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Is it Cheating or
 Group Problem
     Solving?
Short Version
          Don’t kid yourself
   Cheating doesn’t have to happen
      Reinforce the right things
         Swift consequences
          Prevention works
          Change the battle
        Test stuff that matters
Greg Friese, MS, NREMT-P
Session Description
Well publicized cheating scandals have led to
suspension without pay, termination of employment,
and shuttering of EMS education programs. More
importantly cheating causes an erosion of the public
trust in EMS organizations. This presentation will
explore the scope of cheating in EMS education,
describe    common       barriers   educators      and
administrators implement, and discuss the limited
impact of those barriers to stop cheating. Participants
will discuss a continuum of solutions for EMS
educators and program administrators to reduce
cheating and grow a culture of group problem solving.
Session Objectives

• Explain the scope of cheating in EMS education
• Discuss limited impact of common barriers
• Describe a continuum of solutions
SlideShare.net/gfriese
Academic Dishonesty
Poll Question
Poll Question
Scenario: Question Recalls
Is this cheating?
American Board of Radiology Recalls
Scenario: Group Completion
Is this cheating?
Scenario: CE Articles
Is this cheating?
Scenario: Online Con Ed
Dishonesty in Online Courses

• Different rules for online quizzes
• Rules not explicitly stated
• Scope was shocking
Scope of
Cheating
Research about Cheating


“Nearly every research report
on cheating … has concluded
  that cheating is rampant.“

          Cheating on Tests: How to Do It, Detect It, and Prevent It
Cheating is a Pervasive Problem
Cheating at All Grade Levels
High School Students College Bound

•   80% of the country's best students cheated
•   More than 50% don't think cheating is big deal
•   95% of cheaters say they were not caught
•   40% cheated on a quiz or a test
•   67% copied someone else's homework
High School Students Historical Change



       1940s               1990s
• Low performers    • High performers
• 20% of students   • Low performers
                    • 75-98% of students
College Placement Paid Test Takers
Cheating in School Student Reasons
•   Others are cheating
•   No honor code
•   Required courses
•   Heavy workload
•   No clear rules or consequences
•   Low risk of being caught and or punished
•   Higher incidence at less selective institutions
PA Student Attitudes and Behaviors
PA Student Attitudes and Behaviors
Cheating by Nursing Students
Cheating by EMS Students???
Cheating Definition
Academic Dishonesty
                  Any attempt to give or
  Cheating        obtain assistance
                  Copying without proper
  Plagiarism      acknowledgement
  Deception       Providing false information
                  Falsification of date,
  Fabrication     information, or citations
  Impersonation Assuming another’s identity
                  Paying for information
  Bribery         or access
Student’s Cheating Perceptions

•   Cheating is widespread
•   Cheating is a given
•   Most students cheat
•   Victimless crime
•   Rarely reported
•   Pressure to succeed
Student’s Cheating Attitudes

• 57% don’t think copying a few sentence, sharing
  answers, or getting answers is cheating
• 53% think cheating is no big deal
• 98% have let others copy their work
• 34% parents never talked to them about cheating
• 75% admit cheating
Cheating is a Lifelong Habit
Cheating Low Tech
  Taking, giving , or
  receiving
  information

  Unauthorized
  materials use

  Circumventing
  Process
Cheating High Tech
   Taking, giving , or
   receiving
   information

   Unauthorized
   materials use

   Circumventing
   Process
Cheating Common Methods at UNC
• Getting an answer from       • Using unauthorized sources
  someone else’s test          • Exceeding specified time limit
• Turning in same paper in     • Turning in a paper that was
  two different classes          written by somebody else
• Copying from another         • Allowing someone else to
• Plagiarizing parts or all      cheat off of one’s exam
• Knowing someone else was     • Giving one’s own paper to
  cheating but not reporting     someone else
• Giving or receiving          • Taking a cheat sheet into test
  unauthorized help            • Ordering or downloading
• Looking at answers to test     paper from online service
  beforehand
Buy Term Papers Online
Cheating and Technology

• Tougher to define cheating
• Plagiarism is easier
• Reduces sharing friction
Most Common is Plagiarism
Cheating by EMS Instructors

