9. -uir
In present tense, they have a y…except for
nosotros and vosotros. Ex: Destruyo
-ger/-gir
g-j in the yo form. EX: Encojo
-cer
C-z in the yo form. Ex: Venzo
10. hace + time expression + que + preterite
hace calor: to be warm
hace mucho tiempo: long time ago
hace buen tiempo: to be good weather
11. Permanent situation Variable situation
Yo-soy él yo-estoy we-estamos
Tú-eres ella es tú-estás yall-estaís
usted 3rd-está 3rd-estan
-from -currently are
12. IRREGULARS:
Ser Ver Ir
era eramos veia veiamos iba ibamos
eras erais veias veiais ibas ibais
era eran veia veian iba iban
Ar: aba
Er/Ir: ia
Trigger words: siempre, todos los dias, cada dia, etc.
13. A perfected action
“snap-shot” of time
A beginning and/or ending
A past tense
ar er/ir
É amos í imos
aste asteis iste isteis
ó aron ió ieron
14. Car/gar/zar
Verbs ending in –car turn to –que
Verbs ending in –gar turn to –gue
Verbs ending in –zar turn to –ce
Spock
Hacer: hice hiciste hizo
hicimos hicieron
Ir/ser: fui fuiste fue Ir ser
fuemos fueieron
Dar:di diste dio dimos dieron
Var: vi viste vio vimos vieron
17. Mas, menos, tan---como Formula:
*tan-so tanto-so much El/la/las/los+
tantas-so many noun+
Formula: mas/menos+
mas/menos+ +que
adj/adv/noun Adj.+
Numeros: de
Verb+ +[de]que
mas/menos
tan+adj/adv+como
Tanto/a(s)+noun+como
Verb+tanto+como
18. é
ás
infinitive+ á
emos
án
Irregulars
decir: dir-
Haber: habr-
Hacer: har-
Poder: podr-
Poner: pondr-
Querer: querr-
Saber: sabr-
Salir: saldr-
Tener: tendr-
Valer: valdr-
Venir: vendr-
19. Expresses Example
Cause or Reason Soy el numero uno porque soy inteligente.
Length of time Estudie por uno hora.
Movement through Corre por el ciudad.
a place
Agent El libre fue escrito por Raul
Substitution Trabaje por ella.
20. Expresses Example
Deadline El libre de gramatica es debido para miercoles.
Movement Voy para Walmart.
towards a place
Change of Los zapatos es para Raul.
Possesion
Comparision Ella esta rapido para una chica.
21. TVDISHES:
Tenga Venga Dé/Diga Ir=Vaya
Sea Haya/Haga Esté Sepa
Affirmative Affirmative
Tú- Put in tú & Ud/Uds- put in yo form
just drop the „s‟. & change to the opposite
Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven vowel.
Irregulars: TVDISHES
Tú- Put in yo form & Ud/Uds- same as above
change to the opposite
vowels, add an „s‟.
Irregulars: TVDISHES Irregulars: TVDISHES
22. The Present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary
verb has or have with the past participle.
haber -Past participle is for recent events.
he -Drop the infinitive ending and add
has either –ando(-ar)/-indo(-er/-ir)
ha haber
hemos había
han habías
había
habíamos
habían
23. DOP: The object that directly recieves the
verb.
Tengo un idea.
When it is affirmative, the dop comes before
the verb: La como.
When it is negative just put no in front: No la
como.
24. Add –mente to end
-mente = -ly
O A
If there are any accent marks than they stay.
Irregulars
Bestante-quite
Demasiado-too
Mal-badly
Mucho-a lot
Muy-very
Nunca-never
Peor-worse
Poco-little
Siempre-always
25. The following fall under the category of Subjunctive:
attitudes, uncertainties, and hypothetical
While in present subjunctive: conjugate and put in yo
form with the opposite vowel.
Irregulars: conducir-condusca, decir-diga, oir-oiga.
Wish/want
Emotion
Doubt
Denial
Impersonal expression
Negatation
God
26. The impersonal "se" is used with a third
person singular verb to express the
impersonal English subjects, one, you,
people, or they.
Ex: Se corre pausadamente en la noche.
27. Ir+ present part= is slowly but surely ___ing
Andar + present part= is going around ___ing
Seguir + present part= is still ____ing
PastProgressive= action in progress at a
specific time in past.