This document discusses how investment in climate-smart agriculture can help achieve climate and food security goals in Asia and the Pacific. It outlines the connections between the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for ending hunger and tackling climate change, and describes climate-smart agriculture as an approach that can increase productivity, build resilience, and reduce emissions. National climate plans (INDCs) for many countries in the region prioritize agriculture actions aligned with climate-smart practices. While climate finance is growing, leveraging domestic investment will be key to driving widespread adoption of climate-smart agriculture.

1. Achieving national and global climate objectives in Asia and
the Pacific through investment in climate smart agriculture
Putting Our Goals Within Reach
Beau Damen
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

2. Overview
1. Context – Our shared goals
2. Climate change and food security
3. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
4. Leveraging investment in CSA

3. Context
SDGs - Our shared goals

4. Global Goals
• In September 2015 heads of government
approved 17 Sustainable Development
Goals
• Goals for food security and tackling
climate change strongly connected

5. SDG2
• Indicators include:
– Ending hunger and malnutrition
– Doubling agricultural productivity and
enhancing resilience
– Increasing investment
End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture

6. SDG13
Take Urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts
• Indicators include:
– Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity
– Implement commitment to mobilize US$100Bn
annually by 2020 for climate action
• Unlike other SDGs, SDG13 is supported by
legally binding decisions via UNFCCC

7. Climate Change & Food Security
FAO Perspective for Asia and the
Pacific

8. Climate change in AP
Observed temperature trend in Asia, 1901-
2012 (Degrees Celsius over period)
Source: IPCC, 2014
Key Issues
• Warming trends
• Increased water scarcity
• Decline in food
productivity
• Increase in extreme
climate events
• Varied levels of capacity
to adapt

9. Emissions from Agriculture
Emissions sources & sinks
2,199
573
-186
45
425
-700
-200
300
800
1,300
1,800
2,300
Crops &
Livestock
Net Forest
Conversion
Forest Biomass Fires Degraded
Peatlands
Sources of emissions from agriculture and land use in Asia, 2001-2011
MilliontonnesCO2,Averagevaluesover2001-11
Source: FAOSTAT

10. Emissions from Agriculture
Shares of emissions from agriculture
35%
11%
20%
19%
4%
7%
4%
Enteric Fermentation
Manure left on
Pasture
Rice Cultivation
Synthetic Fertilizers
Manure applied to
soils
Manure management
Crop residues
Shares of emissions from agriculture in Asia, 2001-2011 Average Values

11. Temperature rise
Change in
precipitation
Frequency of
extreme events
Sea level rise
CO2 fertilization
effects
Climate
change
variables
Food production
assets
Infrastructure
Agriculturally-
based livelihoods
Non-farm
livelihoods assets
Food preparation
assets
Changes in
food system
assets
Producing food
Storing and
processing of food
Distributing food
Consuming food
Changes in
food system
activities
Food availability
Food accessibility
Food utilization
Food system
stability
Impact on food
security
Adaptive responses
Migration &
conflict
Changes in
consumption
patterns
CSA and food security
FAO Framework

12. Change in caloric
sufficiency of diets
Change in
nutritional value
Change in disease
vectors/habitats
Emergence of new
diseases
CSA and food security
FAO Framework Continued
Changes in
consumption
patterns
Changes in
human health
Shift in share of
local food in diets
Increased
consumption of
new food items
Reduced
consumption of
wild foods
Reduced variety of
food consumed
Nutritional
status
Drivers of
climate change
Demographic
Technological
Economic
Socio-Political
Cultural
Mitigating Drivers
Adapted from: FAO, 2008

13. Climate-Smart Agriculture
Overview

14. Finding a “safe space” for food and
climate systems
Source: Adapted from Commission on Sustainable Agriculture & Climate Change, 2012

15. Climate Smart Agriculture
Three pillars of CSA:
1.Increase, in a sustainable manner, productivity
and income growth in agriculture.
2.Support adaptation across the agricultural
sectors to expected climatic changes and build
resilience.
3.Reduce, where possible, the greenhouse gas
emission intensity of production systems.

