this may served some sources for students.

1. Presented by:
Gerlyn D. Limba
MA Dev.Psych. Student
Cognitive Psychology

2. Outline
 Topic: Cognitive Psychology
 Introduction
1.Defining cognitive Psychology
2.Philosophical antecedents of Psychology:
 2.1. Rationalism vs. Empiricism
 .Philosophy
 Physiology
3. Physiological Antecedents of cognitive Psychology
 3.1. Early dialectic s in the Psychology of cognition
 Structuralism
 Functionalism
4. Emergence of Cognitive Psychology
 4.1. Early Role of Psychobiology

3. Questions discussion
1. How did cognitive Psychology develop from
Psychology?
2. What methods do cognitive psychologists use
to study how people think?

4. What is cognitive Psychology?
 Cognition: people think
cognitive Psychology;
 How people perceive, learn, remember and think
about information

5. A dialectic
 Developmental process whereby involve overtime
through a pattern of transformation.
 Thus pattern includes
1. A thesis is proposed—a statement of belief
2. An antitheses emerges- statement that counters a
previous statement of belief
3. A synthesis integrates- the most credible features of
each two (or more) views.

6. Philosophical Antecedents of Psychology
Rationalism vs. Empiricism
Two different approaches to understand human mind:
.Philosophy - seek to understand the general nature of
the world through introspection.
ideas and experiences (from intro,within, and –
spect,”look”)
Physiology- seek a scientific study of life-sustaining
functions of living matter, through empirical
(observation-based)methods.

7. Physiology
two philosophers
Plato (384-322
B.C)
 Rationalist
 Believes that the
route to knowledge is
through logical
analysis
 This view as a thesis
Aristotle
 Empiricist
 Believes that
knowledge that we
acquire knowledge via
empirical evidence
(experience and
observation)
 This view as an
antithesis
Therefore, most
psychologist today

8. Psychological Antecedents of cognitive psychology
early dialectics in Psychology of cognition
Structuralism
 Understand the
structure of the mind
 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-
1920)
 Introspection - looking
inward at pieces of
information passing
through consciousness
(Lyons,2003).
Functionalism
 Understand what
people do and why they
do it?
 William James
 Pragmatist- knowledge
is validated by its
usefulness.

9. Psychological Antecedents
early dialectics in Psychology of cognitive
Associationism
 How events associated
with one another in the
mind to result in a form
of learning.
 Ex. Continuity
 Similarity
 contrast
Behaviorism
 Focus on observable
behavior.
 Human brain is a
passive organ
responding to
environment

10. How did cognitive psychology
develop from psychology?
 20th century
 Wundt focus on the structure of the mind (leading to
structuralism)
 James and Dewey focus on the process of the mind
(functionalism)
 Dialectic was associationism by Ebbinghaus and
Thordike
 Behaviorism- importance of mental associations
 Pavlov’s- discovery of classical conditioning
 Watson and Skinner Proponents of behaviorism
The convergence of development across many fields
led to the Emergence of cognitive psychology

11. Emergence of cognitive Psychology
Early role of Psychobiology
Karl Spencer Lashley (1890-1958)
 the brain is an active, dynamic organizers of
behavior
 understand the macro-organization of the human
brain made possible such complex,
Plan activities
Game playing
Using language

12. Emergence of cognitive
Psychology
 Donald Hebb (1949)Proposed
 Concept of cell assemblies as the bases for
learning in the brain
 Neural structures that develop through frequent
stimulation (cell assemblies)

13. Emergence of cognitive Psychology
Noam Chomsky ( 1959) a linguist
 Stressed both biological and creative potential of
language
 we learn language by reinforcement
 We learn language by LAD or language
acquisition device that all human posses

14. What methods do cognitive psychologists
used to study how people think?
 experimental methods
 Psychobiological techniques
 Self-reports
 Case studies
 Naturalistic observation
 Computer simulations
 Artificial intelligence

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16. Nature of attention and
consciousness
 attention is the means by which we actively process
a limited amount of information available through our
senses, stored memories, and other cognitive
process.
 Stimulus will be processed ( ex. Retrieval from long
term-memory)
 Consciousness- includes both the feeling of
awareness and the content of awareness, some
under the focus of attention.

