3. 1100s: The _______________
expand into Ireland.
1500s-1600s: English laws limit
the rights of Irish ___________.
1100s: The _______________
expand into Ireland.
1500s-1600s: English laws limit
the rights of Irish ___________.
Ireland Under British Rule
The Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 ended
the rule of the Irish High Kingship.
English
Catholics
4. 1649-1652: Oliver Cromwell invades Ireland to suppress Irish Catholic
uprisings – The re-conquest was brutal.
Cromwell passed a series of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics and
confiscated large amounts of their land.
1649-1652: Oliver Cromwell invades Ireland to suppress Irish Catholic
uprisings – The re-conquest was brutal.
Cromwell passed a series of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics and
confiscated large amounts of their land.
Oliver Cromwell’s Invasion
5. 1845-1851: 1 million out of a population of 8 million dies from
starvation or disease as a result of the _________________________
During this time English landowners demanded rents from Irish
peasants and profited from higher food prices.
1845-1851: 1 million out of a population of 8 million dies from
starvation or disease as a result of the _________________________
During this time English landowners demanded rents from Irish
peasants and profited from higher food prices.
Great Potato
Famine
Irish being evicted from their homes by British.
Great Potato Famine
Film ClipFilm Clip
6. 1916: After centuries of efforts by Catholic Ireland to throw off the
rule of Protestant Britain, Irish rebels form the
______________________ or the _________ and revolt on Easter,
1916, beginning years of bloodshed and guerilla warfare, This event
is known as the _____________________.
1916: After centuries of efforts by Catholic Ireland to throw off the
rule of Protestant Britain, Irish rebels form the
______________________ or the _________ and revolt on Easter,
1916, beginning years of bloodshed and guerilla warfare, This event
is known as the _____________________.
Irish Nationalism
Irish Republican Army IRA
Easter Uprising
Film Clip: Easter
Rising 1916
Film Clip: Easter
Rising 1916
Question: How did past events impact the
relationship between the Irish and the British?
Question: How did past events impact the
relationship between the Irish and the British?
7. A soldier and politician who
was prominent in the struggle
for Irish independence in the
early 20th century.
Used guerilla warfare to fight
the British during the War for
Independence.
1921: He agreed to the Anglo-
Irish Treaty and became leader
the Irish Free State provisional
government.
1922: Collins was assassinated
during the civil war
A soldier and politician who
was prominent in the struggle
for Irish independence in the
early 20th century.
Used guerilla warfare to fight
the British during the War for
Independence.
1921: He agreed to the Anglo-
Irish Treaty and became leader
the Irish Free State provisional
government.
1922: Collins was assassinated
during the civil war
Michael Collins
Michael Collins
8. 1922: Britain agrees to
_______________________.
The predominantly Catholic
south eventually becomes a
free nation, but Northern
Ireland, where a Protestant
English majority has lived for
centuries, remains British.
1968-1971: Catholic civil rights
protests begin in Northern
Ireland. The British army,
fearful of violence, responds
by jailing protesters without
trial.
1922: Britain agrees to
_______________________.
The predominantly Catholic
south eventually becomes a
free nation, but Northern
Ireland, where a Protestant
English majority has lived for
centuries, remains British.
1968-1971: Catholic civil rights
protests begin in Northern
Ireland. The British army,
fearful of violence, responds
by jailing protesters without
trial.
Northern Ireland
Most Irish
opposed the
partition of
Ireland.
Divide Ireland into North and South
Film Clip: Irish Republic VoteFilm Clip: Irish Republic Vote
9. 1972: 14 Catholic
protesters are shot and
killed by British troops
during a march in
Londonerry on January 30,
which becomes known as
_____________________.
1972: 14 Catholic
protesters are shot and
killed by British troops
during a march in
Londonerry on January 30,
which becomes known as
_____________________.
Bloody Sunday
The newly rejuvenated IRA demands freedom from Britain and
representation for Catholics in the Northern government.
Protestants fear that Catholics in the government will force a break
with Britain and turn them into a minority in a united Ireland. In
July, 22 IRA bombs explode in Belfast, killing nine.
The newly rejuvenated IRA demands freedom from Britain and
representation for Catholics in the Northern government.
Protestants fear that Catholics in the government will force a break
with Britain and turn them into a minority in a united Ireland. In
July, 22 IRA bombs explode in Belfast, killing nine.
Bloody Sunday
11. 1974-1979: Peace initiatives fail and 80
people die in IRA and Protestant bombings
and attacks, including
______________________, uncle of Britain’s
Prince Charles, when an IRA bomb explodes
on his boat.
