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Role of Serotonin in a Genetic Murine Model of Psychiatric
Vulnerability
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Facoltà di Medicina e di Psicologia
Neuroscienze Cognitive e Riabilitazione Psicologica
Tesi di Laurea Magistrale
Supervisor: Prof.ssa Cristina Orsini
Co-advisor: Prof.ssa Simona Cabib
Laureando: Gianvito Lagravinese
Anno Accademico 2015/2016
 Obey impulsive action and choice
 Premature responses
 Inhability to hold or stop an action
 Lack of planning
 Extreme reactivity to reward associated stimuli
Impulsivity
 Substance abuse
 Psychiatric disorders:
 APD
 Bipolar Disorder (maniacal)
 Borderline disorder
“Disinhibition” dimension trait (DSM
V )
Disihinibitory control
Impulsivity & Serotonin
Serotonin (5-HT) exerts an inhibitory
control on impulsive behaviour
 Clinical studies
 Preclinical studies
 Depletions
 ↑ impulsivity
 SSRI drugs
 ↓ premature responses
 ↓ cue reactivity to drugs associated
stimuli (conditionated craving)
 Pavlovian
Approach
(autoshaping)
 Ripeated
presentation
lever-food
 Individual variability
in the developing of
conditionate
behaviour
Sign-Tracking
 Sign- Tracker  highly sensivity to reward associated stimuli
 Sign-tracker Fenotype  Predictive of impulsivity
Genotipic serotonergic differences
 DBA mice  allelic variance of gene TPH2:
 ↓ functionality of 5-HT (compared to c57)
 ↓ basal firing of 5-HT in mPFC
Sign-Tracking e Serotonin
 5-HT Depletion to C57 mice (Campus, 2016) allows Sign-
Tracking behaviour expression
C57
not impulsive & neither Sign-tracker
DBA
impulsive & Sign-Tracker
 Serotonin enhancement in DBA strain suppress the sign-
tracking behaviour
Hypothesis
Autoshaping
 Training: 35 trial / session, 11 days
 Treatment: 30 min before session (day 12)
 Acute administration of fluoxetine (SSRI) 10 mg/kg (i.p.)
Experimental Design
Behavioural Index:
 Lever Approach
 Magazine Approach
 PCA Index: indicates the behaviour prevalence
Lever Approach
Magazine Approach
Pavlovian Conditioned Approach
(PCA)
 Fluoxetine reduced
magazine entry but
did not alter the food
intake
Trial %
Conclusions
 Enhancing serotonin could have increased patience
by improving the ability of waiting the reward
 Limitations:
 Acute administration could have not be enough to
enhance 5-HT levels
 Systemic administration does not allow to understand
the specific action of 5-HT
 5-HT could be necessary to inhibit the development of
sign-tracking but not to inhibits its expression
Thank you for listening

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Role of Serotonin in a Genetic Murine Model of Psychiatric Vulnerability

  • 1. Role of Serotonin in a Genetic Murine Model of Psychiatric Vulnerability Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Facoltà di Medicina e di Psicologia Neuroscienze Cognitive e Riabilitazione Psicologica Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Supervisor: Prof.ssa Cristina Orsini Co-advisor: Prof.ssa Simona Cabib Laureando: Gianvito Lagravinese Anno Accademico 2015/2016
  • 2.  Obey impulsive action and choice  Premature responses  Inhability to hold or stop an action  Lack of planning  Extreme reactivity to reward associated stimuli Impulsivity  Substance abuse  Psychiatric disorders:  APD  Bipolar Disorder (maniacal)  Borderline disorder “Disinhibition” dimension trait (DSM V ) Disihinibitory control
  • 3. Impulsivity & Serotonin Serotonin (5-HT) exerts an inhibitory control on impulsive behaviour  Clinical studies  Preclinical studies  Depletions  ↑ impulsivity  SSRI drugs  ↓ premature responses  ↓ cue reactivity to drugs associated stimuli (conditionated craving)
  • 4.  Pavlovian Approach (autoshaping)  Ripeated presentation lever-food  Individual variability in the developing of conditionate behaviour Sign-Tracking  Sign- Tracker  highly sensivity to reward associated stimuli  Sign-tracker Fenotype  Predictive of impulsivity