17. Summary of preconscious processing
Preconscious everything we can remember, it is
a storehouse of our memory. Therefore,
preconscious processing is the evaluation of
sensory stimuli that take place before it enters
into your conscious awareness. The
experience on the past are available and
capable of becoming conscious if we are
stimulated or expose with the same or similar
stimuli. The most common preconscious
processing is priming. Another is tip-of-the
tongue, and blind sight.

18. Preconscious processing
1.Priming – occurs when recognition of certain
stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the
same or similar stimuli.
2.Tip- of- the- tongue phenomenon- which we try to
remember something that stored known to be in
a memory but that cannot readily be retrieved.
3. Blind sight- the ability to provide accurate
information about unseen targets.

19. Priming
1. Do you know her?
2.Who is she?
3. Can you tell
Something
About her?

20. Priming means
 It is nonconscious form of human memory
concerned with perceptual identification of words
and objects.
 Activating particular representations or
association in memory just before carrying the
task.

21. Tip-of-the-tongue
Tip-of-the-tongue is a subjective feeling that people
having confident that they know the words for
which they are searching yet they cannot recall
this word.
This is one kind of metacognition is the knowledge
and thought about one cognitive process. Lexical
retrieval is what we call for the search in a
human’s memory storage.

22. The blindsight
 Traces of visual perceptual ability in blind areas
( Kentridge,2003).
Some of cognitive functions can occur outside of
conscious awareness. We appear to able to
sense, perceive, and even response to many
stimuli that never enters our conscious
awareness.

23. Case study of patient D.B ( Weiskrantz, 1986)
D.B is a 67 years old blind man. Since 26 years old
he was blind. Cause by surgical operation which
remove his vascular malfunction on his occipital
lobe. He was blind on the left half of his visual
field. But he can accurately guess many objects,
shapes, specifically location and other aspects
that could only known of by seeing them.
 He “saw” despite his awareness of seeing
 D.B ability to provide accurate information about
unseen targets is called “blindsight”

24. three main functions of conscious
Attention
1. Vigilance or Signal detection, we detect the
appearance of the particular stimulus. (e.g. Screening
hand luggage), screeners learn techniques to enable
them to maximize “hits” and correct “rejections”, and
to minimize “false alarms” and “misses”.
2. selective attention, we choose to attend to some
stimuli and ignore others (Cohen,2003;
Duncan,1999). (e.g. Reading a book or listening to a
lecture while ignoring such stimuli as a nearby radio
or television.
3. divided attention, we prudently allocate our available
attentional resources to coordinate our performance
of more than one task at a time. (e.g. Driver talking to
a passengers while driving, and shifting attention from
talking toward driving.

25. Theories of attentional process selective attention
1. Attentional filter or bottleneck theory (ABT)
 Information is selectively blocked out or attenuated as
it passes from one level of processing to the next.
 A process of information serially
 Cannot take in all information
See illustration below

26. Filter and bottleneck theories of
selective attention ( Broadbent's
Model)

27. Experimental of filter-bottleneck
theory

28. Theories of attentional process
2. Attentional resource theory (ART)
 people have a fixed amount of attentional resources
 The amount of available attention can vary depending
on task, individual ( arousal states), and situation.
 Each person decides how much attention will be
given ( allocates) to an activity in order to carry out
the task
Specific theories
o Feature-integrated theory
o Guided-search theory
o Similarity theory

29. Attentional resource theory (
ART)
Explain the ff.
 how we can perform more than one attention-
demanding task at a time.
Ex. Listening to music while writing
auditory visual