1974-1979: Peace initiatives fail and 80
people die in IRA and Protestant bombings
and attacks, including
______________________, uncle of Britain’s
Prince Charles, when an IRA bomb explodes
on his boat.
Northern Ireland
1981: Bobby Sands
becomes the first of 10
IRA prisoners in Belfast
to die from starvation
during
__________________
1981: Bobby Sands
becomes the first of 10
IRA prisoners in Belfast
to die from starvation
during
__________________
Lord Mountbatten
Hunger Strikes
12. 1987-1993: Dozens die in bombings,
including a British Parliament member, as
the IRA begins attacks on English soil.
1987-1993: Dozens die in bombings,
including a British Parliament member, as
the IRA begins attacks on English soil.
Northern Ireland
1995-1998: _______________
visits Ireland. Peace talks are
punctuated with violence,
culminating in the 1998
bombing of a crowded market
in Omagh, Northern Ireland,
that kills 29.
1995-1998: _______________
visits Ireland. Peace talks are
punctuated with violence,
culminating in the 1998
bombing of a crowded market
in Omagh, Northern Ireland,
that kills 29.
President Clinton
13. 1998-1999: Former U.S. Senator George Mitchell negotiates with
warring factions to produce an accord known as the
______________________. On December 2, Britain turns over
power to a new Northern Ireland government with power divided
between ________________________________.
1998-1999: Former U.S. Senator George Mitchell negotiates with
warring factions to produce an accord known as the
______________________. On December 2, Britain turns over
power to a new Northern Ireland government with power divided
between ________________________________.
Peace in Northern Ireland?
Bertie Ahern with Tony Blair during the
Good Friday Agreement in April 1998
Good Friday Agreement
Protestants and Catholics
14. 1999: Power-sharing government put in place in Belfast, ending
27 years of direct rule from London.
2000: Self-rule is suspended over Unionists claims the IRA has
not fully disarmed.
2003: IRA disarms as Britain sets election date to establish self-
governance. Protestant leaders remain skeptical.
1999: Power-sharing government put in place in Belfast, ending
27 years of direct rule from London.
2000: Self-rule is suspended over Unionists claims the IRA has
not fully disarmed.
2003: IRA disarms as Britain sets election date to establish self-
governance. Protestant leaders remain skeptical.
Peace in Northern Ireland?
Gerry Adams,
President of Sinn
Fein – political
wing of IRA and
the Belfast “Peace
Line”
Film Clip Film Clip 2
15. Serbs: Slavic, Orthodox Christian
Croats: Slavic, Italian, Austrian,
Roman Catholic
Kosovars: Albanian, Muslim
Bosniacs: Slavic, Ottoman, Muslim
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
16. A geopoliticalA geopolitical
term originallyterm originally
used to describeused to describe
the process ofthe process of
fragmentationfragmentation oror
division of adivision of a
region into smallerregion into smaller
regions that areregions that are
often hostile oroften hostile or
non-cooperativenon-cooperative
with each other.with each other.
17. 1389: Christian Serbs lost battle to Ottoman Turks resulting in 500 years of rule The1389: Christian Serbs lost battle to Ottoman Turks resulting in 500 years of rule The
Serbs struggled to retain their religion and culture.Serbs struggled to retain their religion and culture.
1912: Balkan War gives Serbs decisive victory over Turkey. The Serbs regain control1912: Balkan War gives Serbs decisive victory over Turkey. The Serbs regain control
and killed 20,000 ethnic Albanians.and killed 20,000 ethnic Albanians.
1919: the Multi-national state of1919: the Multi-national state of Yugoslavia is established after World War I. Amongis established after World War I. Among
frequent Albanian revolts, the Serbs forced out 100,000 Albanians and took their land.frequent Albanian revolts, the Serbs forced out 100,000 Albanians and took their land.
History of Brutality
Turks
surrender
to Greek
Army in
Balkan
War of
1912
18. History of Brutality
1941: During1941: During World War II,,
Germany and Italy armed theGermany and Italy armed the
Albanians, encouraging them toAlbanians, encouraging them to
fight against the Serbs. Theyfight against the Serbs. They
brutally forced out 40,000 Serbsbrutally forced out 40,000 Serbs
fromfrom Kosovo.
1945: After the defeat of1945: After the defeat of
Germany and Italy, YugoslaviaGermany and Italy, Yugoslavia
violently put down the Albanianviolently put down the Albanian
revolt killing about 10,000 people.revolt killing about 10,000 people.
