SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 13
The Use of Technology in the Classroom The good, the bad, and the solutions. By: Laura Kulesavage (lkulesav)
Table of Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
“ Research Shows Schools Making Small Progress Toward Technology-Rich Environments” By: David Nagel Written: July 2, 2oo9 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],APA CITATION: Nagel, David.  (2 Aug 2009).  Research Shows Schools Making Small Progress Toward Technology-Rich Environments.  T.H.E. JOURNAL .  August 10, 2009, from  http://thejournal.com/articles/2009/07/02/research-shows-schools-making-small-progress-toward-technology-rich-environments.aspx
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ Research Shows Schools Making Small Progress Toward Technology-Rich Environments” By: David Nagel Written: July 2, 2oo9
Article Reflection ,[object Object],[object Object]
“ Blackboard Acquires MobilEdu Developer” By: David Negal Written: July 14, 2009 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],APA CITATION:  Nagel, David.  (14 July 2009).  Blackboard Acquires MobilEdu Developer.  T.H.E. JOURNAL.   August 10, 2009, from  http://thejournal.com/articles/2009/07/14/blackboard-acquires-mobiledu-developer.aspx
“ Blackboard Acquires MobilEdu Developer” By: David Negal Written: July 14, 2009 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Article Reflection ,[object Object],[object Object]
“ From ‘Paperless Classroom’ to ‘Deep Reading’: Five Stages in Internet Pedagogy”  By: Grover C. Furr III ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Furr, Grover C. III.  (Sep/Oct 2003).  From “Paperless Classroom” to “Deep Reading”: Five Stages in Internet Pedagogy.  The Technology Source .  August 10, 2009, from  http://technologysource.org/article/from_paperless_classroom_to_deep_reading/
“ From ‘Paperless Classroom’ to ‘Deep Reading’: Five Stages in Internet Pedagogy”  By: Grover C. Furr III
Article Reflection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]

More Related Content

What's hot

Technology Power Point
Technology Power PointTechnology Power Point
Technology Power Pointcringles
 
UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016
UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016
UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016Rich McCue
 
Impact of technology on learning
Impact of technology on learningImpact of technology on learning
Impact of technology on learningMohamed Faizudeen
 
Moodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning Platform
Moodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning PlatformMoodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning Platform
Moodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning PlatformEdu Nile
 
Effective use of the internet
Effective use of the internetEffective use of the internet
Effective use of the internetquiocho2
 
The effect of technology on education
The effect of technology on educationThe effect of technology on education
The effect of technology on educationZiyad Siso
 
Transformation of Learning in Universities Through Online Education
Transformation of Learning in Universities Through Online EducationTransformation of Learning in Universities Through Online Education
Transformation of Learning in Universities Through Online EducationMaryFriend Shepard
 
Technology and Matt
Technology and Matt Technology and Matt
Technology and Matt mdaoki
 
Computers In The Classroom
Computers In The ClassroomComputers In The Classroom
Computers In The Classroomguest6d28b5
 
Collaboration powerpointfinal
Collaboration powerpointfinalCollaboration powerpointfinal
Collaboration powerpointfinaldonnabcarroll
 
What is the future of online learning
What is the future of online learningWhat is the future of online learning
What is the future of online learningSakshiJain416116
 
Technology and Matt
Technology and MattTechnology and Matt
Technology and Mattmdaoki
 
Webliography: J.Cope
Webliography: J.CopeWebliography: J.Cope
Webliography: J.Copeguest035174
 
Annals and Auguries of Michigan Astronomy
Annals and Auguries of Michigan AstronomyAnnals and Auguries of Michigan Astronomy
Annals and Auguries of Michigan AstronomyShannon Murphy
 
Wireless Technology in the Classroom
Wireless Technology in the ClassroomWireless Technology in the Classroom
Wireless Technology in the Classroomguest0ee39a1d
 
Technology Presentation
Technology PresentationTechnology Presentation
Technology Presentationplandeen
 

What's hot (20)

Technology Power Point
Technology Power PointTechnology Power Point
Technology Power Point
 
UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016
UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016
UVic Student Technology Ownership: Implications & Opportunities - BCnet 2016
 
websites as a learning tool
websites as a learning toolwebsites as a learning tool
websites as a learning tool
 
Impact of technology on learning
Impact of technology on learningImpact of technology on learning
Impact of technology on learning
 
Essay call
Essay callEssay call
Essay call
 
Moodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning Platform
Moodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning PlatformMoodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning Platform
Moodle: Enhancing Students’ ESL & Motivation Using an E-Learning Platform
 
Effective use of the internet
Effective use of the internetEffective use of the internet
Effective use of the internet
 
The effect of technology on education
The effect of technology on educationThe effect of technology on education
The effect of technology on education
 
Transformation of Learning in Universities Through Online Education
Transformation of Learning in Universities Through Online EducationTransformation of Learning in Universities Through Online Education
Transformation of Learning in Universities Through Online Education
 
Technology and Matt
Technology and Matt Technology and Matt
Technology and Matt
 
Computers In The Classroom
Computers In The ClassroomComputers In The Classroom
Computers In The Classroom
 
Collaboration powerpointfinal
Collaboration powerpointfinalCollaboration powerpointfinal
Collaboration powerpointfinal
 
What is the future of online learning
What is the future of online learningWhat is the future of online learning
What is the future of online learning
 
Technology and Matt
Technology and MattTechnology and Matt
Technology and Matt
 
Final
FinalFinal
Final
 
Webliography: J.Cope
Webliography: J.CopeWebliography: J.Cope
Webliography: J.Cope
 
