1.  Diatoms
 Photosynthetic
algae
 Diatomaceous
earth
 Radiolarians
 Protozoans
 Use external
food
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2.  Tests from diatoms
and radiolarians
generate siliceous
ooze.
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3.  Coccolithophores
 Also called
nannoplankton
 Photosynthetic algae
 Coccoliths –
individual plates
from dead organism
 Rock chalk
 Lithified coccolith-
rich ooze
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4.  Foraminifera
 Protozoans
 Use external
food
 Calcareous ooze
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5.  Depends on three processes:
 Productivity
 Destruction
 Dilution
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6.  Dominated by lithogenous sediment, may
contain biogenous sediment
 Carbonate Deposits
 Carbonate minerals containing carbon trioxide (CO3 )
 Marine carbonates primarily limestone – CaCO3
 Most limestones contain fossil shells
 Suggests biogenous origin
 Ancient marine carbonates constitute 25% of all
sedimentary rocks on Earth.
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7.  Stromatolites
 Fine layers of
carbonate
 Warm, shallow-
ocean, high salinity
 Cyanobacteria
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10.  Minerals precipitate directly from
seawater
 Manganese nodules
 Phosphates
 Carbonates
 Metal sulfides
 Small proportion of marine
sediments
 Distributed in diverse environments
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11.  Fist-sized lumps of
manganese, iron, an
d other metals
 Very slow
accumulation rates
 Grows ~1 centimeter
over several million
years
 Many commercial
uses
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12.  Phosphates
 Phosphorus-bearing
 Occur beneath areas in surface ocean of very high
biological productivity
 Economically useful as fertilizer
 Carbonates
 Aragonite and calcite
 Oolites
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13.  Metal sulfides
 Contain:
 Iron
 Nickel
 Copper
 Zinc
 Silver
 Other metals
 Associated with hydrothermal vents
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14.  Evaporites
 Minerals that
form when
seawater
evaporates
 Restricted open
ocean circulation
 High
evaporation rates
 Halite (common
table salt) and
gypsum
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15.  Macroscopic
meteor debris
 Microscopic iron-
nickel and silicate
spherules (small
globular masses)
 Tektites
 Space dust
 Overall, insignifica
nt proportion of
marine sediments
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17.  Energy resources
 Petroleum
 Mainly from continental shelves
 Gas hydrates
 Sand and gravel (including tin, gold, and so
on)
 Evaporative salts
 Phosphorite
 Manganese nodules and crusts
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