16. Climate Smart Agriculture Practices
(options)
Index-based insurance schemes
Alternate Wetting & Drying
Aquasilviculture
Agroforestry
Conservation Agriculture
Climate tolerant crop and livestock varieties
Livestock waste management
Community seed and fodder banks

17. Leveraging Investment in CSA
Making the UNFCCC work for agriculture
& food security

18. Information Source
• Regional Workshop on
Making the UNFCCC work
for Agriculture in Asia and
the Pacific
• 19-20 November 2015
• 15 Countries

19. UNFCCC Framework
Agriculture Negotiations
in 2015 & 2016
Conference of
Parties (COP)
(To the Convention)
Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and
Technological Advice
(SBSTA)
Subsidiary Body for
Implementation
(SBI)
INDCs priority areas
for adaptation and
mitigation
Ad Hoc Working Group
on the Durban Platform
for Enhanced Action
(ADP)
Mechanisms for leveraging financing in
agriculture
Global Environment
Facility
Special Climate Fund & Least
Developed Countries Fund
Measures for
implementing action
in agriculture
Green Climate Fund
(GCF)
COP Programming
Decisions
NAMA, NAP, REDD
Elements of particular relevance to Agriculture

20. INDC Priorities & CSA
Intended Nationally
Determined
Contributions
• INDCs could be potential blueprints to channel
climate financing to country priorities
• Mapping exercise reveals that most INDC
Priorities for Asia-Pacific align with CSA pillars

21. INDC Priorities in AP
Intended Nationally
Determined
Contributions
• Conservation agriculture and measures to improve soil
heath
• Climate resilient varieties of crops and livestock
• Sustainable forest management
• Agroforestry and integrated systems
• Integrated water resource management
More Productive
Sample of options identified

22. INDC Priorities in AP
Intended Nationally
Determined
Contributions
• Vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning
• Early warning systems and preparedness for extreme
climate phenomena
• Climate resilient varieties of crops and livestock
Improved Resilience
Sample of options identified

23. INDC Priorities in AP
Intended Nationally
Determined
Contributions
• Alternate wetting and drying in rice paddy
• Improved land use planning
• Reforestation and reduced deforestation
• Promote zero growth of fertilizer and pesticide
utilization
• Utilization of biomass waste for energy and fertilizer
Reduce Emissions
Sample of options identified

24. Challenges for Scaling up
• Sector involves many actors across a wide
range of landscapes
• FAO has found that there is low adoption
rates of more sustainable agriculture
production systems such as CSA amongst
individual farmers and limited scaling up
• Transitioning to new, more sustainable
systems involves upfront investment costs,
producer risk and transactions costs

25. Great interest in climate finance
1,082
6,002
1,608
1,034
1,117
1,3501,101
10,200
Germany's International
Climate Initiative
UK's International Climate
Fund
Norway's International Climate
and Forest Initiative
Amazon Fund
Pilot Program for Climate
Resilience (PPCR)
GEF Trust Fund (GEF 5)
GEF Trust Fund (GEF 6)
Green Climate Fund
Source: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (HBF) and ODI
International climate financing sources over $US1 billion (US$ million)

26. But leveraging domestic investment
will be key
Source: Falconer et al, 2015 based on data from FAO, 2012 & OECD, 2014
Estimated Annual Investment in Agriculture by Source (US$ billion)
168
38
3 5
14
Domestic Private
Investment
Domestic Public Investment
FDI
Public R&D
International ODA

27. Action
• Stocktaking to identify entry points for CSA
and links with SDG and UNFCCC priorities
• Build and strengthen monitoring and
reporting systems (evidence-base)
• Reduce risk by establishing safety nets
• Invest in linking research and good
practices to farmers (extension)

28. Conclusions
Putting our goals within reach

29. Conclusions
• Strong synergies between SDGs and
UNFCCC processes to end hunger and
tackle climate change
• Climate-Smart Agriculture will be crucial
way to put these shared goals within reach
• SDGs and UNFCCC processes provide a
framework to prioritize and implement
CSA

30. Conclusions
• Countries in Asia and the Pacific have
prioritized agriculture actions as part of the
UNFCCC INDC process
– Many can be categorized as CSA
• INDCs represent an opportunity to drive a
climate-smart transformation in agriculture
and leverage investment

31. Conclusions
• Climate finance, while a growing potential
source of support, can provide only a
small proportion of the investment required
for CSA
• Investment in CSA must:
– Target and involve farmers
– Leverage existing government and private
sector plans and investments

32. Thank You

33. Further Reading
FAO. 2015. Briefing Note - Regional Workshop on Making the UNFCCC work for
Agriculture in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok.
FAO. 2012. State of Food and Agriculture: Investing in Agriculture for a Better Future.
Rome.
FAO. 2013. Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Rome.
FAO. 2008. Climate Change and Food Security: A Framework Document. Rome.
Falconer et al. 2015. Three Tools to Unlock Finance for Land-Use Mitigation and
Adaptation. CPI, Climate Focus and EU REDD Facility.
USAID LEAF. 2015. Financing emission reductions in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other
Land Use (AFOLU) sector.