19. 1945 – Marshall Tito became the communist dictator of1945 – Marshall Tito became the communist dictator of
Yugoslavia. He quickly established aYugoslavia. He quickly established a Non-alignmentNon-alignment
policy throughout the Cold War to avoid beingpolicy throughout the Cold War to avoid being
controlled bycontrolled by StalinStalin.. His harsh rule created a stableHis harsh rule created a stable
unified Yugoslavia.unified Yugoslavia.
Marshal Josip Tito
1974 – Tito gave Kosovo autonomous status1974 – Tito gave Kosovo autonomous status
within Yugoslavia, allowing the ethnicwithin Yugoslavia, allowing the ethnic
KosovarKosovar majority to manage their ownmajority to manage their own
affairs. He limited Serbian power and overaffairs. He limited Serbian power and over
50,000 Serbs left Kosovo due to Albanian50,000 Serbs left Kosovo due to Albanian
harassment.harassment.
19801980 –– TitoTito Dies, opening the door forDies, opening the door for
ethnic conflict and ending unity inethnic conflict and ending unity in
Yugoslavia.Yugoslavia.
Painting of Tito in Kosovo
20. 1991: After the fall of communism, various ethnic groups created their own1991: After the fall of communism, various ethnic groups created their own
nations splitting Yugoslavia:nations splitting Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, and
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Fragmentation of Yugoslavia
21. 1991-1995: The Balkan War
•Serbian Nationalists, led by President Slobodan Milošević,
wanted to expand Serbian borders and remove or kill all non-Serbs.
•Serbian Army attacked Croatia and Bosnia - Many Bosnians
became
refugees, others were put into concentration camps and killed.
This
policy of removing or killing people of a certain ethnic group is
known as ethnic cleansing.
A still image from
video footage
showing emaciated
Muslim Bosnians at
the Trnopolje
concentration camp
in Bosnia in the
summer of 1992.
22. Massacre at Srebrenica
In July, 1995 the Serbian army killed an estimated 8,000 Bosnian men and
boys, as well as the ethnic cleansing of 25,000-30,000 refugees in the area of
Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
23.
24.
25. 1998-2000: Kosovo
Kosovo is a province of Yugoslavia. There was a 90% majority of Ethnic
Albanians living there which threatened Serbian power. As a result, Milosevic sent
troops and mounted a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Muslim
Albanians.
26.
27. The United Nations intervened in an attempt to end the fighting. After Milosevic
refused a peace plan, NATO began a military campaign against Yugoslavia and
stopped the genocide.
Civilian killed by NATO bomb in 1999. A total of
73 people died and 43 were wounded.
NATO carried out its threat to bomb Serbia over Kosovo
on 24 March 1999, attacking a sovereign European
country for the first time in the alliance's history.
28.
29. Milosevic was forcedMilosevic was forced
to resign following ato resign following a
popular uprisingpopular uprising
against his rule. Aagainst his rule. A
year later Miloševićyear later Milošević
was extradited towas extradited to
stand trial in Thestand trial in The
Hague forHague for Crimes
against humanity butbut
died after five years indied after five years in
prison with just fiftyprison with just fifty
hours of testimony lefthours of testimony left
before the conclusionbefore the conclusion
of the trial.of the trial.
32. Small African nation
Two ethnic groups: Hutus
and Tutsis
There have been always
been disagreements
between the majority Hutus
and minority Tutsis, but the
animosity between them has
grown substantially since the
colonial period.
Small African nation
Two ethnic groups: Hutus
and Tutsis
There have been always
been disagreements
between the majority Hutus
and minority Tutsis, but the
animosity between them has
grown substantially since the
colonial period.
33. Hutus
Majority - 80%
Migrated from
southern
Africa
The Hutus
were farmers
and laborers.
Hutus
Majority - 80%
Migrated from
southern
Africa
The Hutus
were farmers
and laborers.
Tutsis
Minority - 20%
Migrated from
Northern Africa
(Egypt)
Before colonial rule
the Tutsis were a
privileged class with
control of cattle and
arms.
Most of the land was
ruled by a Tutsi king,
though some Hutu
areas were
independent.
Tutsis
Minority - 20%
Migrated from
Northern Africa
(Egypt)
Before colonial rule
the Tutsis were a
privileged class with
control of cattle and
arms.
Most of the land was
ruled by a Tutsi king,
though some Hutu
areas were
independent.
The two ethnic groups are actually very similar - they
speak the same language, inhabit the same areas and
follow the same traditions
However, Tutsis are often taller and thinner than Hutus,
with some saying their origins lie in Ethiopia.
