1. THE BIRTH OF TWO NATIONS
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE AND
THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

2. India Under the British Raj:
1858-1947
India was the “Jewel of the Crown” of the British EmpireIndia was the “Jewel of the Crown” of the British Empire
Ruled by a Viceroy, or Governor, appointed by the
British
Ruled by a Viceroy, or Governor, appointed by the
British
Indian citizens had limited political role or say inIndian citizens had limited political role or say in

3. The Indian National Congress
Formed in 1885Formed in 1885
Claimed to represent all Indians!
Hindus outnumbered Muslims 2:1
Claimed to represent all Indians!
Hindus outnumbered Muslims 2:1
Middle class, Western educated, professionalsMiddle class, Western educated, professionals
Led to rise of nationalism!Led to rise of nationalism!

4. India: Indian National Congress
•Wanted social equality with British
Wanted ____________________– voice in the government
Wanted to prevent mass peasant uprising
Wanted to use peaceful methods to reach goals – had faith in British system
•Wanted social equality with British
Wanted ____________________– voice in the government
Wanted to prevent mass peasant uprising
Wanted to use peaceful methods to reach goals – had faith in British system
Local Self-rule

5. India: The Muslim League Forms
Formed in 1906Formed in 1906
Concerned about Muslim minority!Concerned about Muslim minority!
Middle class, Western educated, professionalsMiddle class, Western educated, professionals
Led to rise of Muslim nationalism!Led to rise of Muslim nationalism!
Muslims mistrust Hindu domination in the Congress PartyMuslims mistrust Hindu domination in the Congress Party

6. Middle class, Western educated, professionalsMiddle class, Western educated, professionals
Led to rise of Muslim nationalism!Led to rise of Muslim nationalism!
•Protect the interests, liberties and rights of Muslims
•Wanted representation in Local Self rule
•Promote an understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians – discourage violence.
•Educate the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government
•Protect the interests, liberties and rights of Muslims
•Wanted representation in Local Self rule
•Promote an understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians – discourage violence.
•Educate the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government
India: The Muslim League Forms

7. INDIAN INDEPENDENCE AND
PARTITION
LEADERS OF THE MOVEMENT

8. B.G. TilakB.G. Tilak
"Swaraj is my
birthright, and I shall
have it!"
"Swaraj is my
birthright, and I shall
have it!"
•Radical Hindu Activist
•Wanted Total Independence
•Supported use of violence
•Inspired Hindu Nationalism

9. Muhammad Ali JinnahMuhammad Ali Jinnah
•Practical Muslim Lawyer
•Wanted Local-Self Rule
and remain part of British
Commonwealth
•Supported use of political
negotiations
•Inspired Hindu-Muslim
Unity
The Hindus and the [Muslims] should stand united and
use every constitutional and legitimate means to affect that
transfer [of power] as soon as possible.”
The Hindus and the [Muslims] should stand united and
use every constitutional and legitimate means to affect that
transfer [of power] as soon as possible.”

10. FilmFilm
Mohandas K. Gandhi
•Idealist Hindu Lawyer
•Wanted Local-Self Rule and
remain part of British
Commonwealth
•Supported use of non-
violent people’s movement
•Inspired Hindu-Muslim Unity
“I object to violence
because it appears to do
good, the good is only
temporary; the evil it
does is permanent.”
“I object to violence
because it appears to do
good, the good is only
temporary; the evil it
does is permanent.”

11. INDIAN INDEPENDENCE AND
PARTITION
MAJOR EVENTS

12. The Lucknow Pact: 1916
Jinnah proposed the Lucknow Pact –
 Would have given Indians self-government, more parliamentary freedoms, equality in the
army, and remain a part of the British Commonwealth
 Congress and Muslim League agreed to give voice to areas where each was a minority
 Rejected by the British due to World War I – No time to deal with India
Jinnah proposed the Lucknow Pact –
 Would have given Indians self-government, more parliamentary freedoms, equality in the
army, and remain a part of the British Commonwealth
 Congress and Muslim League agreed to give voice to areas where each was a minority
 Rejected by the British due to World War I – No time to deal with India

13.  WWI: 1914-1919
1. Britain promises India self-rule if they help fight in the war
2. Gandhi supports war effort in hopes of achieving self-rule for India
3. When war ends, Britain made a few reforms and refused to grant
India self-government
4. _________________ - placed restrictions on Indian Civil Rights -
stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention
without trial, no public gatherings.
World War I
Gandhi was a
stretcher-bearer
with the
Ambulance
Corps. This
picture is in
South Africa,
1899 during the
Boer War.
The Rowlatt Act

14.  The Amritsar Massacre
- 1919
 British general banned
public meetings in the
city of Amritsar
 Many people ignored the
order and conducted an
independence meeting
 The General and his
troops opened fire of the
crowd killing 379 and
wounding 1100
General Dyer
How did the Amritsar massacre
change the attitude and goal of the
Indian National Congress and Muslim
League?
Amritsar Massacre

