07 Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Girdle And Lower Limbs
1. The lower portion of the appendicular skeleton consists of the pelvic girdle and the lower extremities .
2. According to your text , the term “pelvic girdle” refers only to the left and right ossa coxae (each of which is composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis). However, some texts also include the sacrum. Ilium Iliac crest Acetabulum
3. The pelvis consists of the two ossa coxae (singular = os coxae), the sacrum, and the coccyx.
16. The ischium is the posterior-inferior component of the os coxae. It is the portion of the pelvis we sit on.
17. Note the ischial tuberosity of the ischium on which we sit.
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19. The pubis is the anterior component of the os coxae.
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22. WHAT PORTION OF YOUR PELVIS IS MOST PROXIMAL TO YOUR BELT? A COCCYX B SACRUM C ILIUM D ISCHIUM E PUBIS
23. The false pelvis (shown in green) is the upper portion of the pelvic basin and is enclosed by the wing-like sides of the flared iliac bones.
24. The true pelvis (shown in pink) is the lower portion of the pelvic basin and it encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep narrower region that contains the pelvic organs.
35. During pregnancy there is a special hormone called relaxin that is released by the corpus luteum of the ovary
36. Relaxin loosens the symphysis pubis and the sacroiliac joint to increase the diameter of the true pelvis and pelvic outlet to facilitate parturition.
37. Male Female Note the female pelvis has wider flair of iliac crests, has a more spherical true pelvis, and the pubic arch is wider than the male
40. The femur is the only bone of the thigh. However, we will also discuss the patella. The femur is the strongest bone in the body. It is a useful study technique to compare and contrast the bones of the lower extremity with their counterparts in the upper extremity.
41. The proximal rounded head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae. Below the head is a constricted neck that is a common site for fractures of the femur in elderly persons.
42. A tiny ligament connects the acetabulum to the fovea in the proximal head of the femur
44. The shaft of the femur has a slight medial bow to bring the knee joints more in line with the body’s plane of gravity. This degree of convergence is more pronounced in females.
45. Because of a female’s wider hips the medial bow of the femur is more noticeable and the knees are in closer proximity to each other.
46. It is technically incorrect to say that an elderly person, usually a female, has broken her “hip”. It is more accurate to state that they broke the neck of their femur .
47. The greater trochanter , which develops because of pulling stress on the periosteum, is found on the proximal lateral portion of the femur.
52. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH THE FEMUR? A TIBIAL TUBEROSITY B PUBIS C SESAMOID BONE D ILIUM E ISCHIUM
53. The lower leg , or crural region, contains two bones: the tibia , which is a weight-bearing bone, and the fibula , which not a weight-bearing bone but is important for muscle attachment. posterior anterior
55. The tibia is the larger and more medial of the two bones of the crural region. At its proximal end the tibia articulates with the femur. At its distal end the tibia articulates with the talus.
56. The intercondylar eminence of the tibia is just a small stabilizing bump in the center of the tibial plateau. The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur. Anterior Posterior
57. Anterior view The fibula and the tibia at their proximal ends form the superior tibiofibular joint
58. The tibial tuberosity of the tibia is the distal attachment site of the patellar ligament.
59. About one finger’s width below the tibial tuberosity, and just medial, is a flat surface on the anterior proximal portion of the tibia where interosseous infusions of life-saving fluids can be administered by punching a large needle through the bone into the medullary cavity. This is easiest in children under five years of age.
60. An interosseous infusion needle used for punching through bone
62. Interosseous infusion of life-saving fluid works best in children under five years of age . Unlike veins, which may collapse when blood pressure falls, the medullary cavity of the tibia ALWAYS stays open.
63. The anterior crest of the tibia can be easily palpated. The medial malleolus is at the distal end of the tibia and forms a medial knob that is also easily palpated. It is erroneously referred to as an ankle bone. Anterior Posterior
64. A child receiving life-saving fluid via interosseous infusion into the medial malleolus of the tibia. As was stated previously, such I.O. infusions work best in children under five years of age.
65. for interosseous (I.O.) infusion of life-saving fluids So both the proximal AND distal ends of the tibia can be used for I.O. infusions.
66. The inferior portions of the tibia and fibula articulate to form the inferior tibiofibular joint
67. The fibula does not articulate with the femur but it does with the talus. The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus, which is easily palpated on the lateral side of the ankle. It is erroneously referred to as an ankle bone.
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69. There are seven tarsal bones that contribute to the ankle. We will only discuss two of these. The talus is the most superior of the tarsal bones and it articulates with the malleoli of the tibia and fibula. The calcaneus forms the prominence of the heel.
70. The calcaneus forms the prominence of the heel. It also serves as an attachment site for large calf muscles.
71. The foot contains five metatarsal bones, with #1 leading to the great toe. All of the toes (digits) contain three bones , except for the great toe (digit #1), that only contains two. These bones in the toes are called phalanges .
72. There are three arches that support the weight of the body and provide leverage when walking: transverse arch, medial longitudinal arch, and lateral longitudinal arch .
73. The ligamentous medial and lateral longitudinal arches and the transverse arch of the foot are maintained primarily by the foot bones themselves.
74. Talipes or clubfoot is a congenital malformation in which the sole of the foot is twisted medially. Read about other foot pathologies in the clinical view in the text.
75. ACCORDING TO THE CLINICAL VIEW IN YOUR TEXT ON PATHOLOGIES OF THE FOOT, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS IS OFTEN SEEN IN PERSONS WITH POLIOMYELITIS ? A PES PLANUS B TALIPES EQUINOVARUS C PES CAVUS D METATARSAL STRESS FRACTURE E CLUBFOOT
76. Fracture of the pelvis in a child caused by blunt trauma. Open or closed fractures of the pelvis are associated with the risk of life-threatening blood loss.
96. Femoral shaft fractures are of special concern because the large elastic muscles which span the femur can pull jagged ends of the fractured bone through the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves causing on-going damage after the original fracture!
97. A Hare Traction Splint can stop this on-going trauma by pulling on the leg.
98. The Hare Traction Splint can be removed in the Operating Room after the femoral fracture is repaired with a metal plate and screws. These plates and screws can be left in place for the patient’s lifetime, or removed after about a year.
103. Note runner (see his helmet) coming in leading with his knee The baseman is experiencing a tibia/fibula fracture and doesn’t know it yet. He is still trying to make the play.
105. A former student of mine, who was playing as a baseman in a coed softball game behind the HYPER building while wearing cleats, suffered a similar tibia/ fibula fracture.
106. The tibial nail or rod was inserted into his medullary cavity just below his tibial tuberosity so it extended through the fracture site and was screwed in place.
107. The nail or rod was inserted into the tibial medullary cavity through a hole drilled just below the tibial tuberosity.
108. Tibial rod or nail in place, inserted past the site of fracture, and screwed in place. Note that the fibula is left as is as it is not a weight-bearing bone.
110. View of the healed tibia and fibula of the male softball player mentioned earlier who sustained a tibia/fibula fracture behind the HYPER building. This is one year after the injury. He opted to have the rod (nail) removed the next week. The rod is removed by screwing a device into the proximal end of the rod and they using a slap hammer to pull it out. It is essential that all the screws are removed before the hammering begins!
114. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH POTENTIALLY FATAL HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK ? A ILIAC FRACTURE B POTTS FRACTURE C CRURAL FRACTURE D COLLES FRACTURE E CRUCIFIXION
115. Fractures in the ankle region were common before better boots were designed. Now skiers are more likely to suffer boot-top fractures of the tibia/fibula or dislocate the knee.
116. A Pott’s fracture occurs when a side-ways force causes both malleoli to fracture.