Annals and Auguries of Michigan Astronomy
Annals and Auguries of Michigan AstronomyAnnals and Auguries of Michigan Astronomy
Annals and Auguries of Michigan Astronomy
 
Wireless Technology in the Classroom
Wireless Technology in the ClassroomWireless Technology in the Classroom
Wireless Technology in the Classroom
 
Hrugenst
HrugenstHrugenst
Hrugenst
 
Technology Presentation
Technology PresentationTechnology Presentation
Technology Presentation
 

Similar to W200 Pp Presentation

The advantages and disadvantages of online learning
The advantages and disadvantages of online learningThe advantages and disadvantages of online learning
The advantages and disadvantages of online learningJanna8482
 
THE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINE
THE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINETHE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINE
THE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINEcscpconf
 
Multimedia tec538 del mar
Multimedia tec538   del marMultimedia tec538   del mar
Multimedia tec538 del marMrsDelMarsClass
 
Technology's Impact on the Student
Technology's Impact on the StudentTechnology's Impact on the Student
Technology's Impact on the Studentguest3654507
 
Project Copernicus final pc revision
Project Copernicus final pc revisionProject Copernicus final pc revision
Project Copernicus final pc revisionDawn Nelson
 
What are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdf
What are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdfWhat are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdf
What are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdfarihantmobilepoint15
 
Computers in the Classroom
Computers in the ClassroomComputers in the Classroom
Computers in the Classroomgueste29e7f7
 
A TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLE
A TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLEA TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLE
A TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLEacijjournal
 
Manifesto Introduction
Manifesto IntroductionManifesto Introduction
Manifesto Introductionbobcatroom24
 
Top ten uses of the internet
Top ten uses of the internetTop ten uses of the internet
Top ten uses of the internetbkporter
 
Article summaries
Article summariesArticle summaries
Article summariesMrsTchr
 
Spotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technologySpotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technologybeaugarrett27
 
Spotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technologySpotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technologybeaugarrett27
 
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdf
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdf
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdfDHANUSHKUMARKS
 
One-to-One Computing Initiatives
One-to-One Computing InitiativesOne-to-One Computing Initiatives
One-to-One Computing InitiativesTravis Kench
 

Similar to W200 Pp Presentation (20)

The advantages and disadvantages of online learning
The advantages and disadvantages of online learningThe advantages and disadvantages of online learning
The advantages and disadvantages of online learning
 
M3 a9coxm
M3 a9coxmM3 a9coxm
M3 a9coxm
 
M3 a9coxm
M3 a9coxmM3 a9coxm
M3 a9coxm
 
THE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINE
THE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINETHE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINE
THE WEB-BASED EDUCATION JOURNEY: A CONSTANT LIFELINE
 
97 2003
97 200397 2003
97 2003
 
Multimedia tec538 del mar
Multimedia tec538   del marMultimedia tec538   del mar
Multimedia tec538 del mar
 
Technology's Impact on the Student
Technology's Impact on the StudentTechnology's Impact on the Student
Technology's Impact on the Student
 
Project Copernicus final pc revision
Project Copernicus final pc revisionProject Copernicus final pc revision
Project Copernicus final pc revision
 
What are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdf
What are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdfWhat are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdf
What are the Pros and Cons on how Technology has changed teaching te.pdf
 
Computers in the Classroom
Computers in the ClassroomComputers in the Classroom
Computers in the Classroom
 
A TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLE
A TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLEA TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLE
A TOUR OF THE STUDENT’S E-LEARNING PUDDLE
 
Manifesto Introduction
Manifesto IntroductionManifesto Introduction
Manifesto Introduction
 
Top ten uses of the internet
Top ten uses of the internetTop ten uses of the internet
Top ten uses of the internet
 
Article summaries
Article summariesArticle summaries
Article summaries
 
Spotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technologySpotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technology
 
Spotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technologySpotlight on emerging technology
Spotlight on emerging technology
 
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdf
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdf
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning-121020185318-phpapp01 (1).pdf
 
One-to-One Computing Initiatives
One-to-One Computing InitiativesOne-to-One Computing Initiatives
One-to-One Computing Initiatives
 
Hudl Accessories 5
Hudl Accessories 5Hudl Accessories 5
Hudl Accessories 5
 
Test
TestTest
Test
 

Recently uploaded

How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxCeline George
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
 
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17Celine George
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptxMaritesTamaniVerdade
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxRamakrishna Reddy Bijjam
 
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptxUnit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptxVishalSingh1417
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxJisc
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...pradhanghanshyam7136
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the ClassroomFostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the ClassroomPooky Knightsmith
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfDr Vijay Vishwakarma
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.christianmathematics
 
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptxICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptxAreebaZafar22
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Pooja Bhuva
 
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.pptApplication orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.pptRamjanShidvankar
 
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...Association for Project Management
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxJisc
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structuredhanjurrannsibayan2
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxPooja Bhuva
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
 
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
 
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptxUnit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
 
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the ClassroomFostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptxICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
 
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.pptApplication orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
 
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
 

W200 Pp Presentation

  • 1. The Use of Technology in the Classroom The good, the bad, and the solutions. By: Laura Kulesavage (lkulesav)
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. “ From ‘Paperless Classroom’ to ‘Deep Reading’: Five Stages in Internet Pedagogy” By: Grover C. Furr III
  • 11.
  • 12.  
  • 13.