GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: MIGRATION. Population migration. Case studies: Counter-urbanisation in Edinburgh. Migration from Senegal to Europe.

1. IGCSE GEOGRAPHY
2. MIGRATION
POPULATION MIGRATION
CASE STUDIES
COUNTER-URBANISATION IN EDINBURGH
MIGRATION FROM SENEGAL TO EUROPE

2. Recap key words ‘migration’, ‘emigration’,
‘immigration’ and ‘net migration balance’.
Learners describe a key word and the other
learner has to define it.
Learners define ‘international migration’.
Introduce a classification of migration and
complete appropriate definitions with
examples to illustrate.

3. Migration is defined as a permanent or semi-permanent
change in where someone lives.
For instance, if you and your family move to Australia due
to your dad getting a job out there, you have all migrated.
If you all go Australia for a three week holiday, then you
have not migrated.

4. Some people migrate only for a short period.
Turkish immigrant workers to Germany may only go there
for a period of months.
They have made a semi-permanent move so can be
classified as migrants.
People working as chalet-maids in a ski resort for the
winter also could be classified as having made a semi-
permanent migration.

5. Migrations fall into two groups, they can be voluntary
(where the migrant decides to move) or forced (where the
migrant has little choice but to move).

6. Emigration is the act of leaving one's own country to settle
permanently in another; moving abroad.

7. Immigrate is to come into another country to live
permanently or when someone enters a country.
REMEMBER:
Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another.
Immigrate is to come into another country to live
permanently.
Migrate is to move, like bird in the winter.
The choice between emigrate, immigrate, and migrate
depends on the sentence's point of view.

8. Net migration rate is the difference of immigrants and
emigrants of an area in a period of time, divided per 1,000
inhabitants.

9. International migration is when people migrate from one
country to another - for example, moving from Mexico to
the USA.

10. People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons
can be classified as economic, social, political or
environmental:
• economic migration - moving to find work or follow a
particular career path
• social migration - moving somewhere for a better quality
of life or to be closer to family or friends
• political migration - moving to escape political
persecution or war
• environmental causes of migration - include natural
disasters such as flooding

11. Some people choose to migrate, eg. someone who moves to
another country to enhance their career opportunities.
Some people are forced to migrate, eg. someone who
moves due to war or famine.
A refugee is someone who has left their home and does not
have a new home to go to.
Often refugees do not carry many possessions with them
and do not have a clear idea of where they may finally
settle.

12. Push factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They
include:
• lack of services
• lack of safety
• high crime
• crop failure
• drought
• flooding
• poverty
• war

13. Pull factors are the reasons why people move to a particular
area. They include:
• higher employment
• more wealth
• better services
• good climate
• safer, less crime
• political stability
• more fertile land
• lower risk from natural hazards

14. Migration
usually
happens as a
result of a
combination
of these push
and pull
factors.

15. People migrate all the time...
Within the EU
Since the EU was formed, it is easier to migrate between
countries. Within the EU migrants may come:
• from different countries in the EU
• from outside of the EU
In 2004 Poland, and seven other Eastern European
countries joined the EU.
This increased migration into the UK.
The largest group of migrants were from Poland.

16. Migration from outside the EU
Immigrants after the world wars mainly came from
commonwealth countries.
Immigration was encouraged by the government.
Many immigrants provided labour for textile factories,
transport, health or steelworks.
The UK tightened migration controls in the 1970s.

17. There are sometimes patterns of migration globally as
the map below shows. Example:

18. The number of migrants a country receives is influenced
by the countries migration policy.
Countries such as the UK operate a points based system.
People are awarded points depending on their skills,
previous income, and age.
This has system gives some people visas to allow them
entry into the UK for work - especially where there is a
shortage of labour in that sector.
Migration laws are complex, and change in different
countries, even within the EU.

19. Collins student book page 19.
Counter-urbanisation in the capital of Scotland.
Movement of wealthier families to surrounding rural
areas of Edinburgh.
They use local services and they save them from being
closed down.
Migration can also cause problems for small rural towns
that they moved to (North Berwick).

20. Collins student book page 21.
International migration: Senegal to Europe.
Senegal is a small country in West Africa.
Population is around 13 million, growing 2% per year.
Senegal use to have a stable government and opportunities
for immigrants from all over Africa.
The economic crisis from 1990 saw a huge drop in living
standards.
There was a big increase in unemployment and a lack of jobs.

21. Rapid population growth has meant competition for the few
jobs available.
Put pressure on resources, especially food.
Study the migration from Senegal to Europe (France) and
answer the following question:
What would be the possible impacts in France and European
countries of many people from Senegal migrating to them? (15
minutes).

22. Migration is the movement of people from one place to
another.
Internal migration is when people migrate within the same
country or region.
International migration is when people migrate from one
country to another.
Emigration is when someone leaves a country.
Immigration is when someone enters a country.
Economic migration could mean moving to find work.
Social migration is moving to be near family.

23. Political migration can be moving to escape war.
Environmental migration is to escape natural disasters.
Push factors are the reasons people leave an area like lack
of services, high crime, crop failure, flooding, poverty and
war.
Pull factors are the reasons people move to a particular
area, like high employment, wealth, better services, good
climate and fertile land.