umts network architecture

1. 1 © NOKIA
UMTSUMTS
Network ArchitectureNetwork Architecture

2. 3 © NOKIA
Module topics
• Introduction to UMTS Release 99
architecture
• Radio Access Network
• User Equipment
• Core Network
• UMTS network management solutions
• Review questions

3. 4 © NOKIA
Objectives 1(2)
After completing this module the student will be
able to:
• Identify and list the network subsystems of
Release 99
• Identify and list the requirements of UMTS
mobile terminals
• Briefly explain the network elements used in
Release 4
• List and identify the network elements used
within the radio access network (RAN), in terms
of the name and function
• Briefly explain how base station sites are
selected and describe the different cellular
transmission solutions available

4. 5 © NOKIA
Objectives 2(2)
• Identify the main functions of the Nokia RNC
• List and identify the network elements used within
the core network in terms of the name and
function within the context of Release 99
• List and identify the need for comprehensive
network management in UMTS. With the help of
the material, identify the framework of the Nokia
NetAct solution
without using any references (if not otherwise
stated).

5. 6 © NOKIA
Combined GSM/UMTS Rel. 99 PLMN
CN (Core Network)
NMS (Network Management Subsystem)
circuit switched (cs) domain
packet switched (ps) domain
common
cs & ps
network
elements
network
elements
for service
groups
UTRAN
(UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access
Network)
GERAN
(GSM EDGE
Radio Access
Network)
new
enhanced
GSM
core
network

6. 7 © NOKIA
UMTS Rel. 99 Core Network
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs) domain
packet switched (ps) domain
common
cs & ps
network
elements
GERAN
UTRAN
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLREIR AC
GGSNSGSN
PSTN/
ISDN
corp.
network
WAP
PDNIP-
backbone
CG
Billing
Centre
BG
Inter-PLMN
Network

7. 8 © NOKIA
- subscriber profile (temporary)
- location information (e.g. LAI)
- subscriber identifier (e.g. IMSI, TMSI)
CS-Domain Network entities
Exchange specific functions:
- switching
- signalling evaluation
- operational tasks
(alarms, CDR generation, statistics)
Mobile communication specific functions
- Interrogation of HLR
Mobile communication specific functions
- mobility management
- mobile specific connection
management
- interaction with HLR and VLR
- interaction with GERAN/UTRAN
- transcoding (UMTS only)
Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)
Gateway
Mobile services Switching Centre (GMSC)
Exchange specific functions:
- switching
- signalling evaluation
- operational tasks
(alarms, CDR generation, statistics)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)

8. 9 © NOKIA
Common CS- & PS Domain Network
Entities
Home Location Register (HLR)
• semi-permanent subscriber
profile
• location information
Authentication Centre (AuC)
generates subscriber related data for
• USIM – VPLMN mutual
authentication
• ciphering
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
verification of User Terminal/mobile
equipment

9. 10 © NOKIA
PS-Domain Network entities
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
• Network Access Control
(authentication, authorisation,
admission control, CDR collection,
operator determined barring)
• Packet Routing & Transfer
(relay, routing, address translation &
mapping, encapsulation, tunnelling)
• Mobility Management
Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN)
• Network Access Control
(CDR collection, screening)
• Packet Routing & Transfer
(relay, routing, address
translation & mapping,
encapsulation, tunnelling)
• Mobility Management
Border Gateway (BG)
For secure inter-
PLMN connection
Charging Gateway Function (CGF)
intermediate between SGSN/GGSN
and billing centre

10. 11 © NOKIA
Network architecture of Rel 4
• Separation of control plane from user plane, simpler and
more efficient
• Statistical multiplexing gain and convergence with PS
core as ultimate aim
• More efficient transmission reduces costs this allowing
more complex services to be offered
• Evolutionary phase towards Release 5 which in turn will
offer even more advanced services
• GERAN implementation
• Implementation of Rel4 starts already 2002-2003, but
most of the implementations can be anticipated in live
networks starting from approximately the year 2005.

