1. DRAW A LINE SEPARATING TODAY & YESTERDAY 1) Write: Date: 08/27/10 , Topic: Political Philosophy Crash Course 2) Next line, write “ Opener #4 ” and then: 1) Write 1 high + 1 low in last 24 hours 2) Give a unit progress update (include what Chiang can do to help) 3) One news/research item to share. 4) What do you want to know about political philosophy? Announcements: None
2. Agenda 1) Political Philosophy Crash Course Primary Objective 1) To learn to be effective teams Reminder 1) Start meeting to work on your regional speeches
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6. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 1) Fundamental Role of Gov : Provide more security than individuals can for themselves.
16. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 2) Sparta : Ruled by oligarchy (small elite), created concept of “community before self” (classical republicanism) 3) Athens : a) 700-500BC ruled by aristocrats Poor revolted (508BC) b) 508BC-404BC first democracy Athens thrived (esp culturally) c) 404BC conquered by Sparta, 338BC by Alex G Threw doubt on democracy (esp direct dem)
17. ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY 1) All male citizens could vote (1/5) and propose laws (direct democracy) [Rome goes with republic/repres. dem] 2) Created paid jobs for politicians so that poor people would become politicians. 3) People could vote to exile people/leaders (ostracize for 10 years) 4) Regular people could sue other people, making disputes more just [Rome introduced consistent written law]
18. HOW DEMOCRACY BEGAN 1) Wealthy take advantage of the more numerous poor . 2) Weapons become cheaper to make. So even poor people, who were the majority could be armed, increasing their power. 3) Fearing that poor people would revolt, democracy was seen as a way to make the poor happy .
19. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 4) Plato (428-348 BC): a) Taught by Socrates (18-28), disgusted with democracy b/c of Socrates’s trial (unthinking mob) b) Founds the Academy to to teach ppl to how to think c) Writes The Republic : - Demo is not freedom b/c ppl shortsighted, mislead by demagogues - Should be ruled by philosopher kings (meritocracy, not pop or $) Aristotle (his student): Rule by middle class Is the safest.
20. Plato’s the Republic (360BC) The sailors [politicians] are quarrelling with one another about the steering- every one is of opinion that he has a right to steer, though he has never learned the art of navigation and cannot tell who taught him or when he learned, and will further assert that it cannot be taught, and they are ready to cut in pieces any one who says the contrary [Socrates]. They throng about the captain [citizens], begging and praying him to commit the helm to them; and if at any time they do not prevail, but others are preferred to them, they kill the others or throw them overboard, and having first chained up the noble captain's [citizens’] senses with drink or some narcotic drug.
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23. IN INDIA CONNECTION 1) 800-500 BC Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita 2) Two types of freedom (swaraj): external freedom + internal freedom 3) True freedom comes from having no fear or cravings 4) Possible that Plato was influenced by Indian scholars/writings (Urwick 1921) 5) Plato argues that democracy is not true freedom b/c avg ppl are unthinking/misled
24. GREEK LEGACY 1) Spartans model what a strong military/nationalist government can be. 2) Athens models what democracy can be. 3) Athen’s fall brings doubt on the feasibility of direct democracy among a large diverse population (which is why Romans choose a representative demo) 4) Much of Greek learning was saved by Muslim scholars (700-800AD)
25. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 4) Rome (409-44 BC): a) Evolved democracy into a representative system b) 2 heads to prevent tyranny c) Create jurisprudence (legal science): written legal decisions and precedent (stari decisis) lessens abuse by wealthy
26. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 5) Legitimate Gov : Uses force to serve public, alternative: self-serving gov rules through fear/force
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28. Alternative View of Role of Gov : Those with power force people to submit, “ force theory .” Expired View of Role of Gov : Faith that rulers were “chosen” to rule, “ divine rule theory .”
29. Judeo-Christian : Free will to lead to your own salvation. Promotion of accountability and individualism.
30. Judeo-Christian : Promotion of accountability and individualism. Free will to lead to your own salvation with the help of the Catholic Church. Devine rule gets extended life, again from Catholicism .
32. Protestant Reformation (1517) Martin Luther starts, church reform leads to individual responsibility to salvation. More free will and individualism. Desire for salvation leads to hard working American colonists.
33. Enlightenment (1600-1700s) Before, focus on community (“self” thinking it serves the community). En. placed emphasizes the “individual” Needs of the Industrial Revolution further drive individualism
34. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 6) Government is a Collective Belief : If enough people believe an entity is the legitimate gov, it become real , through the sheer number of people.
35. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 7) Anarchy (State of Nature) : Life with no gov (gangs + private security can be like a gov when no gov exist)
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37. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 7) Anarchy (State of Nature) : Life with no gov (gangs + private security can be like a gov when no gov exist)
38. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 8) Hobbes (1588) : State of nature is violent, no real rights to speak of, so rights exist b/c of gov
39. Hobbes’ Leviathan (1660) Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war , where every man is enemy to every man , the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength ... In such condition there is no place for industry , because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth... worst of all, continual fear , and danger of violent death ; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short .
40. Hobbes’ Leviathan (1660) Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war , where every man is enemy to every man , the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength ... In such condition there is no place for industry , because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth... worst of all, continual fear , and danger of violent death ; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short .
44. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 9) Locke (1632) : Ppl in state of nature have total rights , but hard to maintain, so give up rights to gov for safety, if not safe, ppl can break K ( K=contract ).
45. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 9) Locke (1632) : Ppl in state of nature have total rights , but hard to maintain, so give up rights to gov for safety, if not safe, ppl can break K ( K=contract ). .
46. Locke’s 2 nd Treatise (1690) No one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions ... to avoid this state of war is one great reason of men's putting themselves into society , and quitting the state of nature... revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Great mistakes in the ruling part, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human frailty, will be born by the people without mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of abuses …
47. Locke’s 2 nd Treatise (1690) No one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions ... to avoid this state of war is one great reason of men's putting themselves into society , and quitting the state of nature... revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Great mistakes in the ruling part, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human frailty, will be born by the people without mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of abuses …
48. “ All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men … Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations… -Thomas Jefferson
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51. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 10) Social Contract : You exchange obedience to the gov for protection.
52. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 11) Social Contract is a Collective Belief : If enough people believe it, it become real, through the sheer number of people. Iran Green Revolution (6/2009)
56. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 12) Rule of Law : Ppl+gov obey laws b/c out of fear or respect for our social contract (nothing is above the law) .
57. Notes #4a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 12) Rule of Law : Ppl+gov obey laws b/c out of fear or respect for our social contract (nothing is above the law) .
58. 13) Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development : What dictates your actions? 1. Fear Punishment 2. Exchange for Tangible Favors 3. Peer Pressure (other’s approval) 4. Rules/Laws (society/gov) 5. Social Contract (play the game) 6. Inner-Self Rules
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61. Notes #14a , Title: “ Political Philosophy ” 14) Why Rule of Law High : b/c US gov is legit (serves to help us), b/c we believe we naturally have rights, some we give up ( voluntary is always more powerful )
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63. When gov duty to protect conflicts with rule of law? What if it could save lives?
64. Does it matter if the person has a record of being a terrorist?
65. Does it matter if he/she is a US citizen or a foreigner? If it’s on US soil or in foreign country? If it done by foreigners on our behalf in a foreign land?
66. Govteam.org (is a the team network) Begin getting used to separating work and private life. Note: work networks belong to the workplace! 1) Go to and bookmark: google.com/a/govteam.org 2) Username: Name, Default Password: madison (save new) 3) Go your team email: Create 2) 3) 4) Docs, Calendars, Apps