  • 5. Genotipic serotonergic differences  DBA mice  allelic variance of gene TPH2:  ↓ functionality of 5-HT (compared to c57)  ↓ basal firing of 5-HT in mPFC Sign-Tracking e Serotonin  5-HT Depletion to C57 mice (Campus, 2016) allows Sign- Tracking behaviour expression C57 not impulsive & neither Sign-tracker DBA impulsive & Sign-Tracker
  • 6.  Serotonin enhancement in DBA strain suppress the sign- tracking behaviour Hypothesis
  • 7. Autoshaping  Training: 35 trial / session, 11 days  Treatment: 30 min before session (day 12)  Acute administration of fluoxetine (SSRI) 10 mg/kg (i.p.) Experimental Design Behavioural Index:  Lever Approach  Magazine Approach  PCA Index: indicates the behaviour prevalence
  • 10. Pavlovian Conditioned Approach (PCA)  Fluoxetine reduced magazine entry but did not alter the food intake
  • 12. Conclusions  Enhancing serotonin could have increased patience by improving the ability of waiting the reward  Limitations:  Acute administration could have not be enough to enhance 5-HT levels  Systemic administration does not allow to understand the specific action of 5-HT  5-HT could be necessary to inhibit the development of sign-tracking but not to inhibits its expression
  • 13. Thank you for listening

Editor's Notes

  1. Impulsivity is not a unified concept, in fact it includes a large variety of behaviours, LIKE: Because of that, it has been considered by the most recent version of the diagnostic manual of mental disorder, DSM fifth, like a trait included in the axial dimension called «dishinibition» In fact, the disihnibitory control is considered to be the main deficit of impulsivity and all the diseases caracterized by impulsivity, such as substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, have in common a dishinibitory control deficit.
  2. Centrale, circa il controllo inibitorio, è il ruolo della serotonina. Infatti, Studi sull’uomo hanno evidenziato ridotti livelli del metabolita della serotonina in soggetti impulsivi e studi sull’animale hanno rivelato che ridurre la presenza di serotonina per mezzo di deplezioni, aumenta l’impulsività. Viceversa la somministrazione di farmaci inibitori della ricaptazione della serotonina, che ne aumentano la quantità, sembrano ridurre le risposte premature, tipiche del comportamento impulsivo e la reattività agli stimoli associati alle droghe d’abuso (craving condizionato).
  3. A questo proposito è stata trovata una relazione tra la serotonina e gli stimoli associati. Il paradigma dell’autoshaping, o condizionamento pavloviano, consiste nella ripetuta presentazione di uno stimolo e una successiva ricompensa. In alcuni topi si osserva un comportamento condizionato diretto verso la leva (sign-trackers), in altri verso il luogo in cui sarà dato il cibo (goal tracker) ma che non sarà presente fino a quando non rientrerà la leva. La variabilità nello sviluppare i due fenotipi è individuale. Il fenotipo sign-tracker è caratterizzato da una elevata sensibilità agli stimoli ed è stato proposto che tale fenotipo sia predittivo dell’impulsività.
  4. I topi DBA sono conosciuti perché impulsivi e perché esprimono fortemente sign-tracking a differenza dei C57 che non sono né impulsivi né esprimono sign-tracking. Tra le differenze tra questi due ceppi ci sono differenze genotipiche serotoninergiche. Infatti il ceppo DBA, è caratterizzato da una variante allelica del gente TPH2 che favorirebbe una ridotta funzionalità serotoninergica e un ridotto rilascio basale corticale. L’importanza della serotonina per lo sviluppo di tale fenotipo è stata verificata da Campus che ha effettuato una deplezione serotoninergica in topi C57, che sono meno predisposti allo sviluppo di sign-tracking. Questo studio ha identificato che una riduzione serotoninergica permette l’espressione di sign-tracking anche in questo ceppo.
