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Coral Disease Identification course
- 2. INTRODUCTION
- 3. What is coral disease?
- 4. Why studying coral disease is important?
- 5. The Environment and Coral Disease
- 6. Coral disease and pathogen: • White Band Disease (type1/2) • White Pox Disease • White Plague Disease (type1/2/3) • Yellow Band Disease • Black band disease • Dark spot disease • Skeletal Eroding Band Disease • Aspergillosis Disease • Bleaching disease
- 8. White Pox Disease Serratia marcescens (bacteria)
- 9. White Plague Disease Type 1/2/3 There is no obvious microbial band present. Aurantimonas coralicida (bacteria)
- 10. Yellow Band Disease Vibrio sp. (bacteria)
- 13. Skeletal Eroding Band Disease Halofolliculina corallasia (protozoan)
- 16. Table:Known coral pathogens (adapted from Rosenberg et al. 2007) Disease Pathogen Coral host Bleaching Vibrio shiloi Oculina sp Bleaching and lysis Vibrio coralliilyticus Pocillopora sp. Aspergillosis Aspergillus Sydowii Gorgonians sp. White band disease Vibrio carchariae Acropora sp. White plague disease Aurantimonas coralicida several White plague disease Thalassomonas loyana several White pox disease Serratia marescens Acropora sp. Yellow band disease 4 Vibrio Sp. Montastrea sp. Black band disease Consortium several Skeleton Eroding Band Halofolliculina corallasia several Dark spot disease Endolithic fungi Sidastrea siderea and several Summary of Principal Coral Disease /Pathogen
- 17. Principal corallivorous organisms causing coral damage and disease: • Feeding strategies • Crown of Thorns Starfish Disease • Corallivorous snail Disease • Fire worm disease • Nudibranch disease • Fish disease • Full list of corallivorous organisms
- 18. Feeding strategies Organisms display different strategies for consuming coral. The majority of corallivores feed on stony coral, however, a few species feed on soft coral. There are no known obligate soft coral feeder; soft coral is estimated to be a small percentage of the diet of soft coral feeders. • Mucus feeders feed exclusively on coral mucus. Coral regularly slough off mucus into the surrounding water, so it is thought that mucus feeding causes no harm to the coral.[5] However, it has been shown to disrupt microbial communities living on the coral. Many mucus feeders have shown a preference towards damaged corals, which typically produce more mucus than undamaged corals. • Browsers eat coral tissue without damaging the coral's calcium carbonate skeleton. The majority of corallivore species are browsers. • Scrapers consume live coral tissue and small portions of the coral's calcium carbonate skeleton. • Excavators consume live coral tissue and large portions of the coral's calcium carbonate skeleton. Excavators can be further broken down to "spot biters" and "focused biters". Spot biters take bites that are scattered over a colony's surface, while focused biters bite repeatedly in the same area. At one time, focused biting was thought to be a display of territoriality in parrotfish but was later determined to be for food. Out of all of the kinds of corallivores, excavators are thought to have the biggest impact on coral reef communities due to the large amount of coral and skeleton consumed. Additionally, studies suggest that the damage from excavating takes significantly longer to heal than other types of corallivorous. • Bioeroders consume dead coral substrate. Bioeroders are thought to help reshape coral reef landscapes by eroding dead corals.
