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SASTechies [email_address] http://www.sastechies.com

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<ul><li>DATA steps typically create or modify SAS data sets, but they can also be used to produce custom-designed reports. For example, you can use DATA steps to </li></ul><ul><ul><li>put your data into a SAS data set </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>compute the values for new variables </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>check for and correct errors in your data </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>produce new SAS data sets by sub-setting, merging, and updating existing data sets. </li></ul></ul><ul><li>PROC (procedure) steps typically analyze and process data in the form of a SAS data set, and they sometimes create SAS data sets that contain the results of the procedure. PROC steps control a library of prewritten routines (procedures) that perform tasks on SAS data sets, such as listing, sorting, and summarizing data. For example, you can use PROC steps to </li></ul><ul><ul><li>print a report </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>produce descriptive statistics </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>create a tabular report </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>produce plots and charts. </li></ul></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>Data numbers; </li></ul><ul><li>X1=1; </li></ul><ul><li>x2=2; </li></ul><ul><li>Run; </li></ul><ul><li>Proc print data=numbers; </li></ul><ul><li>Run; </li></ul><ul><li>Start of a Datastep </li></ul><ul><li>Assigning values to x1 x2 </li></ul><ul><li>End the datastep </li></ul><ul><li>Issue a Print Procedure to print the dataset numbers </li></ul><ul><li>End the Run statement </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>C, C++, Java like syntax </li></ul><ul><li>Every Statement ends with ; </li></ul><ul><li>Datastep starts with the keyword data followed by the dataset name. </li></ul><ul><li>Datastep ends when run; is found or any other Data or Proc is found else the Status on the window would show “Datastep or Proc Running” </li></ul><ul><li>It usually begins with a SAS keyword </li></ul><ul><li>they can begin and end anywhere on a line </li></ul><ul><li>one statement can continue over several lines </li></ul><ul><li>several statements can be on a line. </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>Log would show the entire program with the Run time i.e. Real time and the CPU Time. </li></ul><ul><li>Any errors or any output with PUT or Macro statements </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>Output Window would show the output of the Procedure in a Listing or HTML Format, date, time and SAS System message. </li></ul><ul><li>Results Window would show any results produced </li></ul><ul><li>Explorer window would show any dataset prepared in that step. </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>To define a library, you assign it a library name and specify a path </li></ul><ul><li>Libname libref “C:emp”; </li></ul><ul><li>Open the library in Explorer would show all </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Datasets </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Catalogs </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>macro compilation </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>views </li></ul></ul><ul><li>When you delete a library you delete the reference to SAS engine and Not the Contents at that path. To delete the contents select all of them and delete. </li></ul><ul><li>Note: libref is 1 to 8 characters long only and remain in effect until you modify them, cancel them, or end your SAS session </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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SAS file in any library except Work indicates that the SAS file is stored permanently SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 Permanent SAS Files Clinic . Admit Clinic . Admit2 Temporary SAS File Work . Test Temporary SAS File, One-Level Name Test

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<ul><li>Datalines / cards statement </li></ul><ul><li>-- Indicates that data lines follow </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>Set Statement </li></ul><ul><li>--Reads an observation from one or more already existing SAS data sets </li></ul><ul><li>-- used to copy / subset of observations to perform additional operations. </li></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Data work.ins; </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>set clinic.insure(where=(weight>150)); </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>if weight > 150 then Overweight=‘Yes’; run; </li></ul></ul></ul></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>a SAS data set is a file consisting of two parts: a descriptor portion and a data portion </li></ul><ul><li> </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 Data Set Name: CLINIC.INSURE Member Type: DATA Engine: V8 Created: 10:05 Tuesday, March 30, 1999 Observations: 21 Variables: 7 Indexes: 0 Observation Length: 64 Name Sex Age Weight Jones M 48 128.6 Laverne M 58 158.3 Jaffe F . 115.5 Wilson M 28 170.1

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<ul><li>Variable names must ---- </li></ul><ul><ul><li>be 1 to 32 characters in length </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>begin with a letter (A-Z, including mixed case characters) or an underscore (_) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>continue with any combination of numbers, letters, or underscores. </li></ul></ul>A variable's type is either character or numeric . SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 Name ------ Policy Total Name Type ---- Num Num Char Length ----- 8 8 20 Format --------- DOLLAR8.2 Informat -------- COMMA10. Label ------------- Policy Number Total Balance Patient Name

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SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 Description Default Length Max Length Variable Name <32 32 characters Value CHAR NUM 8 bytes 8 bytes 32767 (32Kb) any bytes