30. The Stroop Effect
activity 1
A.)
Read aloud!
Red green blue orange yellow
pink

31. 2. Read aloud and remember the colors
Red blue green pink
yellow
Red blue green pink
yellow Red
blue green pink
yellow
Red blue green pink
yellow

32. 3.Read and remember the colors of
the ink used.
Red blue green pink
yellow Red blue
green pink
yellow Red blue
green pink
yellow Red blue
green pink
yellow

33. Attentional- resource theories of selective attention
Stroop effect or stroop effect test
 It is an outcome of mental attentional validity and
flexibility.
 Effect is the ability to record words more than quickly
and automatically than to name colors.

34. Divided attention
 Paying attention to two things at once so more
task can be performed at the same time.

35. Theories of attentional process
3. Multiple resource theory (MRT)
 We have general attention mechanisms, each
having limited resources.
 Input and output modalities (e.g, limbs, vision)
 Stages of information processing (e.g.
Perception, memory, responses output)
 Codes of processing information (e.g. Verbal,
spatial)

36. Theories of attentional approaches
3. Multiple resource theory

37. Summary of attention theory
figure:

38. Perception
 Perception is the set of processes by
which we recognize, organize, and
make sense of the sensations we
receive from environmental stimuli (
Epstein & Rogers, 1995)
1. How do we perceive objects in the
environment given variable
stimulation?
2. What are the two fundamental
approaches to explain perception?

39. Concepts of perception(James
Gibson (1966,1979)
Consider this riddle:
If a tree fall in the forest and no one is around to
hear it, does it make a sound?
1. Distal (external) object of the external world
(falling tree)
2. Informational medium is the reflected light,
sound waves (sound of the falling tree)
3. Proximal stimulation- information contact
sensory receptor ( eyes, ears, nose, skin, or
mouth)
4. Perceptual object- perception occurs when
object reflects properties of the external world.

40. Perceptual constancies
 Perceptual constancy occur when our perception
of an object remains the same even when our
proximal sensation of the distal object changes (
Gillam,2000).
Two main constancies
1. Size constancy- object remain the same size
2. Shape constancy-object remain the same
shapes
This is an example of Gibson theory

41. Depth perception
 Distance from a surface, usually using your body as a reference
surface
Ex. Driving-use dept to asses the distance of approaching automobile.
Two approaches to explain perception
1.Monocular depth cues— observed with just one eye
 textures gradients- nearby objects can be seen clearly but not visible
on far away.
 Relative size -two objects are known to be the same size, ( e.g. A
tree).
 Interposition or occlusion- near surface overlaps far surface.
 Linear perspective ( parallel lines in the image do not remain parallel
in the 2D images
 Aerial perspective ( distant fog) due to light scattering by the
atmosphere.
 Height in the picture plane
 Motion parallax- (driving a car) nearby things pass quickly, while far
objects appear stationary

42. Name description example images
position We tend to see
objects higher up in
our field of vision
as farther away
The fence post at
right appear further
away not only
because they
become smaller but
also because they
appear higher up in
the picture
Relative size Assuming the
object in a scene
are the same size,
smaller objects are
perceive as far
away
At the right cars in
a distance appear
smaller than those
near to us
Linear perspective Parallel lines
appear to converge
at a distant
We know that
tracks at right are
parallel, when
appear closer
together we
determine they are
farther away

43. Depth perception
2. Binocular depth cues- sensory information in
three dimensions from both eyes.
 binocular disparity-two eyes receives a slightly
different image of the same object as it is being
viewed.
 Binocular convergence- two eyes must turn
inward toward each other as objects get closer to
us.