- 19. Crown of Thorns Starfish Disease
- 20. Corallivorous snail Disease Epidendrium billeeanum Genus: Drupella sp. Genus: Coralliophila sp
- 22. Nudibranch Disease • Phestilla sp. is a corallivore, a specialized predator which feeds only on corals. As Phestilla sibogae senses its prey through distance chemoreception. Epithelial tissue on the rhinopores is sensitive to amino acids released by Porites corals, allowing recognition. It has a flexible tongue-like membrane with two or three rows of teeth, across the coral surface to draw food into its mouth. • Coral contaminated: Scleractinia / Porites sp. Phestilla sibogae
- 23. Fish Disease • Corallivorous fish come from 11 different families.39 species are obligate corallivores. They are an important group of reef organism because they can influence coral abundance, distribution, and community structure. They eat coral fragment breaking it for the polyp and probably zooxantallia. Turtle is also a corallivorous. • Coral contaminated: Scleractinia / alcyonacae
- 24. Phylum Family Species] Diet (Obligate or Facultative) Preferred Prey Region Evidence of Corallivory Annelida Amphinomidae Hermodice carunculata Facultative Acropora, Millepora, Oculina, Porites Caribbeans, Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Arthropoda Alpheidae Alpheus lottini Facultative Pocillopora Red Sea, Eastern Pacific Arthropoda Diogenidae Aniculus elegans Facultative Pocillopora Eastern Pacific Arthropoda Diogenidae Calcinus obscurus Eastern Pacific Arthropoda Diogenidae Trizopagurus magnificus Facultative Pocillopora Eastern Pacific Arthropoda Pyrgomatidae Hoekia monticulariae Obligate Indo-Pacific Arthropoda Tetraliidae Tetralia glaberrima Obligate Acropora, Seriatopora Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Arthropoda Tetraliidae Tetralia cavimana Obligate Acropora Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Arthropoda Trapeziidae Trapezia cymodoce Obligate Pocillopora, Stylophora Indo-Pacific, Eastern Pacific Full list of corallivorous organisms
- 25. Arthropoda Trapeziidae Trapezia ferruginea Obligate Pocillopora Indo-Pacific, Eastern Pacific Chordata Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Facultative Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Balistidae Balistoides viridescens Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Balistidae Rhinecanthus aculeatus Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Balistidae Melichthys niger Facultative Colpolphyllia All tropical oceans Gut contents Chordata Balistidae Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Balistidae Pseudobalistes naufragium Facultative Eastern Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Balistidae Sufflamen fraenatum Facultative Pocillopora, Porites, Pavona Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Blennidae Ecsenius bicolor Facultative Indo-Pacific Observation Chordata Blennidae Exallias brevis Obligate Acropora Indo-Pacific Gut contents
- 26. Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon adiergastos Facultative Western Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon andamanensis Obligate Eastern Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon argentatus Facultative Western Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon aureofasciatus Obligate Indo-Pacific Observations Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auripes Facultative Western Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon austriacus Obligate Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon baronessa Obligate Eastern Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon bennetti Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon blackburnii Facultative Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon capistratus Facultative Caribbean Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon citrinellus Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon collare Facultative Red Sea, Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon daedalma Facultative Northwestern Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon decussatus Facultative Indian Anecdotal
- 27. Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ephippium Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon falcula Facultative Indian Observations Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon fasciatus Facultative Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon flavirostris Facultative Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon fremblii Facultative Hawaii Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon gardineri Facultative Western Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon guttatissimus Facultative Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon interruptus Facultative Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon kleinii Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon larvatus Obligate Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon leucopleura Facultative Western Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus Facultative Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunula Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunulatus Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melannotus Obligate Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents