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SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 <ul><li>Variable Type and Missing Values </li></ul><ul><li>A variable's type determines how SAS software displays missing values for a variable. </li></ul><ul><li>For character variables such as Name (shown below), a blank represents a missing value. </li></ul><ul><li>For numeric variables such as Age (shown below), a period represents a missing value. </li></ul>Missing values Name Sex Age Weight M 48 128.6 Laverne M 58 158.3 Jaffe F . 115.5 Wilson M 28 170.1

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<ul><li>Informats Informats determine how data values are read into a SAS data set. You must use informats to read numeric values that contain letters or other special characters. </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 $ASCII w . DATE w . NENGO w . $BINARY w . DATETIME w . PD w.d $VARYING w . HEX w . PERCENT w . $ w . JULIAN w . TIME w . COMMA w.d MMDDYY w . w.d

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<ul><li>Formats write values out using some particular form. </li></ul><ul><li>User defined formats </li></ul><ul><li>proc format lib=library; </li></ul><ul><li>value JobFmt * if format is char then $ Jobfmt ; </li></ul><ul><li>103='manager' </li></ul><ul><li>105='text processor‘; </li></ul><ul><li>run; </li></ul><ul><li>Applied like -- format var Jobfmt . Var2 dollar11.2 ; </li></ul><ul><li>These are utilized to look up as if it were a table. </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>Contents Procedure </li></ul><ul><ul><li>PROC CONTENTS DATA= libref._ALL_ NODETAILS; </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>RUN; </li></ul></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>To modify system options, you submit an OPTIONS statement. </li></ul><ul><li>OPTIONS statement is global , the settings remain in effect until you modify them or end your SAS session. </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 PROC OPTIONS < option(s)>; RUN; Proc options option=firstobs value; run; 11/13/09 Number|NoNumber Date|nodate Pageno Pagesize Linesize Mprint Mlogic Symbolgen Compress=yes|no BYLINE|NOBYLINE DETAILS|NODETAILS FIRSTOBS= FORMCHAR= FORMDLIM= LABEL|NOLABEL OBS= REPLACE|NOREPLACE SOURCE|NOSOURCE

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Default Yearcutoff=1920 SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 Date Expression Interpreted As 12/07/41 18Dec15 04/15/30 15Apr95 12/07/1941 18Dec2015 04/15/1930 15Apr1995 Date Expression SAS Date Informat Interpreted As 06Oct59 date7. 06Oct1959 17Mar1783 date9. 17Mar1783

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<ul><li>Assignment statements </li></ul><ul><li>X1=1; X2=2; X3=X2-X1; </li></ul><ul><li>Note: In the second case if either X2 or X1 is missing then the value of X3 is missing. </li></ul><ul><li>You can create a variable (not macro variables) in a Datastep only. </li></ul><ul><li>Ex: data new; x=‘abc’; run; </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>To create a variable that accumulates values down observations, a sum statement in a DATA step is used. </li></ul><ul><li>Note -- missing values are ignored. </li></ul><ul><li>Equivalent to function Sum(x1,x2,….) </li></ul><ul><li>Ex: If dsn some has y values </li></ul><ul><li>Data new; Y - 10,20,30 then </li></ul><ul><li>set some; </li></ul><ul><li>X+y; X - 10,30,60 </li></ul><ul><li>run; </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>To assign a length to a variable </li></ul><ul><li>Ex: Length var1 $ 10 var2 10; </li></ul><ul><li>Where used: </li></ul><ul><li>data finance.newloan; </li></ul><ul><li>set finance.records(drop=amount rate); TotalLoan+payment; </li></ul><ul><li>if code='1' then Type='Fixed'; </li></ul><ul><li>else Type='Variable'; run; </li></ul><ul><li>Output will have Type=‘Varia’ </li></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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<ul><li>Error Types </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Syntax Errors - occur when program statements do not conform to the rules of the SAS language </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Data Errors - occur when some data values are not appropriate for the SAS statements that are specified in a program </li></ul></ul>SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09

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SAS Techies 2009 11/13/09 NOTE: Invalid data for RecHR in line 14 35-37. RULE: ----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5--- 14 2575 Quigley, M 74 152 Q13 11 26 I ID=2575 Name=Quigley, M RestHR=74 MaxHR=152 RecHR=. TimeMin=11 TimeSec=26 Tolerance=I _ERROR_=1 _N_=14 NOTE: 21 records were read from the infile TESTS. The minimum record length was 45. The maximum record length was 45. NOTE: The data set CLINIC.STRESS has 21 observations and 8 variables. NOTE: DATA statement used: real time 2.04 seconds cpu time 0.06 seconds