1. Prepared by:
MargeYvonne R. Balmediano
WATER,SOIL
ANDMINERAL
RESOURCES

2. WATER
- The clear liquid that has no color,
taste, or smell, that falls from
clouds as rain, that forms streams,
lakes, and seas, and that is used for
drinking, washing, etc.
- An area of water (such as lake,
river, or ocean)
- A specific area of water ;
especially : an area of seawater

3. WATERRESOURCES
• Water resources are sources of
water that are useful or
potentially useful to humans.
• It is important because it is
needed for life to exist.
• Many uses of water include
agricultural, industrial, household,
recreational and environmental
activities.

4. • Virtually all of these human uses
require fresh water.
• Only 2.5% of water on the Earth is
fresh water, and over two thirds
of this is frozen in glaciers and
polar ice caps.
• Water demand already exceeds
supply in many parts of the world,
and many more areas are expected
to experience this imbalance in the
near future.

5. • It is estimated that 70% of world-
wide water use is for irrigation in
agriculture.
• Climate change will have significant
impacts on water resources around
the world because of the close
connections between the climate and
hydrologic cycle.
• Due to the expanding human
population competition for water is
growing such that many of the

6. worlds major aquifers are becoming
depleted.
• Many pollutants threaten water
supplies, but the most widespread,
especially in underdeveloped
countries, is the discharge of raw
sewage into natural waters.

7. INTRODUCTION
Water resources are under major
stress around the world. Rivers,
lakes, and underground aquifers
supply fresh water for irrigation,
drinking, and sanitation, while the
oceans provide habitat for a large
share of the planet's food supply.

17. SOILRESOURCES
• Soil Definitions
1) The unconsolidated organic and mineral
material on the earth’s surface that is
capable of supporting plants.
• (MA Envirothon Team Resource Manual)
2)A dynamic natural body, in which plants
grow, that is composed of mineral and
organic materials and living organisms.
(Brady & Weil, 11th Ed.)

18. SOIL-FORMINGFACTORS
• Parent material (rock that is
slowly broken down by biological,
chemical, and physical
weathering processes in nature.)
• Climate (when temperatures are
below freezing decomposition of
organic matter and water
movement are slow,

19. soil dvelopment in the humid tropics
is accelerated by the rapid
weathering of rock and soil minerals,
the leaching of nutrients, and the
decompostion of organic
detritus.)precipitation and
temperature changes.
●Topography (presence or absence
of mountains and valleys, steep
slopes have little or no soil on them
because

20. soil and rock are continually
transported down the slopes by
gravity; moderate slopes and valleys,
may encourage the formation of
deep soils)
●Organisms (plant roots, lichens
produce acids, animals that burrow
or tunnel, such as earthworms, voles,
mix the soil, distributing organic and
mineral matter

21. • Time Grasslands soil have rich
organic matter
• How long climate has been altering
parent material over geologic time

22. SOILCOMPOSITION
• Soil Composition
• 45%Mineral particles (broken down pieces of rock)
• 5%Organic matter (humus - from dead organisms, worm
castings, leaf litter)
• 25%Water (precipitation)
• 25%Air (More with sandy soil, less with clay soil)
• Soil organisms - Millions in one teaspoon of fertile
agricultural soil!
• - bacteria, fungi, algae, microscopic worms.

23. provide ecological services such as
worm castings, decomposition to
humus, breaking down of toxic
materials, cleansing water, nutrient
cycling from decomposers or upon
death.

24. • Components of Soil
• Mineral materials = boulder, stone,
cobble, gravel, sand, silt, and/or clay
sized particles of gneiss, granite, schist,
or slate .
• Organic materials leaf litter, crop
residue, decomposing animal bodies, and
compost.
• Living organisms plant roots,
earthworms, nematodes, fungus, bacteria
colonies

25. MINERALRESOURCES
Definition:
• Minerals provide the material used to
make most of the things of industrial-
based society; roads, cars, computers,
fertilizers, etc. Demand for minerals
is increasing world wide as the
population increases and the
consumption demands of individual
people increase.

26. The mining of earth’s natural
resources is, therefore accelerating,
and it has accompanying
environmental consequences.
●A mineral is a pure inorganic
substance that occurs naturally in
the earth’s crust. All of the Earth’s
crust, except the rather small
proportion of the crust that
contains organic material, is made up
of minerals. Some minerals consist

27. of a single element such as gold,
silver, diamond (carbon), and sulphur.

28. TYPESOF MINERALRESOURCES
Minerals in general have been
categorized into three classes’ fuel,
metallic and non-metallic. Fuel
minerals like coal, oil and natural gas
have been given prime importance as
they account for nearly 87% of the
value of mineral production whereas
metallic and non-metallic constitutes 6
to 7%.

29. • (A) FuelMinerals:
• Coal, oil and natural gas are the basic
fossil fuel. We have good reserves for
coal but are very poor in more
essential fuel — oils and natural gas.
• (i) Coal:
• Proven coal reserves of the country as
on January 1994 (estimated by GSI)
is about 68 billion tonnes.

30. We are mining about 250 tonnes
annually and this rate is expected to
go by 400 – 450 tonnes by 2010 A.D.
If we could maintain our mining rate
of 400 tonnes per year then the coal
reserves might last for about 200
years taking proven reserves as 80
billion tonnes.

31. (ii) CrudeOil (Petroleum):
• It is believed that petroleum has
been formed over a period of
millions of years, through
conversion of remains of micro
organisms living in sea, into
hydrocarbon by heat, pressure and
catalytic action. The petroleum on
fractional distillation and further
processing provides us numerous
products and by-products.

32. (iii) Natural Gas:
• The proven reserve for natural gas on
April 1993 works out to be approx.
700 billion cubic meter (BCM). As
regard to production vis a vis
utilization aspect in earlier years,
more than half of gas coming out of
the wells remained unutilized.
However, in recent years, we have
achieved a utilization rate of 80 –
90%. Keeping in view the future
demands and proven gas reserves, it is
unlikely that our gas reserves might
last for more than 20 years.

33. (B) Metallic and Non-metallic Minerals:
• India is poorly endowed with mineral wealth. Except for iron ore and
bauxite our share of world reserves of every other mineral is one
percent or less. However, there has been a phenomenal growth in
production since independence. As per estimates if the present trend of
production continues, we will exhaust our reserves of all the important
minerals and fuels, except coal, iron ore, limestone and bauxite, in 25 to
30 years.

34. THANK
YOU!

35. Sources:
www.google.com
PPTPresentation of Natalia Leguizamon B
TAngel WatlerArchbold
Colegio Bennett
5-c
Social Studies