12. Levels of organization (continued) 3. Community = all the living organisms in a specific area (Ex. Pond, forest)
13. 4. Population: = all the individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time 5. Organism = any living thing
14. Overview: (largest smallest) BiosphereEcosystemCommunity PopulationOrganism How to remember order? Big Elephants Consume Peanuts Often
15. Habitat = the place an organism lives Niche = the role (job) an organism has in it’s community
16. Species = a group of like organisms that can reproduce AND have fertile offspring
17. NOT a species… Cat + rabbit = cabbit? Babies are sterile therefore NOT a species
18. Lion + tiger = liger Babies are sterile therefore NOT a species
19. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis = the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species 3 types:
20. 1. Mutualism Relationship in which both organisms benefit Organism 1 = = Benefit Organism 2 = = Benefit
22. 2. Commensalism = relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited Organism 1 = = benefit Organism 2 = = no harm, no benefits
27. Ecological Niches 1. Producers: Also called autotrophs ‘auto-’ = self ‘troph’ = feeding These are organisms that make their own food Ex. green plants
28. 2. Consumers: Also called heterotrophs ‘hetero-’ = different Organisms that can NOT make their own food Three categories: A. herbivores: eat plants (primary consumer)
29. B. carnivores: eat other consumers; eat meat (secondary/tertiary consumers) C. omnivores: eat both plants and animals (tertiary consumers)
31. Food Chains The flow of energy and organic molecules from organism to organism Energy for this system originates from the SUN Food chains ALWAYS begin with a PRODUCER
32. Look at the image to the right and write the correct food chain Grass insects frog owl hawk
33. Food Webs Complex relationships formed by interconnecting and overlapping food chains
34. Practice Look at the food web diagram provided On a separate sheet of paper write out ALL the food chains presented within the one food web You should be able to find TEN!!!
35. Pyramids 1. Pyramid of numbers The higher up the food chain the lower the number of organisms (go to handout)
36. 2. Pyramid of energy 90% of the energy is lost to the environment at each level of the food chain (go to handout) 3. Pyramid of biomass The amount of biomass decreases at each level of the food chain (go to handout)
38. Community Distribution Limiting factor: any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts an organism’s ability to survive Ex. Food supply, water supply, living space Tolerance: the ability to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors
39. SUCCESSION = the orderly, natural change in communities over time Primary succession: development of living communities from BARE ROCK NO soil present Ex. Rock lichens moss ferns shrubs trees mature trees
40. Pioneer organism: the first organism to inhabit a community (ex. lichens) Climax community: a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession Primary succession takes a relatively long time to reach this point
41. Secondary succession: the development of living communities that takes place when a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human impact Soil IS present Takes less time to reach climax community Ex. Abandoned farms, fires…
42. Population Growth Exponential growth: when the number of organisms increases by an ever-increasing rate. 248163264128256etc J-shaped curve
43. Carrying capacity: the number of organisms of a population a particular environment can support over an indefinite period of time S-shaped curve
44. Factors that affect the size of populations 1. Birth rate 2. Death rate 3. Growth rate = birth rate – death rate 4. Immigration: movement INTO and area 5. Emigration: movement OUT of an area