11. 12 © NOKIA
Bearer Independent Call Control (Rel. 4)
HLR
MSC-
Server
GMSC-
Server
CS-
MGW
CS-
MGW
UTRAN
GERAN
PSTN, ISDN,
PLMN, etc.
CSE
CAP CAP
Iu
Iu
A
A
D C
Nc
Nb
Mc
(H.248)
Mc
(H.248)

12. 13 © NOKIA
Bearer Independent Call Control (Rel. 4)
HLR
MSC-
Server
GMSC-
Server
CS-
MGW
CS-
MGW
UTRAN
GERAN
PSTN, ISDN,
PLMN, etc.
CSE
CAP CAP
Iu
Iu
A
A
D C
Nc
Nb
Mc
(H.248)
Mc
(H.248)
• Call control (MOC, MTC)
• VLR functionality
• UE-network signalling
• Network-network
signalling
• Interaction with cs-MGW
• CDR generation
• Interrogation of HLR
• Network-network
signalling
• Interaction with cs-MGW
• CDR generation
• Bearer control
• Bearer channel
termination
• Media conversion
• Payload processing
•

13. 14 © NOKIA
UMTS Release 4: GERAN
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs)
domain
packet
switched (ps) domain
3G
MSC/VLR
3G
SGSN
RNC
Node B
Node B
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Iu-
PS
Uu
BSC
BTS
BTS
BSC
Iu-CS
BSS
Iu-CS
A
2G
SGSN
G
b
Iu-
PS
Iu-g
Iu-g
Um

14. 15 © NOKIA
UMTS Release 5 IMS Overview (Roaming user
example)
HSS
MRF
S-CSCF
SGSN
I-CSCF
GGSN
P-CSCF
IMS
IMS
Other IP/IMS
network
RAN
Home network
Visited network

15. 16 © NOKIA
UMTS Rel. 99: UTRAN
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs)
domain
packet
switched (ps) domain
3G
MSC/VLR
3G
SGSN
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC Radio Network Controller
UE User Equipment = Mobile Equipment (ME) + Universal SIM (USIM)
RNC
Node B
Node B
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Iub
Iur
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
Uu
Uu
UE
UE

16. 17 © NOKIA
Iur-Interface & Soft Handover
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs)
domain
packet
switched (ps) domain
3G
MSC/VLR
3G
SGSN
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC Radio Network Controller
UE User Equipment = Mobile Equipment (ME) + UMTS SIM (USIM)
RNC
Node B
Node B
(RNS)
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Iub
Iur
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
Uu
Uu
UE
I can be
connected to
several cells
simultaneously
Duplication of DL traffic,
selection of UL traffic

17. 18 © NOKIA
Radio Network Controller Tasks &
Functions
• WCDMA radio resource management
incl. Radio resource management of
channel configurations,
traffic and control channels, handovers,
power control.
• Telecom functionality
incl. Location & connection management,
ciphering, Iu and Iub channel management,
ATM switching and multiplexing
• Maintenance
incl. Fault localisation and reconfiguration
• Operation
incl. RNC and Node B parameter
modification

18. 19 © NOKIA
101010010101010001Iub Interface
ATM
Uu Interface
WCDMA
Cellular Transmission management
Managing ATM switching and multiplexing
over the Iub interface. Control of AAL2/AAL5
connections. Control of the physical
transmission interfaces – E1, PDH, SDH or
microwave.
Air Interface management.
Controlling Uplink and Downlink
radio paths on the Uu Air
Interface. Baseband to RF
conversion. Antenna multi-
coupling.
O&M Processing.
Interfacing with NMS
and RNC for alarm and
control (Operations and
Maintenance) functions.
Radio Channel functions.
Logical to physical channel
mappings. Encoding/Decoding –
Spreading/Despreading user
traffic and signalling.
RNC
Node B Tasks & Functions

19. 20 © NOKIA
Area type Dense
Urban
Urban Suburb Rural
Speech 92 93 95 95 %
144 kb/s NRT 85 85 85 85 %
GSM1800 speech 85 85 85 85 %
Cell range 1 1.6 2.3 5.2 km
Factors affecting cell size include:
Frequency band - 2000MHz
much higher than GSM networks.
Traffic types - WCDMA user data
rates drop off as the user moves
further away from the Node B
User levels - Demand for mobile
services will increase, leading to
much greater user densities
Fast Data
Users
Voice and
Slow Data
Users
average projected coverage
WCDMA Cell Coverage

20. 21 © NOKIA
Voice traffic
Data Traffic
Soft Capacity
Capacitypercellpercarrier
800kbps L1 rate
50 Erlang
More Voice Users Traffic Mix More Data Users
100%50%0% Load per carrier
OutputPower
"Safe area"
Once Output Power Level
on Uplink passes the Safe
Area limit, the WCDMA air
interface becomes
unstable. Load per carrier
must be kept below this
limit
WCDMA Cell Capacity