  5. Sulla base di tutti questi dati ABBIAMO IPOTIZZATO che aumentare la presenza di serotonina in un ceppo che geneticamente ne esprime minori quantità, come i DBA, dovrebbe sovvertire il comportamento di sign-tracking. Abbiamo quindi condotto un esperimento di Autoshaping suddiviso in 11 giorni di addestramento e un giorno di trattamento dove somministravamo fluoxetina i.p. (quindi sistemica) acuta 30 min prima della sessione. Le misure che sto per presentare riguardano indici di approccio alle leve e ai magazzini considerando il numero dei contatti, le probabilità dei contatti e le latenze. Per quanto riguarda gli approcci ai magazzini vengono considerati solo gli ingressi nei 10 secondi in cui esce la leva. Inoltre, i dati sono anche stati analizzati con un indice PCA che esprime la prevalenza dell’uno sull’altro per mezzo di difference score.
  6. Abbiamo quindi condotto un esperimento di Autoshaping suddiviso in 11 giorni di addestramento e un giorno di trattamento dove somministravamo fluoxetina i.p. (quindi sistemica) acuta 30 min prima della sessione. Le misure che sto per presentare riguardano indici di approccio alle leve e ai magazzini considerando il numero dei contatti, le probabilità dei contatti e le latenze. Per quanto riguarda gli approcci ai magazzini vengono considerati solo gli ingressi nei 10 secondi in cui esce la leva. Inoltre, i dati sono anche stati analizzati con un indice PCA che esprime la prevalenza dell’uno sull’altro per mezzo di difference score.
  7. Risultati. In questo primo grafico sono rappresentati gli approcci alla leva. Consideriamo approcci alla leva solo quando i topi toccavano con il muso la stessa. Sono rappresentati i numeri di contatto, le probabilità di contatto al centro e le latenze. Sono rappresentati prima i giorni di addestramento pre-trattamento dal giorno 1 al giorno 11,e poi il giorno 12 del trattamento. L’analisi statistica ha evidenziato che tutti gli animali hanno sviluppato sign-tracking, come evidenziato dall’aumento progressivo dei contatti, della probabilità e una riduzione delle latenze di approccio. Gli effetti del trattamento sugli animali sono stati pressoché nulli per quanto riguarda i comportamenti diretti alla leva.
  8. In questo grafico possiamo osservare i Comportamenti rivolti al magazzino durante la presenza della leva. Come si evince dal grafico, i MAGAZZINI SONO INVARIATI, evidenziando che NON c’è stato sviluppo del comportamento preferenziale verso i magazzini o GOAL-TRACKING. In alto il numero dei magazzini e le probabilità sono DIMINUITI a seguito del trattamento CON FLUOXETINA. Inoltre anche velocità nell’approcciarsi ai magazzini è aumentata.
  9. I comportamenti presenti nella slide precedente vengono presentati in un unico indice che effettua differenze di punteggi tra i comportamenti diretti alle leve, i comportamenti diretti ai magazzini e i comportamenti misti per probabilità, numero di contatti e latenze. Questo indice è un ulteriore conferma che l’approccio preferenziale è verso la leva, quindi i topi hanno sviluppato sign-tracking nell’addestramento. Come non ci si aspettava, il trattamento, mostrato nella colonna B, ha mostrato un aumento del sign-tracking. Risultato opposto a quanto atteso.
  10. In questa figura viene analizzata la percentuale di trial espressa come differenza tra il giorno 12 di trattamento e il giorno 11, ultimo giorno di addestramento. Le percentuali identificano le risposte miste (both), le risposte singole verso la leva o il magazzino (only), e quelle prive di qualsiasi risposta (none). Come si evince dall’immagine, a seguito della somministrazione di serotonina diminuiscono il numero di prove di comportamento misto e aumentano le risposte only, dirette verso o solo la leva o solo il magazzino, e le percentuali prive di risposta.
  11. Per concludere. La fluoxetina ha esercitato un certo controllo comportamentale su questi animali. L’aumento del sign-tracking non è stato dato dal un aumento delle leve ma da riduzioni dei magazzini. L’unico effetto reale non è l’aumento del sign-tracking ma la diminuzione dei magazzini. Abbiamo interpretato questo dato così. Gli ingressi nei magazzini prima della consegna del cibo sono considerati come risposte premature e quindi indice di impulsività perché c’è l’impossibilità dalla parte del topo di controllare un comportamento e attendere la ricompensa. Siamo dell’opinione che la fluoxetina abbia svolto un controllo inibitorio sulla risposta prematura, agendo sul timing behaviour, favorendo la pazienza.