- 28. Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melapterus Obligate Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon mertensii Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon mesoleucos Facultative Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon meyeri Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon multicinctus Obligate Hawaii Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon nigropunctatus Facultative Red Sea Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon nippon Facultative Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellatus Facultative Caribbean Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellicaudus Obligate Western Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon octofasciatus Obligate Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ornatissimus Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon oxycephalus Facultative Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon paucifasciatus Facultative Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon pelewensis Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon plebeius Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents
- 29. Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon rafflesi Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon rainfordi Obligate Western Pacific Observations Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon reticulatus Obligate Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon semilarvatus Obligate Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon speculum Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon triangulum Obligate Indian Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon tricinctus Facultative Lord Howels Observations Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trichrous Facultative Society Islands Observations Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifascialis Obligate Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus Obligate Indian Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ulientensis Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon unimaculatus Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon vagabundus Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents
- 30. Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon xanthocephalus Facultative Indian Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon xanthurus Facultative Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Chaetodon zanzibariensis Obligate Western Indian Observations Chordata Chaetodontidae Forcipiger flavissimus Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Heniochus acuminatus Facultative Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Chaetodontidae Heniochus chrysostomus Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Heniochus intermedius Facultative Red Sea Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Heniochus singularius Obligate Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Chaetodontidae Heniochus varius Facultative Pacific Gut contents Chordata Gobiidae Gobiodon citrinus Obligate Acropora Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Gobiidae Gobiodon okinawae Facultative Western Pacific Gut contents Chordata Gobiidae Paragobidon echinocephalus Facultative Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Labridae Diproctacanthus xanthurus Obligate Western Pacific Observations Chordata Labridae Labrichthys unilineatus Obligate Acropora, Montipora Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Labridae Labropsis alleni Obligate Western Pacific Observations
- 31. Chordata Labridae Labropsis australis Obligate Western Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Labridae Labropsis manabei Obligate Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Labridae Labropsis micronesica Facultative Western Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Labridae Labropsis polynesica Facultative Eastern Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Labridae Labropsis xanthonota Obligate Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Labridae Larabicus quadrilineatus Obligate Red Sea Observations Chordata Labridae Choerodon graphicus Facultative Southwestern Pacific Gut contents Chordata Monacanthidae Aluterus scriptus Facultative All tropical oceans Gut contents Chordata Monacanthidae Cantherhines dumerilii Obligate Acropora, Pocillopora, Montipora, Leptoria, Porites Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Monacanthidae Cantherhines macrocerus Facultative Caribbeans Gut contents Chordata Monacanthidae Cantherhines pullus Facultative Caribbeans Gut contents Chordata Monacanthidae Cantherhines sandwichiensis Facultative Eastern Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Monacanthidae Oxymonacanthus halli Obligate Red Sea Anecdotal Chordata Monacanthidae Oxymonacanthus longirostris Obligate Acropora Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Monacanthidae Pervagor spilosoma Facultative Hawaii Gut contents
- 32. Chordata Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Ostraciidae Lactoria diaphana Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Pomacanthidae Centropyge multispinus Facultative Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus arcuatus Facultative Caribbeans Anecdotal Chordata Pomacentridae Cheiloprion labiatus Obligate Acropora Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon melas Facultative Red Seas, Indo- Pacific Gut contents Chordata Pomacentridae Microspathodon chrysurus Facultative Caribbeans Gut contents Chordata Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon dickii Facultative Acropora, Pocillopora Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Obligate Acropora Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Pomacentridae Stegastes acapulcoensis Facultative Eastern Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Pomacentridae Stegastes leucostictus Facultative Caribbeans Gut contents Chordata Pomacentridae Stegastes variabilis Facultative Caribbeans Gut contents Chordata Scaridae Bolbometopon muricatum Facultative Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Montipora Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Observations Chordata Scaridae Cetoscarus bicolor Facultative Porites Indo-Pacific Observations Chordata Scaridae Chlorurus microrhinos Facultative Indo-Pacific Observations