21. 22 © NOKIA
HSDPA Release 5
• AMC, adaptative modulation and coding 16 Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation used in good radio link conditions
• Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ) as error
detection mechanism provides efficient retransmissons
• support for services requiring high data rates in
downlink, e.g. Internet browsing and video on demand.
• High data rates up to 10Mbit/s

22. 23 © NOKIA
WLAN and UMTS
WLAN use examples
Hotels –
Business travelers make full use of their hotel stay by getting broadband access.
Airport lounges –
Airports offer considerable potential traffic and have good publicity value.
Business parks and campus areas –
Mobile broadband access made available to roaming users and those with no access to a corporate network or
other networks.
Corporate buildings and meeting rooms –
access in meeting rooms and other shared venues.
Exhibition and convention centres –
access to the information needed for presentations
• Enhance mobile data services
• Wireless LAN is being standardized by the IEEE
• 11 Mbit/s between a terminal and an access point.
• With more advanced modulation technology to give data rates up to 54 Mbit/s.
• Encryption of the air interface defined
• 2G SIM and 3G USIM cards can be used for authentication
• 3GPP Rel. 6 includes wireless LAN for use with cellular networks

23. 24 © NOKIA
User Equipment
User Terminal
User Equipment (UE)
+
USIM
Uu
Node B

24. 25 © NOKIA
Mobile concepts - sample

25. 26 © NOKIA
Terminal evolution & wireless protocols
dual mode
requirement

26. 27 © NOKIA
UE FDD power classes
WCDMA FDD Power
Class
Maximum output
power
Tolerance
Power class 1 33dBm (2W) +1dB/-3dB
Power class 2 27dBm (0.5W) +1dB/-3dB
Power class 3 24dBm (0.25W) +1dB/-3dB
Power class 4 21dBm (0.125W ) +/-2dB
GSM 900 Maximum output power
Power class
1
43dBm (20W) only used in GSM Phase 1
Power class
2
39dBm (8W)
Power class
3
37dBm (5W)
Power class
4
33dBm (2W)
Note: The maximum output power of FDD PCs 2 till 4 is smaller compared to GSM because of
continuous
transmission instead of non-continuous transmission of GSM. The maximum transmission power
determines the
cell radius.

27. 28 © NOKIA
UMTS / Universal SIM
Own processor and memory
• Two types of data:
• Specified data
• Subscriber dependent
• Featuring:
• Two name fields per entry
• Multiple phone numbers per entry
• Support of e-mail address
• User definable groupings
• Call details
• USIM security

28. 29 © NOKIA
Nokia hardware platform
IPA2800 Nokia IP
DX200
HP/SUN

29. 30 © NOKIA
Nokia's interface to the platform
NEMU - Network Element Management Unit
Future NED
BTS Tools
Nokia Online Services
NetAct

30. 31 © NOKIA
Nokia Core network in Release 99
Operator IP network
Packet core
Iu-PS
HLR
GGSN
CG
BG DNS
Firewall
Mobility CoreMobility Core
2G
SGSN
RAN
2G
MSC
RNC
3G
SGSN
MGW
BSC
Iu-CS
A
Gb
NMS
PSTNPSTN
PSTNInternet

31. 32 © NOKIA
Mobile Switching Centre

32. 33 © NOKIA
MSCi architecture
OMU
TGFP
CDSU GSW
BSS
NSS
X.25 or
LAN to
OMC and
SMS
PSTN
VLRUCMCMUCCMU STU CHU
ET
ECET
CLS
PABXECET
ET
VDU
and
LPT
VDU
and
LPT
PAUBSUMFSU BDCUM
LANLAN
CASUCCSU
MB
LAN
EXT. SYNC.
VANG
OMU - Operation and Maintenance Unit
Centralised supervision, alarms, recovery. System software
CHU/STU - Charging/Statistical Units
Generation/storage of CDRs/measurement data storage
VLRU - Visitor Location Register Unit
Storage of temporary subscriber information
CM - Central Memory
Tariffing, signalling, routing and configuration data
CCMU - Common Channel signalling Management Unit
Signalling management functions for CCS7 (SS7)
BDCU - Basic Data Communications Unit
Communication links to O&M, SMSC, Billing Centre
ET - Exchange Terminal
Electrical synchronisation, adaptations of external PCM line
GSW - Group Switch
The actual switching network of the MSCi
M - Marker
Controls the Group Switch
CASU, PAU, BSU, MFSU, CCSU
Signalling units supporting different types of protocols
CLS - Clock System unit
Clock signals for synchronisation
CDSU - Compact Data Service Unit
Enables Circuit Switched data, modem pools, rate adaptation
TGFP - Tone Generator Field Programmable
Generates DTMF signals
ECET - Echo Cancelling and Exchance Terminal
Same as ET, but with echo cancelling capability
CMU - Cellular Management Unit
Cellular radio network and CDSU control

