Re 187 75 Protons: 75 Neutrons: 112 Electrons: 75
EXAMPLE How many protons, neutrons and electrons are found in an atom of Cs Atomic number = protons and electrons There are 55 protons and 55 electrons Mass number = sum of protons and neutrons 133 – 55 = 78 There are 78 neutrons 133 55
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Metal: Elements that are usually solids at room temperature. Most elements are metals. Non-Metal: Elements in the upper right corner of the periodic Table. Their chemical and physical properties are different from metals. Metalloid: Elements that lie on a diagonal line between the Metals and non-metals. Their chemical and physical properties are intermediate between the two.
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What would the charge be on a sodium ion? EXAMPLE Since sodium in in Group IA it is a metal and so would LOSE an electron You can tell how many would be lost by the group number Group 1A elements lose 1 electron So the charge would be +1 Remember an electron is negatively charged. When you lose them atom becomes positively charged… when you gain them it becomes negatively charged
How would you right the symbol for the sodium CATION? EXAMPLE Na +1 How many outer electrons does sodium have before it loses one? It has 1…remember the group number!

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Atomic Theory

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  • 5. Gas Liquid Solid Total disorder Lots of empty space Disorder Some space Particles closer together Order Particles fixed in position
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  • 24. Dalton’s Laws 3. The Law of Multiple Proportions: “ If two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one of the elements that can combine with a given mass of the other element are related by factors of small whole numbers” For example, water has an oxygen-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 7.9:1. Hydrogen peroxide, another compound consisting of oxygen and hydrogen, has an oxygen-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 15.8:1. The ratio of these two ratios gives a small whole number.
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  • 29. Symbol Atomic Mass Atomic Number Charge (if ion)
  • 30. H Hydrogen 1 1 Protons: 1 Neutrons: 0 Electrons: 1
  • 31. Na Sodium 23 11 Protons: 11 Neutrons: 12 Electrons: 11
  • 32. Rhenium Re 186 75 Protons: 75 Neutrons: 111 Electrons: 75
  • 33. Rhenium isotope Re 187 75 Protons: 75 Neutrons: 112 Electrons: 75
  • 34. EXAMPLE How many protons, neutrons and electrons are found in an atom of Cs Atomic number = protons and electrons There are 55 protons and 55 electrons Mass number = sum of protons and neutrons 133 – 55 = 78 There are 78 neutrons 133 55
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  • 46. Metal: Elements that are usually solids at room temperature. Most elements are metals. Non-Metal: Elements in the upper right corner of the periodic Table. Their chemical and physical properties are different from metals. Metalloid: Elements that lie on a diagonal line between the Metals and non-metals. Their chemical and physical properties are intermediate between the two.
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  • 49. What would the charge be on a sodium ion? EXAMPLE Since sodium in in Group IA it is a metal and so would LOSE an electron You can tell how many would be lost by the group number Group 1A elements lose 1 electron So the charge would be +1 Remember an electron is negatively charged. When you lose them atom becomes positively charged… when you gain them it becomes negatively charged
  • 50. How would you right the symbol for the sodium CATION? EXAMPLE Na +1 How many outer electrons does sodium have before it loses one? It has 1…remember the group number!