- 33. Chordata Scaridae Chlorurus strongylocephalus Facultative Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites Indian Observations Chordata Scaridae Sparisoma aurofrenatum Facultative Montastraea, Porites, Madracis Caribbeans Anecdotal Chordata Scaridae Sparisoma viride Facultative Porites, Montastraea Caribbeans Observations Chordata Scaridae Scarus coelestinus Facultative Caribbeans Gut contents Chordata Scaridae Scarus guacamaia Facultative Caribbeans Observations Chordata Tetraodontidae Arothron hispidus Facultative Pocillopora Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Tetraodontidae Arothron meleagris Obligate Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Pavona, Psammocora, Montipora Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Tetraodontidae Arothron nigropunctatus Obligate Acropora, Pavona, Pocillpora, Porites Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Tetraodontidae Arothron reticularis Facultative Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Tetraodontidae Arothron stellatus Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Tetraodontidae Canthigaster amboinensis Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Tetraodontidae Canthigaster margaritata Facultative Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Anecdotal Chordata Tetraodontidae Canthigaster solandri Facultative Indo-Pacific Gut contents Chordata Tetraodontidae Canthigaster valentine Facultative Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Observations Echinodermata Acanthasteridae Acanthaster planci Facultative Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora Indo-Pacific, Eastern Pacific
- 34. Echinodermata Cidaridae Eucidaris thouarsii Facultative Pavona, Pocillopora Eastern Pacific Echinodermata Diadematidae Astropyga radiata Facultative Eastern Indian Echinodermata Diadematidae Diadema antillarum Facultative Acropora, Agaricia, Madracis, Montastraea, Porites Caribbeans Echinodermata Diadematidae Diadema setosum Facultative Eastern Indian Echinodermata Diadematidae Echinothrix calamaris Facultative Eastern Indian Echinodermata Echinasteridae Echinaster purpureus Facultative Porites Western Indian Echinodermata Echinometridae Echinometra mathaei Facultative Indo-Pacific, Caribbeans Echinodermata Echinometridae Echinometra viridis Facultative Caribbeans Echinodermata Echinoneidae Echinoneus cyclostomus Facultative Western Indian Echinodermata Ophidiasteridae Linckia laevigata Facultative Porites Western Indian, Indo-Pacific Echinodermata Ophidiasteridae Nardoa variolata Facultative Porites Western Indian Echinodermata Ophidiasteridae Pharia pyramidata Facultative Pocillopora Eastern Pacific Echinodermata Oreasteridae Culcita novaeguineae Facultative Acropora, Pocillpora Indo-Pacific Echinodermata Oreasteridae Culcita schmideliana Facultative Acropora, Galaxea, Goniastrea Western Indian Echinodermata Oreasteridae Nidorellia armata Facultative Pavona Eastern Pacific
- 35. Echinodermata Oreasteridae Pentaceraster cumingi Facultative Psammocora Eastern Pacific Echinodermata Temnopleuridae Microcyphus rousseaui Facultative Western Indian Echinodermata Stomopneustidae Stomopneustes variolaris Facultative Western Indian Echinodermata Stomopneustidae Tripneustes gratillia Facultative Western Indian Mollusca Architectonicidae Psilaxis radiatus Facultative Porites Pacific Mollusca Epitoniidae Epifungium ulu Fungia Pacific Mollusca Muricidae Babelomurex hindsi Pocillopora Eastern Pacific Mollusca Muricidae Coralliophila galea Obligate No preference shown Caribbeans Mollusca Muricidae Coralliophila violacea Porites Indo-Pacific Mollusca Muricidae Coralliophila caribaea Acropora, Porites Caribbeans Mollusca Muricidae Coralliophila monodonta Obligate Montipora, Pocillopora, Porites, Seriatopora, Stylophora Indo-Pacific, Eastern Pacific Mollusca Muricidae Drupella cornus Obligate Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Porites, Seriatopora, Stylophora Red Sea, Indo-Pacific Mollusca Muricidae Drupella elata Obligate Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Porites Indo-Pacific Mollusca Muricidae Drupella fragum Obligate Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Porites, Seriatopora, Stylophora Indo-Pacific Mollusca Muricidae Drupella rugosa Obligate Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Porites, Seriatopora, Stylophora Indo-Pacific
- 36. Mollusca Muricidae Morula spinosa Mollusca Muricidae Muricopsis zeteki Pocillopora Eastern Pacific Mollusca Ovulidae Jenneria pustulata Obligate Pocillopora, Porites, Siderastrea Eastern Pacific Mollusca Ovulidae Pedicularia decussata Solenastrea Caribbeans Mollusca Trinchesiidae Phestilla sibogae Obligate Porites Pacific Mollusca Trinchesiidae Phestilla melanobrachia Obligate Turbinaria Indo-Pacific Mollusca Trinchesiidae Phestilla minor Obligate Porites Indo-Pacific
- 37. APPENDIX: • Evolution of disease • Lesion descriptions • Lesion shape • Lesion distribution • Lesion location • Lesion edges • Lesion margins • Coral disease monitoring sheet • Glossary
- 46. CONTACT AND INFORMATIONS E-MAIL: greenguardians.asso@gmail.com FACEBOOK: @greenguardians.asso INSTAGRAM: greenguardians.asso