34. German colony until 1918 (end
of WWI)
When the Belgian colonists
arrived in 1916, they produced
identity cards classifying people
according to their ethnicity.
The Belgians considered the
Tutsis to be superior to the
Hutus.
Tutsis welcomed this idea and
for the next 20 years they
enjoyed better jobs and
opportunities.
German colony until 1918 (end
of WWI)
When the Belgian colonists
arrived in 1916, they produced
identity cards classifying people
according to their ethnicity.
The Belgians considered the
Tutsis to be superior to the
Hutus.
Tutsis welcomed this idea and
for the next 20 years they
enjoyed better jobs and
opportunities.
"The government should endeavor to
maintain and consolidate traditional
cadres composed of the Tutsi ruling
class, because of its important
qualities, its undeniable intellectual
superiority and its ruling potential."
35. A rebellion of Hutu farm workers broke
out the late 1950s. More than 20,000
Tutsis were killed, and many more fled to
the neighboring countries of Burundi,
Tanzania and Uganda.
Belgium granted Rwanda independence
in 1961 and allowed free elections.
At the same time, with staggering
hypocrisy, they encouraged a violently
anti-Tutsi atmosphere to divert the fury of
the Hutus from themselves.
The elections were won by the Hutus
Over subsequent decades, the Tutsis
were portrayed as the scapegoats for
every crisis.
A rebellion of Hutu farm workers broke
out the late 1950s. More than 20,000
Tutsis were killed, and many more fled to
the neighboring countries of Burundi,
Tanzania and Uganda.
Belgium granted Rwanda independence
in 1961 and allowed free elections.
At the same time, with staggering
hypocrisy, they encouraged a violently
anti-Tutsi atmosphere to divert the fury of
the Hutus from themselves.
The elections were won by the Hutus
Over subsequent decades, the Tutsis
were portrayed as the scapegoats for
every crisis.
"The most horrible and systematic human
massacre we have had occasion to witness
since the extermination of the Jews by the
Nazis." British Philosopher Bertrand
Russell in 1964
"Seldom in history has a once-dominant group suffered
so terrible a reversal of fortune as the Tutsi of Rwanda."
36. Tutsis rebel group (RPF) formed in neighboring
countries and invaded Rwanda.
Hutu president compromises with Tutsis and agrees
to share power.
2500 United Nations troops sent to Rwanda to help
keep peace.
On August 1993, after several attacks and months of
negotiation, a peace accord was signed between
Juvénal Habyarimana and the RPF, but it did little to
stop the continued unrest.
Tutsis rebel group (RPF) formed in neighboring
countries and invaded Rwanda.
Hutu president compromises with Tutsis and agrees
to share power.
2500 United Nations troops sent to Rwanda to help
keep peace.
On August 1993, after several attacks and months of
negotiation, a peace accord was signed between
Juvénal Habyarimana and the RPF, but it did little to
stop the continued unrest.
When Habyarimana's plane was shot
down at the beginning of April 1994, it
was the final nail in the coffin. Exactly
who killed the president has not been
established.
The death of this Hutu leader sparked
instantaneous and catastrophic violence
against the Tutsis.
When Habyarimana's plane was shot
down at the beginning of April 1994, it
was the final nail in the coffin. Exactly
who killed the president has not been
established.
The death of this Hutu leader sparked
instantaneous and catastrophic violence
against the Tutsis.
Juvénal Habyarimana
assassinated in plane crash
37. In Kigali, the presidential guard
immediately initiated a
campaign of retribution against
the Tutsis.
Leaders of the political
opposition were murdered, and
almost immediately, the
slaughter of Tutsis and
moderate Hutus began.
Within hours, recruits were
dispatched all over the country
to carry out a wave of slaughter.
In Kigali, the presidential guard
immediately initiated a
campaign of retribution against
the Tutsis.
Leaders of the political
opposition were murdered, and
almost immediately, the
slaughter of Tutsis and
moderate Hutus began.
Within hours, recruits were
dispatched all over the country
to carry out a wave of slaughter.
38. Genocide was encouraged by
the presidential guard and radio
propaganda
An unofficial militia group was
mobilized. At its peak, this group
was 30,000-strong.
Soldiers and police officers
encouraged ordinary citizens to
take part. Some Hutu civilians
were forced to murder their Tutsi
neighbors.
Participants were often given
money or food, and some were
even told they could take the
land of the Tutsis they killed.