•   Change answers
•   Falsify records
•   Provide information
•   Ignore misbehavior
•   Fail to enforce
Scenario: Clinical Skills
Is this cheating?
Cheating in the Workplace
How Long is a Short Break?
Limited Impact
  of Barriers
Costs of Test Security
Exam Stakes and Risks

                         High Stakes High Stakes
Promotional exam
                          Low Risk    High Risk
Certification exam
                Stakes

Licensure exam           Low Stakes High Risk
                          Low Risk Low Stakes

                                  Risk
Words have Meaning

           Use theTheKnow this for
            You need to
                   “Clock”
                       patient cheated
           know OPQRSTdeath
              method the test
How do you Stop Cheating?
Challenge to Accuse and Prosecute
Ingrained in the Culture



           Win for One,
           EndsTogether,
            Small Teams
            All Justifies
         Work Independently
           Fail Together
             One Means
             The for All
Policy on Academic Honesty
Appropriate Consequences


         Downgrade
         Fail assignment
         Re-test
         Fail class
         School dismissal
         Criminal charge
         Permanent record
Computer Based Testing

         Compromised by
          poor questions,
         poor security, and
          poor oversight
Easy Access to Cheating Techniques
Cheating Technique Sharing




    How to cheat on a test
Solutions
Simple Solution


Announce penalties for cheating

   Ask students not to cheat
We are Responsible
•   Role model
•   Discuss academic honesty
•   Honor code
•   Values education
•   Student selection
•   Appropriate focus
•   Change the evaluation method
•   Testing
Role Model Academic Integrity
Culture Change and Reinforcement
Discuss Academic Honesty
    Scenario 1   Scenario 2   Scenario 3   Scenario 4




       Sharing CE test
         Falsifying
    Incorrectly reporting
      Wasting narcotics
       assessments or
        questions and
      without a witness
         attendance
         treatments
           answers
Institution Honor Code
Institution Honor Code
Institution Honor Code
Academic Dishonesty Consequences
Values Education with I CARE
  “The founders of the I CARE program
envision a world where individuals of all
   ages understand the importance of
  ethics and values as they pertain to a
  person's character and through their
      actions embody the values of
Integrity, Compassion, Accountability, R
espect and Empathy in their daily lives.”
Employee or Student Selection

•   Behavior based questions
•   Reference checks
•   Past work performance
•   Effective and secure entrance exam
•   Inform of honor code
Plagiarism Prevention

          Define

          Examples

          Citation practices

          Clear guidelines

          Verify content
Test Based on Objectives
Reward Learning
Test Timing

   Training Need


                   No
   Competent?

     Yes                Training

    Complete
Focus on Competency
Write Better Test Questions

     What is the average heart rate of a
     decompensated CHF patient?
        a. 80
        b. 90
        c. 100
        d. 110
        e. Who cares!
Write Better Test Questions

      In 140 characters or less explain
           airway management.

        Demonstrate proper airway
       management for this situation.
Don’t Test Low Level Knowledge


          Mnemonics

          Time intervals

          Drug doses

          Facts
Test High Level Knowledge


          Situation analysis

          Differentials

          Actions based on
          findings

          Critique performance
Optimize Testing Environment
•   Clear instructions
•   Room set-up
•   Required supplies
•   Personally monitor
•   Video record
•   Remove bags, books, coats
•   Disable smart phones (watches)
•   Confiscate electronics
•   Identity verification
Actual Group Problem Solving
Celebrate Ingenuity
Summary
      Cheating is present
      Cultural acceptance
       Objectives matter
        Simple actions
      Complex strategies
     Focus on competency
Resources
• Plagarism.org
• ICAREValues.org
• International Center for Academic Integrity
  AcademicIntegrity.org
• 2007 Arizona State Board of Nursing Statewide
  Nurse Educators Annual Conference
Questions


  Search
Connections EMS Today
       During             After

                  greg@centrelearn.com

                   717-227-4655 (office)
    CentreLearn   715-204-9874 (mobile)
    Booth #3122
                  Facebook.com/gfriese
                   Twitter.com/gfriese
                  Blog.CentreLearn.com

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Is it Cheating or Group Problem Solving?