33. 34 © NOKIA
IP Bypassing (optional topic)
• Inter-MSC traffic routed through an IP-based data network
instead of trunk lines.
• Main benefits:
• Cost savings when data connections are cheaper than
PCM links.
• Synergies with operator's other activities, e.g. only one
inter-city IP network.
• Enables integration and optimisation of IP network and
PCM link based transmission.
• Integrated solution enables common operation and
management with GSM network and the gateway.
• All applications, like mobile transmission and video data,
can use the same network.

34. 39 © NOKIA
MGW for MSC
Iu-CS
PSTN/
Transit
network
TDM
Nokia 3G MSC
DX 200 MSC
STM-1 MGWRNC
ATM
PCM
Main functions of MGW:Main functions of MGW:
• ATM/TDM conversion
• Iu/A’ signalling conversion between narrowband and broadband
CCS7
• Transcoding

35. 40 © NOKIA
Block diagram of the MGW for 3G-MSC
CACU (Control and Administrative Computer Unit). Controls
switching fabric units (SFU) based on inputs from Interface
Signalling Units (ISUs).
CM (Central Memory). Central data storage, distribution facility,
CCS7 signalling handling (e.g. digit ananlysis).
ISU (Interface Signalling Unit). CN emulation and signalling
emulation towards the MSC.
NEMU (Network Element Management Unit). Local user
interface, inter-face towards higher level network management.
Some O&M functions.
OMU (Operation and Maintenance Unit). System software, O&M
functions, etc.
SPMU (Signal Processing Management Unit). Control allocation
of MGW for 3G-MSC's digital signalling processors.
TCU (Transcoding Unit). Performs the actual conversion
between different AMR speech formats and PCM, and vice
versa.
SFU (ATM Switching Fabric Units). Switches the calls processed
by the exchange.
MXU (Multiplexer Units). Connects network interface units,
computer units & signal processing units to the main switch
fabric.
A2SU (AAL2 Switching Units). Ensures efficient transport of
information with limited transfer delay for units connected to the
main switch fabric.

36. 41 © NOKIA
Media Gateway:
• 5120 transcoding channels
• 8 RNCs
• IPA 2800 platform
• Iu-CS interface
MSCi:
• Simultaneous support for UMTS (A')
and
GSM (A) traffic
• 600 000 BHCA
• 16 700 Erlangs
• 600 000 subscribers +
200 000 telemetric subscriber
• 100% IN/SCE traffic support
Nokia 3G MSC & MGW - Summary
Iu-CS
PSTN/
Transit
network
TDM
Nokia 3G MSC
DX 200 MSC
STM-1 MGWRNC
ATM
PCM

37. 42 © NOKIA
DX 200 HLRi
O M U
G S W
X.25 or
LAN to
OMC and
SMS
MSC
S T U
E T
C L S
HLRE T
VDU
and
LPT
VDU
and
LPT
C M MC C S U B D C U
A C U D B D UH L R UE M U
E I R U
MB
LAN

38. 43 © NOKIA
Nokia HLRi capacities
• 1 200 000 subscribers + 400 000 telemetric subscribers
• AuC capacity 2.4 million subscribers
• EIR with:
• 4 million entries in the black list (up to 1 000
IMEIs/entry)
• 4 million entries in the grey list (up to 1 000
IMEIs/entry)
• 200 000 entries in the white list (up to 1 000 000
IMEIs/entry)

39. 44 © NOKIA
Mobile Number Portability Solution
(SRRi)
• The ServiceService
Routing RegisterRouting Register is
to remove excess
signalling and
complex databases
and routing, by
managing the
address of each
subscriber.
SRRiDatabase
HLR HLR
MSCSGSN
MSISDN1 - rerouting info
MSISDN2 - rerouting info
.
.
1
…
…
…
Other
networks
• In some countries, the
law states that
subscribers must be
able to keep theirkeep their
numbernumber if they change
the operator.

