1. Ocean County College BIOL 161 Lectures Chemistry of Life … ...Better known as … BIOCHEMISTRY! BIOL161_03

2. FUNCTIONAL GROUP STRUCTURAL FORMULA EXAMPLES COMPOUNDS Hydroxyl - OH Ethanol Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Carbonyl - C = 0 Acetaldehyde Carbohydrates, nucleic acids Carboxyl OH - C = 0 Acetic Acid Proteins, lipids Amino H - N H Alanine Proteins, nucleic acids Sulfhydryl - S - H Cysteine Proteins Phosphate O - - O – P – O O Glycerol Phosphate Nucleic acids Methyl H - C – H H Alanine Proteins Primary Functional Chemical Groups (click on 'Examples' for more information)

4. 2 - Ethane

5. 3 - Propane

6. 4 - Butane

7. 5 - Pentane

8. 6 - Hexane

9. 7 - Heptane

10. 8 - Octane

11. 9 - Nonane

12. 10 - Decane Saturated C4 hydrocarbons ball-and-stick.png Ball-and-stick models of butane (top left), isobutane (top right), cyclobutane (middle left), methylcyclopropane (middle right) and bicyclo[1.1.0.]butane (bottom). Created using Accelrys DS Visualizer Pro 1.6 and GIMP.

13. Ribose (5 carbon) H OH H OH OH H CH 2 OH H O

14. 2-Deoxyribose (5 carbon) Ribose has OH group! H OH H H OH H CH 2 OH H O

15. Glucose (6 carbon) H OH O CH 2 OH H OH H H OH H OH

16. Galactose (6 carbon) O CH 2 OH H OH H H OH OH H OH H

17. Fructose (6-carbon; 5 member ring) H OH OH H H CH 2 OH CH 2 OH OH O

18. Sucrose H 2 O O

19. Maltose H 2 O O

22. Pentose sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose)

24. Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil) Glycosidic Bond Phosphate Nitrogenous Base Ribose or Deoxyribose H OH H OH H CH OH H O

26. There are twenty (20) naturally occurring amino acids – each with a different “ -R ” group. C C N H R OH O H H

27. Hydrophobic amino acids Aliphatic Alanine; ALA; A Isoleucine; ILE; I Leucine; LEU; L Valine; VAL; V

28. Hydrophobic amino acids Aromatic Phenylalanine; PHE; F Tyrosine; TYR; Y Tryptophan; TRP; W

29. Neutral amino acids Polar -R group Asparagine; ASN; N Methionine; MET; M Threonine; THR; T Serine; SER; S Cysteine; CYS; C Glutamine; GLN; Q

30. Acidic Amino Acids Aspartate; ASP; D (Aspartic Acid) Glutamate; GLU; E (Glutamic Acid)

31. Basic Amino Acids Arginine; ARG; R Histidine; HIS; H Lysine; LYS; K

32. Unique Amino Acids Glycine; GLY; G Proline; PRO; P

34. Peptide bonds are formed by condensation

36. They are tough bonds!

38. His discoveries in protein chemistry allowed him to sequence porcine insulin and deduce its structure.

39. Later, working with RNA – he was the first person to sequence an entire genome (granted a virus; but he did it by hand!).

42. Left-handed twist on the right

44. In silk, these sheets stack together like a pile of corrugated iron.

46. When three such strands wrap around each other like rope they make a strong fibrous protein, similar to those found in Collagen .

48. -Gly-Pro-Pro-

49. repeatedly wrapped into a rope, the whole forming a helix.

52. Prosthetic Groups

53. Myoglobin

58. It has 129 amino acids folded in both alpha helices and anti-parallel hairpins.

59. Can you see the active site?

61. Only the carbon backbone is shown so the secondary structure can be seen.

62. Some parts are twisted into an alpha helix. Other parts ( in bold ) are the straight beta sheets.

63. Spot the active site!

65. The substrate is a short polysaccharide made from six sugar molecules, which is part of the bacterial cell wall.

66. The substrate (in bold) is wedged into its active site and held in place by the hydrogen bonds (shown as dotted lines).

67. This is the ‘ enzyme- substrate complex ’ which forms for a brief moment during any enzyme controlled reaction.

69. The head of the molecule is a carboxyl group which is hydrophilic .

70. Fatty acids are the main component of soap, where their tails are soluble in oily dirt and their heads are soluble in water to emulsify and wash away the oily dirt.

72. The 'kinks' in the tail (caused by C=C bonds) cause the molecules to have large spaces in between the tails, and causes the fats to be liquid at room temp.

74. Naturally-occurring unsaturated vegetable oils have almost all cis bonds, but using oil for frying causes some of the cis bonds to convert to trans bonds.

75. Trans fats are carcinogenic.