Editor's Notes

  1. Welcome. 90 minutes
  2. Need to add
  3. Me and what I doMy primary role is director of education for CLSHave been involved and engaged in online education development, production, and use since 2004.Variety of online education involvement:Continuing education coursesPodcasts hostBlog authorWeb videos Microblogging
  4. Session Description:Well publicized cheating scandals have led to suspension without pay, termination of employment, and shuttering of EMS education programs. More importantly cheating causes an erosion of the public trust in EMS organizations. This presentation will explore the scope of cheating in EMS education, describe common barriers educators and administrators implement, and discuss the limited impact of those barriers to stop cheating. Participants will discuss a continuum of solutions for EMS educators and program administrators to reduce cheating and grow a culture of group problem solving.
  5. Remind audience they can find this and other presentations at http://www.slideshare.net/gfriese/
  6. [High school – short story class][College – analytic chemistry]
  7. Asked this question on LinkedInhttp://www.linkedin.com/groupItem?view=&gid=113182&type=member&item=93953933&qid=5e0ad9a4-e30e-42c1-833c-ab3fc0fcebc6&trk=group_most_popular-0-b-ttl&goback=%2Egmp_113182[Show results as a chart, or LinkedIn screenshot]Cheating, such as falsification of attendance records, obtaining exam question banks, and score modification, is common in EMS continuing education:Strongly agreeAgreeNeither agree nor disagree DisagreeStrongly disagree
  8. Asked this question on LinkedIn … trying to get at “Why do people cheat?”http://www.linkedin.com/groupItem?view=&gid=113182&type=member&item=94885846&qid=5e0ad9a4-e30e-42c1-833c-ab3fc0fcebc6&trk=group_most_popular-0-b-ttl&goback=%2Egmp_113182[Show results as a chart, or LinkedIn screenshot]Which factor is mostly likely to lead a student to cheat? Content not appropriate to student’s training and knowledgeCost of continuing education courses and required certificationsPressure and encouragement from peers Limited time to complete training requirementsPoor quality of continuing education content
  9. Scenario: Recalls – is this cheating? Describe a scenario based on final examination, recalls. Post NREMT-P old written test experience.
  10. http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/13/health/prescription-for-cheating/index.html
  11. Scenario: Group CompletionGroup of 12 EMTs are required to complete 12 online CE courses, one per month. Each EMT completes one course and then sharing logins, logins as each of the 12 users to complete the test. Each user does one course. Is this cheating?Change: A single user takes all 12 courses and takes quizzes for all users. 144 courses completed by a single user. Is this cheating?
  12. Scenario: Con Ed ArticleCopy of JEMS article given to each department member. Each member asked to read article. At training night, officer says, “Do you have any questions?”“Since there are no questions, lets go through the test together”Each user completes a test, submitted in bulk. All users receive one CE course.Is this cheating?
  13. Scenario: Online CE CompletionParamedic clicks through program as quickly as possible35 minute video “viewed” in 4 minutesUnlimited attempts at quizPasses quiz on 3rd attemptIs this cheating?
  14. (Discouraging Academic Dishonesty in Online Courses)Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program at Center for Allied Health Programs, Univ of MNStudents worked together on quizzes. Took online quizzes as a group. Used quiz for first person to determine right, wrong answers. Then all used the results. “Students felt that the “rules” were different for online quizzes compared to paper quizzes”Rules not explicitly statedScope was shocking to professors
  15. Cheating happensCheating on Tests: How to Do It, Detect It, and Prevent It summarizes the body of research this way."Nearly every research report on cheating -- whether the data were obtained by a carefully designed study, a survey of self-reported behavior, an RRT (randomized response technique) approach, or questionnaire regarding perceptions of cheating on the part of another -- has concluded that cheating is rampant.“From http://www.newfoundations.com/PREVPLAGWEB/CheatingTrends1.html
  16. Cheating on Tests: How to Do It, Detect It, and Prevent It summarizes the body of research this way."Nearly every research report on cheating -- whether the data were obtained by a carefully designed study, a survey of self-reported behavior, an RRT (randomized response technique) approach, or questionnaire regarding perceptions of cheating on the part of another -- has concluded that cheating is rampant.“