15. Gandhi said, “Cooperation in any shape or form with this satanic
government is sinful.”

16. INDIAN INDEPENDENCE AND
PARTITION
GANDHI AND
SATYAGRAHA

17. According to Gandhi, what are his three goals
to win independence from Great Britain?
Message to the Masse
3. Must defy the British – Not through violence3. Must defy the British – Not through violence
1. Hindu-Muslim Unity1. Hindu-Muslim Unity
2. Must end untouchability2. Must end untouchability

18.  Gandhi emerges as spiritual leader for Indian Independence
 A. _________________ refusing to obey unjust laws and purposely breaking them
 B.__________________ Non-violent protests using two major aspects:
 Satyagraha = “soul force” Opponents must be weaned from error by patience
and compassion
 Ahimsa = Love for all
Mohandas K. Gandhi,
The “Mahatma” or Great Soul
“Satyagraha is a weapon of the strong; it
admits of no violence under any circumstance
whatsoever; and it ever insists upon truth.”
“Satyagraha is a weapon of the strong; it
admits of no violence under any circumstance
whatsoever; and it ever insists upon truth.”
Civil disobedience
Passive resistance

19.  Boycotts British goods – especially textiles. He encouraged _____________ clothing and
wore a __________, simple white garment traditionally worn by villagers.
 Goes on Hunger strikes in prison and to stop violent protests.
Homespun Movement
dhoti
homespun

20. “I believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other
people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities
of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if
any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people
have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not
only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the
exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically,
culturally and spiritually. We believe therefore, that India must sever the British
connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.”
Gandhi
According to the quote, what ideals have influenced Gandhi?
Who may be threatened by this rhetoric?
According to the quote, what ideals have influenced Gandhi?
Who may be threatened by this rhetoric?
Do NowDo Now

21. The Salt March
1. British law claimed that the British had
sole right to produce and sell salt in India
2. Gandhi wrote to Viceroy stating his intent
to break the law
3. With 78 followers he marched 240 miles
to the sea. By the time he reached the sea,
thousands of people had joined the march

22. The Salt March
March 12, 1930, Gandhi and 78 male
satyagrahis started their 23-day-long journey
4. Gandhi and others harvested salt from the sea and
were arrested
5. Reporters around the world reported the incident.
The event embarrassed the British government
who prided themselves on their democratic
traditions.
6. Government of India Act -British remained
central administrator but allowed Indian led
provincial government – led to British Indian
cooperation until WWII
4. Gandhi and others harvested salt from the sea and
were arrested
5. Reporters around the world reported the incident.
The event embarrassed the British government
who prided themselves on their democratic
traditions.
6. Government of India Act -British remained
central administrator but allowed Indian led
provincial government – led to British Indian
cooperation until WWII

23. Hindu-Muslim Division
Disagreement with Gandhi led to Muslim- Congress split
 Jinnah began to fear Hindu domination of Congress – A “Hindu Raj”
 Began to support the idea for an independent Muslim homeland_____________
meaning ________________________.
Disagreement with Gandhi led to Muslim- Congress split
 Jinnah began to fear Hindu domination of Congress – A “Hindu Raj”
 Began to support the idea for an independent Muslim homeland_____________
meaning ________________________.
Pakistan
“land of the Pure”

24. World War II
A. All Independence talks were postponed for duration of war
B. Britain declares war for India without consulting them
C. Quit India Campaign - Many members in Congress, start a non-cooperation campaign to protest
war – Muslims support British for equal say at independence negotiations
A. All Independence talks were postponed for duration of war
B. Britain declares war for India without consulting them
C. Quit India Campaign - Many members in Congress, start a non-cooperation campaign to protest
war – Muslims support British for equal say at independence negotiations

25. INDIAN INDEPENDENCE AND
PARTITION
India Independence Act

26. India Independence and Partition
 Grants full Independence to India in 1947
 India Independence Act: Creates East and West Pakistan to
avoid religious conflict – Gandhi not pleased
Jinnah was able to get equal say at
negotiations and refused to accept
living under “Hindu Rule.”
Jinnah planned to say a joke when he met
Lady Mountbatten when he said, “A rose
between two thorns.” However, he
thought she would be in the middle.

27. India Independence and Partition
Why was
Pakistan
created
with such
odd
borders?
What do
you think
will
happen
with the
Muslims in
India and
the Hindus
in
Pakistan?
M
uslim
s Muslims
Hindus
Hindus
Do NowDo Now

28. Great Migration
 Mass migration occur –
thousands of Muslims and
Hindus attempt to cross the
borders of Pakistan and India
 Extreme violence at the
borders kills over 1 million
people, millions are left
homeless.