40. 45 © NOKIA
SRRi architecture
GSW
CCSU CMM BDCU
SRRU OMU
X.25 or LAN
to OMC
and SMS
MESSAGE BUS
ET
CLS
MSCHLR
VDU and LPT
ET
STU
LAN LAN
DBDU
LAN LAN
VDU and LPT

41. 46 © NOKIA
Packet switched core network overview
Router
SGSN
BG
Legal
Interception
Gateway
Domain
Name
Server
Border
Gateway
Serving GPRS
Support Node
CG
GGSN
Firewall
Gateway
GPRS
Support Node
Local
Area NW
Server
Charging
Gateway
Corporate
DNS
2G & 3G
GPRS BackboneGPRS Backbone
IP NetworkIP Network
InternetInternet
GSM BSS orGSM BSS or
3G RAN3G RAN
Inter-PLMNInter-PLMN
NetworkNetwork
IntranetIntranet

42. 47 © NOKIA
3G-SGSN & GGSN
• The 3G-SGSN & GGSN are built on the IP Platform
(2G-SGSN uses the Nokia DX200 Platform).
Power supplies
Cooling fans
Cable guides
Processor units on
2 trays
1193
443
434 • In UMTS some of the
functionality needed in the
2G-SGSN is now included as
functions in the RNC.
• The 3G-SGSN is a compact unit.

43. 48 © NOKIA
System structure of Nokia 3G-SGSN
Iu
Gn
Internal maintenance bus
Gr, Gf, Gd
E1/T1SMM Unit
•Mobility Management
• Session Management
• Signalling
ATM
STM-1
100 BaseTx
1000 BaseT
Forwarding
Unit
Central Route
Processor Unit
• O&M
• Routing
Tunnelling
Unit
E1/T1
SS7
Unit
ATM
STM-1

44. 50 © NOKIA
Capacity
• Max number of subscribers: 300 000
• Throughput and number of connections:
— 900 Mbps and 200 000 PDP contexts OR
— 600 Mbps and 600 000 PDP contexts
• (512 byte packet size)
• Connection attempts: 600 PDP procedures per
second
• 300 000 SMS messages per hour

45. 51 © NOKIA
Interfaces of 3G-SGSN
3G SGSN
3G SGSN3G SGSN
Gn
Gr
Gf
Gd
3G Core Network
(HPLMN)
HLR & AUC
EIR
SMSC
Iu
Gp3G Core Network
(VPLMN)
RNC
NMS
CG
Ga

46. 52 © NOKIA
Other packet core network elements
• GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
Nokia version based on IP650 or IP740 routers
— Release 2, IP650: 150 000 PDP contexts
100 Mbps (1400 byte packets)
— Release 2, IP740: 1 million PDP contexts
400 Mbps (1400 byte packets)
— Both can interact with 2G-SGSN and 3G-SGSN
• BG (Border Gateway)
— Router to Inter-PLMN data network
• DNS (Domain Name Server)
— Access point name → IP address of correct GGSN
• CG (Charging Gateway)
• LIG (Legal/Lawful Interception Gateway)

47. 53 © NOKIA
Nokia FlexiFamily
• High-availability carrier-grade server platform
• Linux based
• Nokia IP Multimedia Subsystem servers based on Nokia
FlexiServer
• Nokia FlexiGateway a carrier-grade gateway platform and the
future basis for network user-plane functions such as packet
routing and processing
• Nokia FlexiGateway, with specially designed content-aware
provisioning extensions, will gradually complete the
implementation of the All-IP architecture

48. 54 © NOKIA
Nokia IP Multimedia Core Solution (simplified)
HLR
MSC/
MSS
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
GGSN
CG
LIG
BG
DNS
IMR CPS
GERAN/
UTRAN
MPC
MGW
IP Multimedia core

49. 55 © NOKIA
Traffic on PoC Network
SGSN
PAPU
units
BSC
PCU
units
BTS
GGSN
With PoC
APN
GPRS
backbone
network
Customer Care and
Billing
Provisioning
Network Management
WEB based
• Management
• Provisioning
• Self provisioning
PoC Call
Processors
PoC Register
LDAP parameter
management
GPRS
Green elements required for PoC
IP layer
Service management
Radio access
layer architecture
Consumers
Access Control
& Enterprise
Connectivity
HTTP human interfaceCommunication
Parameters
(timers)
CDR
parameters
SUN
Operator Data Center
Enterprises
System
Parameters
Sub System
Server
Parameters
Radio
interface
management
Packet Core management