  17. Cheating is a pervasive problem in society, ensnaring …. Match these three men with how they cheated. Athletes and performance enhancing drugs – Ryan Braun (http://www.millerparkdrunk.com/baseball/brauns-big-day/) reigning NL MVP, TDF winner Flyond Landis and Alberto Contador, and many othersPoliticians – Jack Abramhoff and Tom De Lay and many others (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/23/jack-abramoff-pizza-shop_n_622635.html)No profession is immune, mentioned MDs already. Cheating also found among Airline Pilots - http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19880805&id=s2saAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1ioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1806,3582090Relationships – spouses, we all probably know a couple that has cheating in their relationship – Arnie S (http://www.topnews.in/people/arnold-schwarzenegger)
  18. Image from FEMA Photo LibraryCheating happens at all grade levels … elementary, secondary, and college.May be most rampant at secondary level. In college there is variation by major – most likely among business majors. http://www.newfoundations.com/PREVPLAGWEB/CheatingTrends1.html
  19. http://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlInfo from 1999, cheating background image The results of the 29th Who's Who Among American High School Students Poll (of 3,123 high-achieving 16- to 18-year olds – that is, students with A or B averages who plan to attend college after graduation) were released in November, 1998. Among the findings:80% of the country's best students cheated to get to the top of their class.More than half the students surveyed said that they don't think cheating is a big deal.95% of cheaters say they were not caught.40% cheated on a quiz or a test67% copied someone else's homework
  20. http://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlCheating is highest among college bound studentsToo much work, too much to do. Need to cut cornersChange over time1940s – low performers, 20% of studentsNow – ranges from 75-98% of students
  21. http://www.examiner.com/college-prep-in-long-island/li-sat-cheating-may-lead-to-ny-lawPeople paid to take a test, false identification Fraudulent IDs, paid test takes, high stakes exam. Do you think an NREMT candidate has attempted to have a paid test taker? I guarantee that someone has tried or at least researched what it would take.
  22. http://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlReasonsOthers are doingNo honor codeLow risk of being caught and or punishedHigher incidence at less selective institutionsRequired coursesHeavy workload – academic and employmentNo clear rules or consequences
  23. (PA Students Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Cheating and Academic Integrity)Using McCabes Survey of academic integrityStudents had been in a program for a few weeks to a year90 respondentsCheaters may not have respondedMore than half older than 3087% femaleAll had GPA > 3.0
  24. (PA Students Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Cheating and Academic Integrity)Using McCabes Survey of academic integrityIt would be good to have some agreement about what constitutes cheatingWould be a great project to replicate with paramedic students.
  25. Great reference material, applicable to allied health professionals
  26. No specific research on EMS – at least that we could find. Can we generalize findings from other disciplines. I believe we can.EMT and Paramedic students were once high school students. If cheating exists in nursing, radiology, engineering, business, etc it is present in EMS education.Is it better, worse, same? We need some research
  27. Ask group how they would define cheatingOfficial definitionshttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cheat“representing someone else’s work as your own”
  28. Broader term for a range of behaviorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonestyPlagiarism: The adoption or reproduction of original creations of another author (person, collective, organization, community or other type of author, including anonymous authors) without due acknowledgment.Fabrication: The falsification of data, information, or citations in any formal academic exercise.Deception: Providing false information to an instructor concerning a formal academic exercise—e.g., giving a false excuse for missing a deadline or falsely claiming to have submitted work.Cheating: Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise (like an examination) without due acknowledgment.Bribery: or paid services. Giving certain test answers for money.Sabotage: Acting to prevent others from completing their work. This includes cutting pages out of library books or willfully disrupting the experiments of others.Professorial misconduct: Professorial acts that are academically fraudulent equate to academic fraud and/or grade fraud.Personation: assuming a student's identity with intent to provide an advantage for the student.[1][2][3][4]
  29. http://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlCheating is widespreadCheating is a given … it is going to happenMost students cheat at some pointVictimless crime Rarely reported, especially by high school studentsPressure to succeed may drive students to cheat
  30. High school students from visual from Schools.com57% don’t think copying a few sentence, sharing answers, or getting answers is cheating53% think cheating is no big deal98% have let others copy their work34% parents never talked to them about cheating75% admit cheating