44. Theoretical approaches to perception
1. Gestalt theory ( base on 6 principles)
2. Gregory theory ( bottom-up or direct perception)
3. Gibson theory ( top- down or constructive
perception)

45. Gestalt approach to form perception
Gestalt theory of perception are according to six
principles of how visual perception
1.Figure-ground-
2.Proximity
3.Similarity
4.Closure
5.Continuity
6.symmetry

46. Gestalt approach to form perception
Law of Pragnanz led to several principles

47. Gestalt principle of perception
 Gestalt Principles
1.Figure-ground
 When perceiving a visual field, Some objects (figure)
seem prominent, & other aspect of the field reside into
the background (ground)
 figure
Ground

48. Gestalt principle
2.proximity
 When we perceive an assortment of objects, we
tend to see objects that are close to each other
as forming a group.

49. Gestalt principle
3.Similarity
 We tend to group objects on the bases of their
similarities

50. Gestalt principle of perception
4.Continuity
 We tend to perceive smoothly flowing or
continuous forms rather than disrupted or
discontinuous one.

51. Gestalt principle of perception
5.Closure
 We tend to perceptually close up, or complete
objects that are not, in fact, complete.

52. Gestalt Principle
6. Symmetry
 We tend to perceive objects as forming mirror
images about their center.
figure

53. Theoretical approaches to perception
1. Bottom-up approaches: Direct perception
(Gibbson theory)
Array of information in our sensory receptor,
including the sensory context is all we need to
perceive anything.
1. Templates theory 2. prototypes theory
3. features theory 4. structural-description theory
2. top- down approaches: constructive perception
(Bruner,1957; Gregory, 1980:)

54. Theoretical approaches to perception
bottom-up: direct perception
1. Templates theories

55. Theoretical approaches to perception
2. top- down approaches: constructive perception
(Bruner,1957; Gregory, 1980:)
Gregory’s Theory
 Perception is a constructive process
 Perception is making the best guess or
hypothesis about what we see.
 90% of visual information is lost by the time it
arrives in the brain for processing
 Known us intelligent perception

56. Summary of the three theories of
perception
 Gestalt theory : configuration based on the six
principles of how visual perception occur.
 Gregory’s theory ( top-down or direct perception) :
sees lines, shapes, objects in relation to previous
perception and proposes the size constancy is
significant understanding the images the brain
processes.
 Gibson theory ( known as ecological theory): with
the background, horizon, on other objects, etc. All
playing a part unlike Gregory and Gestalt theories
Gibson sees a real movement as a vital part of
perception

57. Theoretical approaches to perception
bottom-up: direct perception
2. Prototypes theories

58. Theoretical approaches to perception
bottom-up: direct perception
3. Features theories

59. Theoretical approaches to perception
bottom-up: direct perception
4. Structural-description theory

60. Memory: Models and Research
Methods
Memory is the means by which we retain and draw
on our past experiences to use that information in
the present.

62. Task used for measuring memory
1. Recall vs.
Recognition memory
Ex. (recall) Fill-in-the-
blank task test
require that you
recall items from
memory
Recognition ( selection,
identification of an
items)
2. Implicit vs. Explicit
memory
Implicit ( collect
something but are not
consciously aware)
Explicit memory (
conscious
recollection)

63. Traditional model memory
Two structures of memory
1. Primary memory temporary information
currently in use.
2. Secondary memory which hold information
permanently or least for a very long term
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968)
Propose model of three memory stores
1. Sensory store-limited amount of information
2. Short-term store- longer periods but limited
capacity.
3. Long-term store- very large capacity, very long
periods

65. Main alternative models of structure
of memory
Concept of
1. working memory
 Working memory holds only the most recently
activated portion of long- term-memory, and it moves
these activated elements into and out of brief
temporary memory storage.
2.The levels-of-processing frameworks- hypothesis
distinction in memory ability based on the degree to
which items are elaborated during encoding.
3.Multiple-memory-system model- posit not only a
distinction between procedural memory and
declarative (semantic) memory but also distinction
between semantic and episodic memory.

68. References:
Cognitive Psychology fourth Edition by Robert J.
Sternberg