50. 56 © NOKIA
Nokia ICD System Release 1, ED 1
ISN
1.1
G
i
Content
providers
Gn
Service
access
CG
4.0 BSS
GGS
N 4.0
TA
1.2
OSC
1.0
NSM
1.0
CA
1.1
I
C
D
NetA
ct 3.1
ED2
CD
9 03/ Prepaid
System
OS
S
CCBS
GGSN
functions
Traffic
Analyser
Content
functions

51. 57 © NOKIA
Single Click Access
Nokia ICD
System
Single
PDP
Contex
t
Single
PDP
Contex
t
Operator
MMS Service
Operator
Email
Service
Operator
WAP
Service
Service
Provider
WAP
Service
GGSN
ap1.operator.com
AP
Service
switchi
ng
Service
switchi
ng
Single APN
configure
d in
terminal
Single APN
configure
d in
terminal
PDP Context
Nokia
ISN
Access
setting
s
screen

52. 58 © NOKIA
Charging options in the Nokia ICD System
• Volume-based charging
• Transferred data volume
• Per service, not limited to PDP Context
• Bytes of transferred data
• Event-based charging
• Event (transaction/hit to a specific WAP/HTTP URL)
• A request/response pair
• Number of events
• Time-based charging
• Distinguish active/inactive usage time)
• Subscription (free access during subscription period
• Seconds of data transfer
• Subscription-based charging
• Free access during content service subscription period
• May be combined with event-based charging

53. 59 © NOKIA
Nokia Intelligent EDGE Solution
CPS
Multi-access
Service enablers
Messaging Download and
streaming
Supporting
enablers
IP network
Content service
providers
Application
service providers
Internet
Corporate
Intranet
Mobile Virtual
network operator
Service Core
Session control
Dynamic subscription
Management and
registers
Intelligent
charging control
Service aware packet connectivity

54. 62 © NOKIA
Radio Network Controller
• Radio network supervision
• Radio resource
management
• Mobility management
• Support open interfaces Iu &
Iur
• Flexible and modular
platform in Nokia's version
• Height 1.8m
Width 0.6m
Depth 0.6m

55. 64 © NOKIA
RNC architecture
DMCU
GTPU
TCP/IP
NEMU OMU
RSMU
RRMU
ICSU
SFU
MXU
A2SU
RESOURCE AND SWITCH
MANAGEMENT UNIT
Functions:
- RNC wide functions
- ATM switch management
- DSP resource management
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- 2n redundant
NIU
NIU
NETWORK INTERFACE UNIT
Functions:
- Physical layer functions
- ATM layer functions
- IU, IUR, IUB
Characteristics:
- No redundancy
AAL2 SWITCHING UNIT
Functions:
- AAL2 minipacket
processing
Characteristics:
- SN+1 redundant
Functions:
- Macrodiversity combining
- Outer loop power control
- RLC, MAC, PDCP functions
- Ciphering
Characteristics:
- ~6000 MIPS
- SN+1 redundant
DATA AND MACRODIVERSITY
COMBINING UNIT
NETWORK ELEMENT
MANAGEMENT UNIT
Functions:
- Graphical user interfaces
- Key Perfomance Indicators
- NMS interface
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- No redundancy
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE UNIT
Functions:
- O&M functions
- RNW database
- recovery functions
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- 2n redundant
TIMING AND HARDWARE
MANAGEMENT BUS UNIT
Functions:
- RNC syncronization
- HW management
Characteristics:
- TSS3 RNC level
- TBUF subrack level
- 2n redundant TBU
Functions:
- UDP/IP termination
- GTP forwarding
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- SN+1 redundant
GPRS TUNNELING PROTOCOL UNIT
RADIO RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT UNIT
Functions:
- RNC wide radio resource
management functions
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- 2n redundant
MULTIPLEXER UNIT
Functions:
- Multiplexing towards SFU
Characteristics:
- 622 Mbit/s towards SFU
- 2n redundant
SWITCHING FABRIC UNIT
Functions:
- ATM Switching
Characteristics:
- 8 switching ports
- 5 Gbit/s
- 2n redundant
INTERFACE CONTROL AND
SIGNALLING UNIT
Functions:
- L3 protocol functions
- RANAP, RNSAP, NBAP
- RRC
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- RN+1 redundant

56. 65 © NOKIA
Radio Network Controller site solution
1 2
3
4
5
Scalable traffic capacity in 5 steps
• 48 - 196 Mbit/s nominal capacity
• Any traffic mix of voice and data
• Redundant structure
1800
mm
600
mm
600 + 600
mm