  31. http://www.schools.com/visuals/academic-dishonesty.htmlFrom September 2011More likely to cheat in lifeLie to a customer (patient)Inflate an insurance claim (back injury)Deceive their boss (out of service to re-stock)Cheat on a spouse (arrive late for a shift, not re-stock ambulance, not waste a narcotic, not check gear)Cheat on taxes (documentation, incident reports)
  32. (Academic Dishonesty PDF from AZ)Taking, giving or receiving information – sharing test questionsUse of unauthorized materials or resources – browsing internet with SmartphoneCircumventing the process – using a test takerAsk audience for examples, based on types of cheating (Group’s Experience)What have you tried, seen tried, or otherwise definitely know has happened?
  33. Ask audience for examples, based on types of cheating (Group’s Experience)What have you tried, seen tried, or otherwise definitely know has happened?
  34. http://www.unc.edu/~bmize/teaching/english_12/academic_dishonesty/eissens&stanislaus.htmlSurvey of UNC students, asked respondentsabout definite knowledge of 14 different honor code violations. Either they violated or had definite knowledge others violated:getting an answer from someone else’s paper during a testturning in the same paper in two different classes without making sure that it was all right with the teacherscopying someone else’s paper (for instance, lab reports or group projects)plagiarizing parts or all of a paperknowing that someone else was cheating but not reporting itgiving or receiving unauthorized help but still signing the Honor Pledgelooking at the answers to a test beforehandusing unauthorized information sources during a take-home examexceeding the specified time limit on a take-home examturning in a paper that was written by somebody elseallowing someone else to cheat off of one’s own exam papergiving one’s own paper to someone else to turn in as his or her owntaking a cheat sheet into a testordering or downloading a paper from an online term paper servicenone of these80% had violated90% had direct knowledgeMost common:copying someone else's paper to turn inPlagiarismuse of unauthorized resources on a take-home examand getting answers from someone else's test paper3 of 4 are out of classroom activitiesStudent’s most likely to engage in low effort, low risk cheating vs.. 4 quadrant graph of risk and effort. Group activity to describe activities that might happen in each quadrant, then overlay effort to enforce.
  35. Examples of technology and cheatingSchool SucksFree Term PapersTurn It In
  36. http://www.glass-castle.com/clients/www-nocheating-org/adcouncil/research/cheatingbackgrounder.htmlMaking it tougher to define cheatingPlagiarism of information is easierQuestion and answer sharing
  37. http://www.schools.com/news/most-common-cheating-charge-in-college-is-plagiarism-study-finds.htmlStudy found plagiarismwas the most common cheating charge
  38. Instructor changes answers, falsifies records, provides questions and or answers, looks the other ways, mark students as in attendance even if they are not present
  39. Student and preceptor discuss a skill they might have or could have performed on a patient such as applying CPAP or needle decompression of chest. After thorough discussion of procedure preceptor signs off student as “completing the skill” Change the scenario … this is the final skill the student needs. Will have to keep doing clinical skills until complete.
  40. Other potential scenarios … are you having these discussions with students and preceptors?Say they did something they didn’t do – blood pressure, other skillsReceive signature from non-FTO and try to get credit later, or plead ignorance if confrontedNot reporting an error, mistake – intentional or unintentional errorsPrevious scenario … Ask to be “checked off” or “signed off” for skill discussed rather than skill performed
  41. After the break we are going to take a quiz ….
  42. http://schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/16/just-how-common-is-sat-cheating/ETS, administers SAT for the college board spends 22.5 million per year on test security 2 million SAT tests per yearNREMT Test Item ConstructionInstruction item construction
  43. Promotional examsCertification and licensureexamsHigh Risk BehaviorRemember, radiologists, nurses, airplane pilots, college bound honors students are taking high risks on high stakes testing. EMS students are not significantly differentFor the risks to be high students must know there are consequences and they have a chance of being caught
  44. The patient cheated deathI am going to show you a shortcut for remembering how to calculate this drug dosageUse these mnemonics or acronyms to rememberFocus on test prepMemorization of a sequence of steps
  45. List techniques … Is it a barrier to low tech or high tech cheating techniques?
  46. Cheating is tough to catch, prove, and actually lead to discipline. Need evidence to suspect/accuse, need a policy that has actually been violated, then need to have a process to enforce policy, with consequences that make it worth the effort.
