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Claddis: a new R package for
automating disparity analyses based
on cladistic datasets
Graeme T. Lloyd
Acknowledgements
Matt
Friedman
Roger
Benson
Liam
Revell
Mark
Bell
Extinction
Random
Marginal
Asymmetric
Korn et al. in press
Intensity
Clade comparison
Sidlauskis 2008
Center of gravity
Hughes et al. 2013
Caveat emptor
Anderson and Friedman 2012
Cladistic disparity
Cladistic
matrix
Distance
matrix
Ordination ‘Morphospace’
Cladistic disparity
Cladistic
matrix
Distance
matrix
Ordination ‘Morphospace’
Tree
Ancestral
states
‘Phylo-
Morphospace’
Claddis
Cladistic
matrix
Distance
matrix
Ordination ‘Morphospace’
Tree
Ancestral
states
‘Phylo-
Morphospace’
Inputs Outputs
Claddis
Safe taxonomic reduction
#NEXUS TNT Step matrices
Continuous characters
Other features Current limitations
Data
Choiniere et al. in press
Data
Choiniere et al. in press
114 taxa | 555 characters
Distance
Taxon_i 001011
Taxon_j 101101
Taxon_i 001011
Taxon_j 101101
Wills et al. 1994
Distance
Ordered vs. Unordered
Gap-coding
Polymorphisms
Weighting
Missing data
Taxon_A 0000000000
Taxon_B 00000111??
Taxon_C 11????????
Taxon_D 00110?????
Taxon_E ?????01100
A B
A C
1.73
1.41
Euclidean
8
2
N
2.83
1.41
Max
Rescaled distances
Distance / N = Gower Dissimilarity
Distance / Max = MOD Dissimilarity
A B
A C
0.22
0.71
Gower
0.61
1.00
MOD
Gower vs. MOD
Gower
Gower vs. MOD
PC2(16.0%)
PC1 (34.1%)
Gower
Gower vs. MOD
MOD
Gower vs. MOD
PC2(9.5%)
PC1 (14.1%)
MOD
Missing data
Taxon_A 0000000000
Taxon_B 00000111??
Taxon_C 11????????
Taxon_D 00110?????
Taxon_E ?????01100
D E ?
Euclidean
0
N
0
Max
Prune
Taxon_A 0000000000
Taxon_B 00000111??
Taxon_C 11????????
Taxon_D 00110?????
Taxon_E ?????01100
Fill gaps
Butler et al. 2011
Average values:
(Wills 1997)
Phylogenetic prediction:
(Brusatte et al. 2011; Butler et al. 2011)
Phylogenetic prediction
Estimateallstates
Estimate tips
No Yes
NoYes
? ?
=
=
=
=
=
?
?
Phylogenetic prediction
Estimateallstates
Estimate tips
No Yes
NoYes
=
? ?
=
=
=
=
=
?
?
=
? ?
=
=
=
=
?
?
? ?
=
? ?
=
=
=
=
?
?
? ?
Phylogenetic prediction
Estimateallstates
Estimate tips
No Yes
NoYes
=
=
=
=
=
? ?
=
=
=
=
=
?
?
Phylogenetic prediction
Estimateallstates
Estimate tips
No Yes
NoYes
=
=
=
=
=
? ?
=
=
=
=
=
?
?
=
? ?
=
=
=
=
?
?
? ?
=
=
=
=
=
Phylogenetic signal
Estimateallstates
Estimate tips
No Yes
NoYes
0.63
0.66
0.530.52
Ordination
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
PC1
PC2
Ordination
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
PC1
PC2
Ordination
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
PC1
PC2
Ordination with ancestors
PC1
PC2
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
Ordination with ancestors
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
PC1
PC2
Ordination with ancestors
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
PC1
PC2
Ordination with ancestors
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
PC1
PC2
Ordination with ancestors
Phylogenetic distances
PC1
PC2
Disparity time series
Cladistic
matrix
Distance
matrix
Ordination ‘Morphospace’
Time
series
Disparity time series
Cladistic
matrix
Distance
matrix
Ordination ‘Morphospace’
Time
series
Time
series
Benson and Druckenmiller in press
Disparity time series
Tips only
All nodes
Phylogenetic distance time series
Tips only
All nodes
Model residual time series
Tips only
Significantly +ve
Significantly -ve
Model residual time series
All nodes
Significantly +ve
Recommendations
MOD
Recommendations
MOD
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
Recommendations
MOD
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
Ordination
Time
series
Distance
matrix
Time
series
✔
Recommendations
MOD
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
Ordination
Time
series
Distance
matrix
Time
series
✔
Recommendations
MOD
N Y
N
Y
Tips
States
Ordination
Time
series
Distance
matrix
Time
series
✔
Use
!

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Claddis: a new R package for automating disparity analyses based on cladistic datasets