57. 66 © NOKIA
RNC Capacities

58. 67 © NOKIA
Base station sites:
• Macrocell sites
• Microcell sites
• Picocell sites
Nokia WCDMA base station solution

59. 68 © NOKIA
What is the difference between
site, cell and sector?
• A site is a physical cabinet
with carriers/TRXs.
• A site may have one or
more cells.
• Cells that belong to a site
with more than one cell
are usually referred to as
a sector.
WCDMA
- 1 carrier
= 5MHzGSM
- 1 TRX ~ 7 traffic
channels
Different frequencies

60. 69 © NOKIA
GSM/WCDMA solution
Co-located sites

61. 70 © NOKIA
GSM+EDGE
part
WCDMA
part
Nokia WCDMA Tri-mode
UltraSite
WCDMA configuration:
• 1+1+1. 5W
• 2+2+2. 2W
BTS capacity: max. 10 Mbits/s per
cabinet
Other features:
• Either 12 GSM/EDGE transceivers
or
• 6 GSM/EDGE and 3 WCDMA
carriers
(6 in Release 2)

62. 71 © NOKIA
Nokia WCDMA UltraSite solution
Indoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Optima
Outdoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Optima Compact
Outdoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Supreme
Indoor Outdoor

63. 72 © NOKIA
Site support
• Site support units can
contain batteries in
case of main failure,
transmission
equipment, and more.
Batteries
3rd party transmission

64. 73 © NOKIA
Nokia MetroSite solution
• Nokia MetroHub
--- Transmission Node
• Battery Backup
Nokia MetroHopper Radio
Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
Nokia MetroSite EDGE
Base Station
• 900/1800 MHz GSM,
EDGE networks
Nokia MetroSite
WCDMA Base Station
• 2 GHz WCDMA
networks
Co-locating GSM &
WCDMA BTS

65. 74 © NOKIA
Nokia WLAN technology

66. 80 © NOKIA
Which solution to use?
Student Exercise:
Imagine that you had to build a site. Which of the following
would you take into account when selecting the Node B?
a) Which is the easiest and cost-effective way to add the site to
the network?
b) How many sites will cover the area?
c) The expected number of subscribers in the area?
d) The amount of power that the site will transmit on?
e) Where the Node B will be positioned; will people see it or
shall only the antenna be visible?
f) The amount of space available for the site?
g) The expected capacity that the site should carry?

67. 81 © NOKIA
Transmission
• Sites are connected
together in different
ways to optimiseoptimise
costcost, whilst assuring
the best qualitybest quality and
redundancyredundancy.
• The links can be
wire, optical or radio
microwave links.
RNC
IU
IUr
BSC
MSC
A
AXU
Multiplexer eg MetroHub
3G BTS
2G BTS
ATM cross
connect unit

68. 82 © NOKIA
What do base station sites look like?
• Base station sites can be found in many
different places and in different forms.
• The sites are connected together in
different ways.
X-pol. antennas
Site support Base Station
FlexiHopper
UltraHoppers
MetroHoppers

69. 83 © NOKIA
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
• Packet / cell based transmission
• 48 octets (bytes) of payload, 5 octets of header per
packet (ATM cell)
• Examples of physical interfaces:
– STM-1
– E1
– Ethernet

70. 85 © NOKIA
Management of 3G/UMTS networks
• The past decade has seen an
increase in the type and
number of network elements.
This has lead to more
complex networks.
93 9995 97 2002
MSC
BSC
BTS
MSC
BSC
BTS
BTS(D)
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
GGSN
BG
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
SGSN
GGSN
BG
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
SGSN
WAP GW
GIO
xDSL
RAN
BRAN
WLAN
PKI
CPS
NCC
Profiler
GGSN
BG
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
SGSN
WAP GW
GIO
EDGE
UTRAN
IPTGW
HSS
IGSN
Appl
Servers
MMSC
MAX
3G BTSWAP PPG
WTA server
RAN
xDSL
Chat
server
Business
Mgmt
Business
Mgmt
Service
Management
Service
Management
Network
Management
Network
Management
Network Element
Management
Network Element
Management
Network ElementsNetwork Elements
• 3GPP is focusing on Network and Service Management
layers to establish 3G operation support standard.
• Network element management → tasks on a single
element.
• Network management → tasks on many elements at the
same time.