29. Great Migration
 Gandhi opposes violence and fasts to
make the horrors stop
 Gandhi becomes a victim when he was
assassinated on January 30, 1948 by a
Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi
was too protective of Muslims
 Jinnah dies on September 11,1948 from
tuberculosis

30.  Gandhi was shot in the chest 3 times at point blank range on January 30, 1948 in New Delhi.
 Nathuram Godse was a Hindu nationalist who thought Gandhi was betraying the Hindus and
giving too much to the Muslims.
Nathuram Vinayak GodseNathuram Vinayak Godse
 After a trial that lasted over a year, Godse was sentenced to
death on November 8, 1949.
 India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and two of Gandhi's
sons pleaded for a prison sentence and not the death penalty
that would dishonor Gandhi’s legacy of non-violence.
 Godse was hanged a week later.
Assassination of Gandhi

31. Indian Independence and Partition
_______________ was India’s first Prime Minister. He
introduced a Western-style secular government based on
universal suffrage, religious freedom, social equality and
the abolition of the caste system. The Indian economy
successfully combined government-run industry with
_______________________________. .
_______________ was India’s first Prime Minister. He
introduced a Western-style secular government based on
universal suffrage, religious freedom, social equality and
the abolition of the caste system. The Indian economy
successfully combined government-run industry with
_______________________________. .
Jawaharal Nehru
Private enterprise
Nehru led the developing
nations in practicing
_____________ with the
Superpowers and thus,
received enormous aid
from both the U.S. and the
U.S.S.R.
Nehru led the developing
nations in practicing
_____________ with the
Superpowers and thus,
received enormous aid
from both the U.S. and the
U.S.S.R.
Non-alignment

32. Indian Independence and Partition
Film Clip
In 1984, Operation Blue Star ordered the
Indian military to storm a Sikh shrine
that armed militants had turned into a
virtual fortress, even using tanks and
artillery in the shrine’s residential area.

33. Indian Independence and Partition
Film Clip
Religious and political conflict
remained a problem. In the
1980s, Sikhs demanded an
independent state of Punjab and
assassinated Prime Minister,
__________________________
(Nehru’s Daughter) in 1984.
Indira Gandhi

34. Indian Independence and Partition
Other Developments in the region: After fierce fighting,
__________ (East Pakistan) split from West Pakistan in 1971.
In 1983, and endless war erupted in Sri Lanka with Hindu
Tamils, the minority who wanted their own independent
nation, fighting against the majority Buddhist Sinhalese. In
the first of these clashes, India sent troops to restore order. As
a result, the Terrorist group known as the Tamil Tigers
assassinated Prime Minister ______________ (Indira
Gandhi’s son) in 1991. Terrorism continues there today.
Bangledesh
Rajiv Gandhi

35. Indian Independence and Partition
Relations between Pakistan and India remain unstable. Both nations want to
control the Jammu and Kasmir regions near the Pakistan-India border.
Tensions continued to increase after both India and Pakistan tested
___________________________ in 1998.nuclear weapons

37. Indian Independence and Partition
In 1992, Hindu ________________________ supported
by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) stormed the Babri
Masjid mosque and razed it because it was said to be
built on the site of a former Hindu temple. The incident
sparked violent clashes that claimed dozens of Hindu
and Muslim lives. The Congress government, which had
ruled India almost uninterrupted for four decades, began
to face increasing voter resentment for policies that
failed. In 1998, the BJP has dominated the coalition
government in New Delhi and has challenged
________________ to a fourth and final war.
fundamentalists
Pakistan

38. Failed
Traditional
Rebellion
Western Inspired
Nationalist
Movement
(Leaders & Goals)
WWI, WWII,
Cold War
Independence
Violent or
Non-violent
(Events/Methods)
Resurgence of
Indigenous
Challenges
(Major Problems)
Building a
Nation-State
(Structure of new Gov’t)
Modern, but not
Western Society
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM
1914-Present
•Sepoy Mutiny
•B.G.Tilak
•National
Congress
•Indian troops
used during both
wars
•Failed attempts at
local self rule
•Amritsar Massacre
•Gandhi and Nehru
Hindu-Muslim unity,
end untouchability,
Total Independence
•Jinnah – Muslim
homeland
•Non-violent-
Independence/
Partition
•Homespun, Salt
March, boycotts,
hunger strikes
•Civil disobedience
•Passive resistance
•Led by Nehru and
National Congress
•Largest Democracy
–based on Western
model
•Secular
•Border disputes with
Pakistan
•Religious strife–Hindu
Muslim conflicts, Sikh
homeland
•Rise of parties – BJP
Fundamentalists
•Assassinations
•Industrialized
•Nuclear weapons
•Green Revolution
•Hindu culture: caste
system, arranged
marriages
•Globalization
Film

39. Process of Decolonization and
Nation- Building
 Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945.
Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and
mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s.
 Three patterns:
1. Violent Revolutions and Civil War (China, Algeria,
Vietnam, Palestine)
2. Non-Violent, negotiated independence (India,
Ghana, Turkey)
3. Both violent and non-violent methods (Kenya,
Egypt, South Africa)