1. KNOBOLOGY FOR ECHOCARDIOGRAM
Dr.GOPIDI APARANJI
SRI JAYADEVA INSTITUTE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES &
RESEARCH, BANGALORE

3. Objective
• Learn the manufacture’s technique to optimize the BEST
POSSIBLE CONTRAST for echo image

4. CONTENTS
• Echo modes
• Transducer
Types of arrays
• 2D-ECHO
1. Gray scale Maps
2. Frequency
3. Dynamic range
4. Sector size
5. Sector depth
6. Focus
7. Gain
8. Time gain compensation(TGC)
9. Zoom
10. Frame Rate
11. Compression
12. B mode colorisation
13. Harmonic imaging

5. • DOPPLER
1. Velocity scale
2. Baseline
3. Sweep speed
4. Sample size
5. Doppler angle
6. Wall filters
7. Pulse repetition
frequency(PRF)
8. Doppler Gain
• COLOR DOPPLER
1. Sector size
2. ROI (Region of interest)
3. Color Gain
4. Color Maps
5. Color Aliasing
6. Color Baseline
• M MODE
1. Sweep speed
2. Color M Mode

9. 1.Power button
2.Patient data
3.Select the Transducer/Probe
4.Preset
5.Modes/Gain
6.Color compare
7.Time Gain
Compensation(TGC) & LGC
8.Depth/focus/scale
9.Measurements
10.Acquire
11.Freeze
12.Zoom
13.Print keys
14.End Exam
15.Setup
16.Key board

10. Ge machine keyboard

11. GE

13. ECHO LANGUAGE

14. MODES

16. TRANSDUCER
2-12 MHZ

19. PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCER
• Series of small piezoelectric elements are interconnected
electronically
• Can steer and focus- by manipulating the timing of excitation
of individual eleements

21. Frequency= Penetration= Resolution= Near Field

25. RESOLUTION
•Ability to distinguish two different points clearly

28. 2DECHO

30. GRAY SCALE MAPS
• Determines how shades of gray will best be displayed to highlight
specific findings in the image
• Map F
• Map A

31. Map F Map A

32. FREQUENCY
• 3-5 MHZ

36. • It is the extent of useful ultrasonic signals that can be processed
• Ratio of the largest to smallest signals measured at the point of input to
display
• Optimal range 70-75dB

37. Useful when looking for LV thrombus and LV noncompaction

43. THERMAL INDEX

44. THERMAL INDEX

46. SECTOR SIZE

48. SECTOR DEPTH

50. FOCUS
• Transducer Beam focus
• Resolution is increased at that particular point

53. GAIN
Overall brightness of the image

55. • Optimum is
• Decrease in the near field
• Increase in the far field

57. Tgc video

58. ZOOM
• Magnification without
change in resolution

60. COMPRESSION
• Compress
• Controls the degree of
image contrast
• Reject
• Controls the echo rejection
level
• When increased low level
echoes are rejected and
appear darker in the 2D
image

62. B MODE COLORISATION

67. DOPPLER
• Color Doppler
• Spectral Doppler-PW &CW
• Power Doppler
• Tissue Doppler

70. • Principle of DOPPLER SHIFT, which
is a change in frequency from sent
to the returning sound wave
• DOPPLER MODE EXAMINES THE
DIRECTION & SPEED OF BLOOD
FLOW & PRESENTS IT IN
AUDIBLE,COLOR OR SPECTRAL
DISPLAYS
• Lower the frequency, higher the
velocity detected

71. •Primary job of the doppler is to measure doppler shift and from
this velocity can be calculated

75. CW PW
DEPTH RESOLUTION NO YES
SAMPLE VOLUME LARGE SMALL
HIGH VELOCITY DETECTION YES NO
ALIASING NO YES
SENSITIVITY MORE LESS
CONTROL OF SAMPLE
VAOLUME PLACEMENT
POOR GOOD

79. PRF
(PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY)

83. •Adjust Velocity
.Adjust Baseline

85. VELOCITY SCALE

86. ADJUSTING VELOCITY SCALE
ADJUSTING BASELINE

87. SWEEP SPPED

89. SAMPLE VOLUME SIZE
(SAMPLE GATE)

90. Sample volume gate 20mm sample volume gate 3.5 mm

91. DOPPLER ANGLE

92. WALL FILTERS
• HIGH PASS FILTERS
• Allowing only higher frequencies to pass the filter

94. DOPPLER GAIN

95. COLOR DOPPLER
• A form of pulse waved doppler

96. SECTOR SIZE
• Should be kept as small as possible
• It will give high frame rates in Color Doppler

97. COLOR ALIASING
VELOCITY SCALE/PRF
• Change Velocity Scale
• Change Baseline

98. BASELINE

100. TDI

105. M MODE
•Sweep speed
•Color M mode-Assists with timing of events

106. THANK YOU