  47. Culture encourages and rewards:Group problem solving, group actionCreative and novel problem solvingLimited supervision in a highly decentralized work environment
  48. Might not even exist …. Can’t enforce if it doesn’t exist
  49. Needs to be in your policy
  50. Question Format Lend Themselves to Cheating
  51. Technology makes it easy to find and share techniques, as well as changing how cheating happens and how it is monitored.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGhOYbPgETQYouTube, How to Cheat on a Test
  52. Google how to cheat on a test“how to cheat on a test”
  53. It might be this easy … Top 2 as rated by large group of nursing students as to what works … Instructor announcing penalties for cheatingAsking students not to cheat
  54. (Academic Dishonesty PDF from AZ)Starts with institutions and instructors Role model academic honestyDiscussHonor codeValues educationDeveloping relationshipsEmphasis on becoming a paramedic rather than passing certification examTesting – what is necessary to test and how do you test it?
  55. – not copying 12 leads without attribution, not downloading YouTube videos vs. playing from YouTube, …
  56. Are you reinforcing what you think you are reinforcingCutting cornersReinforcement of behaviorsConsequences match severity
  57. Early in EMT class, paramedic class, or as CE module on “Ethics” have a scenario based discussion about honesty and cheatingIs this behavior cheating? What are the impacts of this behavior?What should the consequences be for that behavior? Create really specific scenarios …
  58. Foothill College Paramedic ProgramIncidence of cheating is lower in medical schools with an honor code (PA Students Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Cheating and Academic Integrity)
  59. Imperial Community College District Allied HealthHonor code also helps students know what to do should they observe cheating (PA Students Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Cheating and Academic Integrity)
  60. Imperial Community College District Allied Health
  61. Needs to be failure to perform not for harm caused by failure to perform
  62. http://www.icarevalues.org/Image of poster … on my shelfVision Statement:“The founders of the I CARE program envision a world where individuals of all ages understand the importance of ethics and values as they pertain to a person's character and through their actions embody the values of Integrity, Compassion, Accountability, Respect and Empathy in their daily lives.”Re cheating “Integrity” and “Accountability” seem especially relevant
  63. Admissions process can be used to screen for cheating experience and attitudes towards cheating … especially at paramedic level. Behavior based questions What did you do when a partner cut corners on rig checkDescribe a time you witnessed or suspected cheating, how did you handle it. Also time to inform of honor code (let cheaters self select out of program)
  64. Might be pretty rare in actual paramedic coursesMore common in other academic and general study coursesHabits developed in those courses will carry over to paramedic instructionPrevention (some from http://www.schools.com/news/most-common-cheating-charge-in-college-is-plagiarism-study-finds.html)http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_educational_tips_on_plagiarism_prevention.htmlDefine what it is. Many don’t understand what it is. Give examples of intentional and unintentional plagiarism practices (search vs..research, peer pressure, confusion about expectations. Define proper citation practicesProvide clear/precise guidelinesVerify content with something like TurnItIn.com
  65. Testing – what is necessary to test and how do you test it?Do you need a test?Completion might be enough
  66. Reward Learning over Completion
  67. Consider testing before training
  68. DrillsFunctional exercisesFull scale exercises
  69. Educations (and students) should begin with the end in mind. If I know the questions are likely to be trivial knowledge retention I am unlikely to push myself to learn beyond the trivial.These are also very easy questions to recall and share with others. What is a better question?
  70. In 140 characters or less explain airway managementWide open, general, generic questions with no real expectation that they will be answered with any depth. Guess what Greg is thinking, answer in as few words as possible, and then share that answer
  71. RememberingUnderstanding
  72. ApplyingAnalyzingEvaluating
  73. (Academic Dishonesty PDF from AZ)Clear test taking instructions – dos and don’ts for test takingRoom set-up, placement of students around the roomProvide any required suppliesMonitorVideo tapeRemove bags, books, coats etcDisable all smart phones (and consequences for using)Turn off wireless hotspot in classroom Confiscate electronicsChange passwords and login verification frequently
  74. Team or Squad Learning
  75. These are 2 great products that made something we already had better. I know one for sure is the handiwork of an EMS professional. Bring the cultural aspects of ingenuity, mash-ups, making it work, group learning, innovation into the EMS training.
  76. Need to add