71. 86 © NOKIA
Nokia NetAct Solution
Business
Management
Systems
Service
Management
Systems
Network
Management
Systems
Element
Management
Systems
Functions of Service management systems:
• Take care of subcriber data
• Provision services and subscribers
• Collect and rate, bill offered services
• Create, promote and monitor services
Network management system (NMS):
• Collect information from the underlying networks
and pre/post-process the raw data
• Analyse and distribute information
• Optimise network capacity and quality
Element management systems (EM):
• EMs are part of the NE (RNC, BTS, AXC,etc.)
functionality
• Monitor the functioning of the equipment
• Collect raw data (performance indicators)
• Local GUI provided for site engineers
• Mediate towards the NMS system
MIS
Planning
System
BTS
BTS AXC
RNC NE x
NE y
CCB
NE = network element, CCB = customer care and
billing, MIS = management information system
NMS

72. 87 © NOKIA
Nokia NetAct frame structure
Workflow ManagerWorkflow Manager
ReporterReporter
AdministratorAdministrator
3rd Party Tools3rd Party Tools
Rating &
Charging
Rating &
Charging
PlannerPlanner
Configurator &
Provisioning
Configurator &
Provisioning
MonitorMonitor
Service Quality
Manager
Service Quality
Manager
Unified Mediation
and Adaptation
Unified Mediation
and Adaptation
NetworkNetwork
Common network
typology
Common WEB GUI

73. 88 © NOKIA
Nokia network management tools
Ueno 1-1 Shinj uku 1 Shinj uku 2Otemachi 1
RNC RNC RNCRNC RNC
Ikebukur o 1-1
Tokyo area- north
Meguro 1-1 Tokyo 2-1 Shibya 1- 1Tokyo 1-1
RNC RNC RNCRNC RNC
Shibya 2-1
Tokyo ar ea- south
NMS
termi nal
print er
Power
Vent.
RNC site17
Marunouchi bldg
7F
Mar unouchi 1-2-3
Chioda-ku
site manager:
Sato Akiyoshi
tel: 090 4002 8196
NMS site
BTS Local
Management Tool
BTS site

74. 89 © NOKIA
Monitoring
• The monitoring of alarms involve collecting alarms and
statistics to identify problems in the network.
Problem detection
Problem
identification Problemhandling
Verification

75. 90 © NOKIA
Radio network planning & development
Radio Access
Network
Radio network
planning tool
Nokia TOTEM
3rd party
planning
tool
Planning
Interface
Plan management in NMS
Plan
Repository
Plan
Modification
Radio
network
planning
Plan
Provisioning
NMS provides
a Web Site for
RNW plans:
storage
edit
download,
activate &
rollback
upload actual
configuration
Intranet
RNW plan
in XML
format RNC
BTS
BTS
BTS
ATM
Module

76. 91 © NOKIA
Summary of Nokia network evolution

77. 92 © NOKIA
Release 3 ('99) Architecture
Fiber
Fiber
DXC
MWR
TDM Access
RAN Mobility Core
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
2G
SGSN
3G
SGSN GGSN
Application PlatformsApplication Platforms
Internet Gateway
Multimedia Messaging
e-mail
Game platform
Nokia
Charging
Center
Nokia
Charging
Gateway
RNC
BSC
HLR
3G
MSC
NMS
Internet
PSTN
GSM BTS
Triple
Mode
BTS
WCDMA BTS
•UTRAN - WCDMA air interface
•Enhanced core network functionality
•New service architecture

78. 93 © NOKIA
Bearer Independent Call Control (Rel. 4)
l.99
TRAN - WCDMA air interface
nhanced core network functionality
ew service architecture
l.4
eparation of control plane from user plane, simpler and more efficient
tatistical multiplexing gain and convergence with PS core as ultimate aim
ore efficient transmission reduces costs this allowing more complex services to be offer
volutionary phase towards Release 5 which in turn will offer even more advanced service
ERAN implementation

79. 94 © NOKIA
3GPP Release 5 architecture
el.99
TRAN - WCDMA air interface
nhanced core network functionality
ew service architecture
el.4
eparation of control plane from user plane, simpler and more efficient
tatistical multiplexing gain and convergence with PS core as ultimate aim
ore efficient transmission reduces costs this allowing more complex services to be offer
volutionary phase towards Release 5 which in turn will offer even more advanced service
ERAN implementation
el.5
P Multimedia Subsystem
igh Speed Downlink Packet Access
P transport in the core network
P transport in UTRAN
nd to end IP services
mpler service integration due to simplified protocol stacks
asy integration and enabling of instant messaging,
recence information and real time conversation services