Genocide was encouraged by
the presidential guard and radio
propaganda
An unofficial militia group was
mobilized. At its peak, this group
was 30,000-strong.
Soldiers and police officers
encouraged ordinary citizens to
take part. Some Hutu civilians
were forced to murder their Tutsi
neighbors.
Participants were often given
money or food, and some were
even told they could take the
land of the Tutsis they killed.
Cover of the December 1993 issue
of Kangura. The heading to the right
of "special" reads, "Tutsi: Race of
God!" The inscription to the right of
the machete asks, "What weapons
will we use to win over the inyenzi
(cockroaches) for good?”
39. The Rwandans were largely left alone by the
international community. UN troops withdrew
after the murder of 10 soldiers.
The United Nations failed to label the killings
a Genocide.
The United States did not do anything to stop
the Genocide and pulled their troops from
Rwanda.
The Rwandans were largely left alone by the
international community. UN troops withdrew
after the murder of 10 soldiers.
The United Nations failed to label the killings
a Genocide.
The United States did not do anything to stop
the Genocide and pulled their troops from
Rwanda.
On the 21st
of April 1994 the United
Nations Security Council unanimously
decided to withdraw the peacekeeping
forces from Rwanda
“With a few
thousand troops
and help from our
allies… we could
have saved lives.
The failure to try to
stop Rwanda's
tragedies became
one of the greatest
regrets of my
presidency."
40. Finally, in July, the RPF,
led by Paul Kagame,
captured Kigali, overthrew
the Hutu government and
declared a ceasefire.
As soon as it became
apparent that the RPF was
victorious, an estimated two
million Hutus fled to Zaire
(now the Democratic
Republic of Congo).
These refugees include
many who have since been
implicated in the
massacres. Some are still
wanted.
Finally, in July, the RPF,
led by Paul Kagame,
captured Kigali, overthrew
the Hutu government and
declared a ceasefire.
As soon as it became
apparent that the RPF was
victorious, an estimated two
million Hutus fled to Zaire
(now the Democratic
Republic of Congo).
These refugees include
many who have since been
implicated in the
massacres. Some are still
wanted.
Over the course of approximately 100 days, from the assassination of Juvénal
Habyarimana on 6 April through mid-July, at least 500,000 people were killed. Most
estimates indicate a death toll between 800,000 and 1,000,000, which could be as high as
20% of the total population.
Song
41. Rwanda, Rwanda,
Yeah Rwanda, Rwanda.
They said: "Many are called and few are
chosen,"
But I wish some wasn’t chosen
for the blood spilling of Rwanda.
They said: "Meshach, Shadrack and
Abednego,
Thrown in the fire but you never get
burned,"
but I wish that I didn't get burned in Rwanda.
They said: "The man is judged according to
his works,"
so tell me Africa, what’s your worth?
There’s no money, no diamonds, no fortunes
on this planet that can replace Rwanda…
Rwanda Rwanda
Yeah, Rwanda Rwanda
These are the cry of the children
Rwanda Rwanda
Anybody hear my cry?
If America, is the United States of America,
Then why can’t Africa, be the United States
of Africa?
And if England, is the United Kingdom,
Then why can’t Africa unite all the kingdoms
and become United Kingdom of Africa?
Rwanda Rwanda, Rwanda Rwanda
Yeah, yeah.
These are the cries of the children, yeah.
Can anybody out there hear our cries?
Yeah, heavens cry ... Jesus cry.
Lord, did you hear us calling you?
Yeah, Rwanda Rwanda,
Lord, did you hear us calling?
Can you do something in Rwanda?
Rwanda Rwanda, Rwanda Rwanda
I’m talkin' 'bout Jesus; talkin' 'bout
Rwanda Rwanda Rwanda
Talkin' 'bout … talk'n 'bout ...
Talkin' 'bout … talk'n 'bout ... talk'n 'bout ...
I wanna play my guitar for Rwanda....
Editor's Notes
Ireland became a laboratory for colonialism – British experiment with rule on Ireland and then export it to America, Caribbean and India
Cromwell believed stories of Irish slaughtering of Protestants in 1641 Rebellion and sought revenge
Oliver Cromwell left Ireland on May 26, 1650. Only nine months in Ireland , Cromwell gave birth to death, exile, persecution, indentured slavery, and a form of 17th century ethnic cleansing. His name is forever associated by the Irish people with fevered anti-Catholicism and a burning hatred for the Irish people. Cromwell’s Settlement plan for Ireland can be fairly judged as being even more harmful to Ireland than his blood letting in 1649.
